Yu, Y.; Kalra, A.M.; Anand, G.; Lowe, A. A Pilot Study Examining the Dielectric Response of Human Forearm Tissues. Biosensors2023, 13, 961.
Yu, Y.; Kalra, A.M.; Anand, G.; Lowe, A. A Pilot Study Examining the Dielectric Response of Human Forearm Tissues. Biosensors 2023, 13, 961.
Yu, Y.; Kalra, A.M.; Anand, G.; Lowe, A. A Pilot Study Examining the Dielectric Response of Human Forearm Tissues. Biosensors2023, 13, 961.
Yu, Y.; Kalra, A.M.; Anand, G.; Lowe, A. A Pilot Study Examining the Dielectric Response of Human Forearm Tissues. Biosensors 2023, 13, 961.
Abstract
This work aims to describe the dielectric behaviours of four main tissues in the human forearm using mathematical modelling, including fat, muscle, blood, and bone. Determining the electrical response of multiple tissues can help develop physiological monitoring of an organ or a body’s section by filtering out the impedance contributions from the surrounding tissues to blood flow-induced impedance variations. Multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis (MF-BIA) was initially performed using the finite element method (FEM) with a 3D forearm model followed by a pilot study to characterise the response of actual forearm tissues from 1 kHz to 349 kHz. Both the simulation and experimental results were fitted to a single-dispersion Cole model (SDCM) and a multi-dispersion Cole model (MDCM) to determine the Cole parameters for each tissue. The correlation analysis and Bland-Altman plot indicated a good fit between raw and fitted impedance values using both SDCM and MDCM. Overall, MDCM exhibited better performance in fitting and estimation of the Cole parameters with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.99 and 0.97, root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.09 Ω and 0.14 Ω, and mean difference (mean±standard deviation) of 0.00±0.09 Ω and -0.03±0.14 Ω for the real part and imaginary part of impedance, respectively.
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