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Submitted:
07 June 2023
Posted:
07 June 2023
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MUT | Material Under Test |
VNA | Vector Network Analyzer |
TRL | Through-Reflect-Line |
IPG | Iron Phosphate Glass |
TDS | Time-Domain Spectroscopy |
GRL | Gated Reflect Line |
TRM | Thru-Reflect-Match |
SOL | Short Open Load |
NRW | Nicolson Ross Weir |
PMMA | Polymethylmethacrylate |
PTFE | Polytetrafluorethylene |
TFE | Time From Excision |
LIG | Lanthanum Iron Garnet |
PVDF | Polyvinylidene fluoride |
W/C | Water/Cement |
TO | Transmission-Only |
RO | Reflection-Only |
TDG | Time Domain Gating |
RF | Radio Frequency |
Measurement techniques | Coaxial probe | Transmission line | Free space | Resonant cavity |
---|---|---|---|---|
Operating frequency | 50 MHz-50 GHz | 50 MHz- 60 GHz | 5 GHz-330 GHz | 5 GHz-20 GHz |
Dielectric properties | εr | εr , µr | εr , µr | εr , µr |
S-parameters | S11 | S11, S21 | S11, S21 | Q-factors |
Materials | Biological specimens, liquids | Waveguide | Large solids, liquids | Solid materials, liquids, waveguides |
Loss | High | Medium | Medium | Low |
Conversion techniques | RFM | NRW, NIST iterative | NRW, NIST iterative | Frequency & Q-factors |
Measurement techniques | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
Transmission Line | Able to determine both the permeability and permittivity | Has the limitation of the air gap effects |
Coaxial Probe | No machining of sample is needed | Influenced by air gaps |
Resonant cavity | Able to measure very small MUT | Restricted to narrow band of frequencies only |
Free-space | Able to use for high frequency measurement, permits non-destructive measurement | Multiple reflections between the sample and the antenna |
Material, thickness | εrʹ | tan δ | ||
Typ. | Meas. | Typ. | Meas. | |
Teflon (PTFE), 5 mm | 2.1 | 2.0406 | ~10-4 | 1.1 × 10-4 |
Teflon (PTFE), 250 µm | 2.1 | 1.9942 | ~10-4 | 2.2 × 10-2 |
Styrofoam (XPS), 30 mm | 1.04 | 1.0337 | ~10-4 | 8.4 × 10-2 |
Kapton (PI), 75 µm | 3.4 | 3.2174 | ~10-2 | 1.5 × 10-2 |
Hostaflon, (FEP), 25 µm | 2.1 | 1.7594 | ~10-3 | 1.6 × 10-3 |
Material Under Test (MUT) | εrʹ | εrʺ |
---|---|---|
Quartz plate 1 | 3.882 to 3.874 | -0.006 to + 0.013 |
Quartz plate 2 | 3.814 to 3.846 | +0.011 to – 0.004 |
Fused quartz | 3.75 to 3.82 (±0.06) | - |
Air in an empty container | 0.937 to 1.010 | -0.020 to 0.007 |
Water obtained from laboratory tap | 10.030 to 11.949 | 16.783 to -14.759 |
Water, 25 ℃ | 10.032 to 7.674 | 17.671 to 12.461 |
PTFE (NRW) |
r εrʹ εrʺ μrʹ μrʺ 48cm 2.04±0.03 0.01± 0.05 0.98±0.02 0.00±0.01 30cm 2.04±0.03 -0.03±0.03 0.99±0.02 0.03±0.02 |
PTFE (Reflection and Transmission) |
r εrʹ εrʺ μrʹ μrʺ 48cm 2.06±0.04 0.03± 0.06 ̶ ̶ 30cm 2.08±0.06 -0.06±0.04 ̶ ̶ |
PMMA (NRW) |
r εrʹ εrʺ μrʹ μrʺ48cm 2.61±0.05 -0.02± 0.07 1.00±0.02 0.00±0.01 30cm 2.64±0.07 -0.03±0.04 1.01±0.03 0.01±0.01 |
PMMA (Reflection) PMMA (Transmission) |
r εrʹ εrʺ μrʹ μrʺ48cm 2.62±0.07 -0.03± 0.1 ̶ ̶ 30cm 2.66±0.09 -0.06±0.07 ̶ ̶ |
Case Scenarios |
Uncertainty of dielectric data,µ (%) | ||
µT | µTFE | µA | |
Known TFE, Known age Unknown T (Between 18℃ and 25℃) |
0.91% | N/A | N/A |
Known T, Known age, Unknown TFE (within 3.5 h) |
N/A | 25% | N/A |
Known T, Known TFE, Unknown age (Within 70 days old) |
N/A | N/A | 15% |
Known T, Unknown TFE (within 3.5 h) Unknown age (Within 70 days old) |
N/A | 25% | 15% |
Known TFE, Unknown age (within 70 days old) Unknown T (Between 18℃ and 25℃) |
0.91% | N/A | 15% |
Material | Measured | Proposed | % | ||||||
εr | σt | dt | εrt | σt | dt | ||||
Teflon | 2.10 | 2.33e-4 | 30 | 2.12 | 2.67e-4 | 30.248 | 0.95 | 14.5 | 0.82 |
Taconic HT (1.5) | 2.35 | 3.26e-3 | 30 | 2.34 | 3.25e-3 | 30.374 | 0.42 | 0.30 | 1.24 |
Plexiglass | 3.60 | 2.00e-2 | 30 | 3.58 | 1.99e-2 | 30.529 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 1.76 |
FR-4 | 4.30 | 5.98e-2 | 25 | 4.24 | 5.91e-2 | 25.448 | 1.39 | 1.17 | 1.79 |
CEM | 4.40 | 7.34e-3 | 25 | 4.37 | 7.37e-3 | 25.377 | 0.68 | 0.40 | 1.50 |
Arlon-600 | 6.00 | 11.6e-3 | 25 | 6.02 | 11.5e-3 | 25.400 | 0.33 | 0.86 | 1.60 |
Berlliya | 6.50 | 1.44e-3 | 25 | 6.48 | 1.40e-3 | 25.450 | 0.30 | 2.85 | 1.80 |
Substance | εr | |
Probe method | Resonator method | |
Air | 1.050-j0.0513 | ̶ |
Regular Diesel | 2.4826-j0.1235 | 2.4979-j0.1128 |
Marine Ship Diesel | 2.5207-j0.0891 | 2.5196-j0.0244 |
Crude oil (Tundra) | 2.6530-j0.1257 | 2.6615-j0.1350 |
Materials/ Length/ Magnetic properties | Measurement methods | Conversion methods | Speed | Accuracy |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lossy solids,short, non-magnetics | TR | NRW | Fast | Medium |
Biological specimen, Liquids | Coaxial probe | RFM | Fast | Good |
High temperature Solids, large/flat, non-magnetic |
Free-space | NRW | Fast | Good |
Low loss solids, Small,magnetic |
Resonant | Frequency& Q-factors | Slow | Good |
Operating Frequency (GHz) | 215-240 | 160-260 | 320-380 | 230-310 | 530-590 | 220-320 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antenna structure | Hemisphere dielectric lens | Square diffractive micro-lens array | Square grooved-dielectric lens | Hemisphere dielectric lens | Hemisphere silicon lens | Hemisphere dielectric lens |
Antenna material | ABS | microbolometer | Teflon | Rexolite | Silicon | |
Antenna Design complexity | Low | High | High | Low | High | Low |
Fabrication process | 3D printing | Microfabrication | N/A | CNC milling | Photolithography and deep reactive etching | 3D printing |
Fabrication complexity | Low | High | High | Moderate | High | Low |
Maximum antenna gain( ) | 18 | N/A | 26.1 | 30 | ~23 | 16.09 |
Fractional bandwidth (%) | ~11 | 47.62 | 17.14 | 30 | 10.71 | 37 |
Parameter | Description | Optimum value (mm) |
---|---|---|
R | Lens radius | 3.00 |
L | Extension Length | 3.00 |
Fw | Fixture width | 3.00 |
FD | Fixture diameter | 1.70 |
FL | Fixture length | 6.40 |
FT | Fixture thickness | 2.00 |
a | Matching length | 0.86 |
b | Matching width | 0.43 |
m | Matching depth | 0.20 |
Parameters | Design values (mm) | Actual values (mm) |
---|---|---|
R | 3.00 | 2.96 |
L | 3.00 | 2.98 |
FW | 3.00 | 3.00 |
FP | 1.70 | 1.72 |
FL | 6.40 | 6.39 |
FT | 2.00 | 1.98 |
a | 0.86 | 0.87 |
b | 0.43 | 0.44 |
m | 0.20 | 0.22 |
Material No. | Material | Thickness []Used for: VNA/TDS |
A | PPE based resin, | 0.483 / 0.486 |
B | PPE based resin, | 0.508 / 0.506 |
C | PTFE/Epoxy composite, | 0.488 / 0.479 |
D | Glass/Epoxy composite, | 0.466 / 0.476 |
E | Glass/Epoxy composite, | 0.486 / 0.487 |
F | olefin polymer, | 2.025 /2.005 |
Material | Used for free space VNA | Used for TDS |
A | 0.479mm / 0.488mm | 0.484mm / 0.489mm |
B | 0.504mm / 0.512mm | 0.505mm / 0.509mm |
C | 0.482mm / 0.495mm | 0.475mm / 0.481mm |
D | 0.445mm / 0.480mm | 0.471mm / 0.478mm |
E | 0.468 mm/ 0.495mm | 0.471mm / 0.498mm |
F | 2.001 mm/ 2.046mm | 1.998mm / 2.012mm |
MUT | Frequency (GHz) | Ɛ rʹ |
Teflon | 110 GHz | 2.04 |
850 GHz | 2.042 | |
300 GHz | 2.0535 | |
300 GHz | 2.0442 | |
PTFE | 450 GHz | 1.99 |
35 GHz | 1.952 | |
300 GHz | 1.9523 | |
Rogers 4350B | 30 GHz | 3.71 |
300 GHz | 3.7692 | |
Air | 300 GHz | 1.0021 |
Incident angle, (Deg.) | Sample Thickness (mm) | |||
XLPS sample 1 |
XLPS sample 2 |
PTFE sample |
PMP sample |
|
0 | 8.90 | 9.94 | 10.71 | 9.93 |
10 | 8.79 | 9.91 | 10.42 | 10.25 |
20 | 9.03 | 10.05 | 10.03 | 10.11 |
30 | 8.75 | 9.81 | 10.03 | 10.22 |
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