Klokov, A.V.; Tutunin, A.S.; Sharaborova, E.S.; Korshunov, A.A.; Loktionov, E.Y. Inverter Heat Pumps as a Variable Load for Off-Grid Solar-Powered Systems. Energies2023, 16, 5987.
Klokov, A.V.; Tutunin, A.S.; Sharaborova, E.S.; Korshunov, A.A.; Loktionov, E.Y. Inverter Heat Pumps as a Variable Load for Off-Grid Solar-Powered Systems. Energies 2023, 16, 5987.
Klokov, A.V.; Tutunin, A.S.; Sharaborova, E.S.; Korshunov, A.A.; Loktionov, E.Y. Inverter Heat Pumps as a Variable Load for Off-Grid Solar-Powered Systems. Energies2023, 16, 5987.
Klokov, A.V.; Tutunin, A.S.; Sharaborova, E.S.; Korshunov, A.A.; Loktionov, E.Y. Inverter Heat Pumps as a Variable Load for Off-Grid Solar-Powered Systems. Energies 2023, 16, 5987.
Abstract
: Electric air conditioning and heating systems capacity is growing rapidly. So does the nameplate capacity of PV power plants. While demand in cooling has a positive correlation with solar irradiationirradiance, the demand in heating has an opposite relation. In this study, different approaches of to design (aggregation; energy storagethermal, battery and implicit systems storage) and control (frequency conversion; variable and adaptive load) and their effects on the efficiency of an off-grid active thermal stabilisation system based on a solar-powered heat pump are analysed. The case considered is permafrost thermal stabilisation system in Norway. It is shown that proper layout and control of the system with an adaptive load can reduce the capital expenses expenditures and the total cost of ownership by 30-40%. Increase in the efficiency capacity factor and cooling stability of the systems with the aggregated and threshold power consumervariable load due to the principle of aggregation is studied. The downside of that is the increase in compressors operation time by 50% with variable load and by 25% per unit with aggregation which means more frequent replacement in terms of motor-hours. But The the feasibility of this approaches considered are applicable for a wide range of solar-powered facilities, but the results are is quite case sensitive and depends on the prices for low-power heat pumps. The prospects of using the excess refrigerant and soil for thermal energy storage instead of traditional electrochemical batteries are considered.
Keywords
renewable energy; solar energy; heat pump; battery energy storage; adaptive load; permafrost thawing; thermal stabilisation.
Subject
Engineering, Energy and Fuel Technology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
