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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
25 May 2023
Posted:
26 May 2023
You are already at the latest version
Variable | N | % |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 287 | 42.5% |
Female | 389 | 57.5% |
Age | ||
10–11 | 43 | 6.4% |
12–14 | 168 | 24.9% |
15–18 | 465 | 68.8% |
Place of residence | ||
The north region | 179 | 26.5% |
The eastern region | 64 | 9.5% |
The central region | 141 | 20.9% |
The western region | 127 | 18.8% |
The south region | 165 | 24.4% |
BMI | ||
Underweight | 64 | 9.5% |
Normal | 444 | 65.7% |
Overweight | 118 | 17.5% |
Obese | 50 | 7.4% |
Physical education at school | ||
Yes | 337 | 49.9% |
No | 339 | 50.1% |
Physical activity in leisure time | ||
Less than 6 h | 218 | 32.2% |
More than 6 h | 79 | 11.7% |
Insufficiently active | 379 | 56.1% |
Backpack weight | ||
>10% body weight | 198 | 29.3% |
≤10% body weight | 478 | 70.7% |
Form of carrying the backpack | ||
Back | 503 | 74.4% |
Arms/hands | 173 | 25.4% |
Knee Pain Frequency , Crude and Adjusted Analysis of the Association between the Outcome and Selected Variables among Adolescents (n = 676) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor Variable | Knee pain & | Crude analysisOR (95% CI) | p-value * | Adjusted analysisOR (95% CI) # | p-value * | ||||
Yes | No | ||||||||
n = 306 | 45.3% | n = 370 | 54.7% | ||||||
Gender | |||||||||
Male (ref) | 130 | 19.2 | 157 | 23.2 | 1 | 1 | |||
Female | 176 | 26 | 213 | 31.5 | 1.002 (0.738–1.3610) | 0.989 | 1.146 (0.792–1.658) | 0.468 | |
Age | |||||||||
10–11 (years) (ref) | 13 | 1.9 | 30 | 4.4 | 1 | 1 | |||
12–14 (years) | 64 | 9.5 | 104 | 15.4 | 0.704 (0.342–1.449) | 0.341 | 0.848 (0.398–1.809) | 0.67 | |
15–18 (years) | 229 | 33.9 | 236 | 34.9 | 0.447 (0.227–0.878) | 0.019 * | 0.483 (0.212–0.903) | 0.025 * | |
BMI | |||||||||
Underweight (ref) | 35 | 5.2 | 29 | 4.3 | 1 | 1 | |||
Normal | 170 | 25.1 | 274 | 40.5 | 1.945 (1.147–3.298) | 0.014 * | 1.759 (1.032–2.999) | 0.038 * | |
Overweight | 69 | 10.2 | 49 | 7.2 | 0.857 (0.464–1.583) | 0.622 | 0.749 (0.400–1.402) | 0.366 | |
Obese | 32 | 4.7 | 18 | 2.7 | 0.679 (0.318–1.450) | 0.317 | 0.567 (0.261–1.232) | 0.152 | |
Physical education at school | |||||||||
Yes (ref) | 141 | 20.9 | 196 | 29 | 1 | 1 | |||
No | 165 | 24.4 | 174 | 25.7 | 0.759 (0.560–1.028) | 0.075 | 0.785 (0.539–1.144) | 0.208 | |
Physical activity in leisure time | |||||||||
Less than 6 h | 91 | 13.5 | 127 | 18.8 | 1.185 (0.846–1.028) | 0.324 | 1.143 (0.799–1.636) | 0.465 | |
More than 6 h | 41 | 6.1 | 38 | 5.6 | 0.787 (0.484–1.278) | 0.333 | 0.741 (0.442–1.241) | 0.254 | |
Insufficiently active (ref) | 174 | 25.7 | 205 | 30.3 | 1 | 1 | |||
Backpack weight | |||||||||
>10% body weight (ref) | 112 | 16.6 | 86 | 12.7 | 1 | 1 | |||
≤10% body weight | 194 | 28.7 | 284 | 42 | 1.906 (1.364–2.665) | <0.001 * | 2.131 (1.494–3.039) | <0.001 * | |
Form of carrying the backpack | |||||||||
Back (ref) | 218 | 32.2 | 284 | 42.2 | 1 | 1 | |||
Arms/hands | 88 | 13 | 85 | 12.6 | 0.739 (0.523–1.045) | 0.087 | 0.790 (0.539) 4–1.16 | 0.239 |
Pain Score | |||
---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean | Standard Deviation | p Value * |
Gender | |||
Male | 42.38 | 20.75 | 0.003 * |
Female | 49.48 | 20.59 | |
Age | |||
10–11 | 41.53 | 16.25 | 0.068 |
12–14 | 41.71 | 23 | |
15–18 | 48 | 20.38 | |
BMI | |||
Underweight | 49.71 | 22.29 | 0.297 |
Normal | 47.17 | 20.21 | |
Overweight | 42.46 | 19.88 | |
Obese | 47.81 | 24.84 | |
Physical education at school | |||
Yes | 45.53 | 21.36 | 0.46 |
No | 47.28 | 20.58 | |
Physical activity in leisure time | |||
Less than 6 h | 45.16 | 20.4 | 0.70 |
More than 6 h | 46.82 | 22.07 | |
Insufficiently active | 47.06 | 21.01 | |
Backpack weight | |||
>10% body weight | 49.28 | 21.67 | 0.07 |
≤10% body weight | 44.84 | 20.36 | |
Form of carrying the backpack | |||
Back | 48.21 | 20.45 | 0.02 * |
Arms/hands | 42.15 | 21.57 |
Variable | Difficulty in Bending | Stiffness of The Knees | Everyday Activity | Quality of Life | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, More Affected n = 18, 100% |
Yes, Less Affected n = 154 |
No n = 134 |
p-Value * | Yes, More Affected n = 17, 100% |
Yes, Less Affected n = 113, 100% |
No n = 176, 100% |
p-Value * | Yes, More Affected n = 17, 100% |
Yes, Less Affected n = 136, 100% |
No n = 153, 100% |
p-Value * | Yes, More Affected n = 30, 100% |
Yes, Less Affected n = 147, 100% |
No n = 129, 100% |
p-Value * | ||
Gender | Male | 9 (50%) | 67 (43.5%) | 54 (40.3%) | 0.68 | 9 (52.9%) | 52 (46%) | 69 (39.2%) | 0.34 | 10 (58.8%) | 56 (41.2%) | 64 (41.8%) | 0.37 | 12 (40%) | 64 (43.5%) | 54 (41.9%) | 0.9 |
Female | 9 (50%) | 87 (56.5%) | 80 (59.7%) | 8 (47.1%) | 61 (54%) | 107 (60.8%) | 7 (41.2%) | 80 (58.8%) | 89 (58.2%) | 18 (60%) | 83 (56.5%) | 75 (58.1%) | |||||
Age | 10 or 11 (years) | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (5.2%) | 5 (37%) | 0.78 | 3 (17.6%) | 3 (2.7%) | 7 (4%) | 0.013 * | 0 | 9 (6.6%) | 4 (2.6%) | 0.33 | 2 (6.7%) | 8 (5.4%) | 3 (2.3%) | 0.42 |
12–14 (years) | 3 (16.7%) | 34 (22.1%) | 27 (20.1%) | 7 (41.2%) | 23 (20.4%) | 34 (19.3%) | 3 (17.6%) | 31 (22.8%) | 30 (19.6%) | 5 (10.7%) | 35 (35%) | 24 (18.6%) | |||||
15–18 (years) | 15 (83.3%) | 112 ((73.7%) | 102 (76.1%) | 7 (41.2%) | 87 (77%) | 135 (76.7%) | 14 (82.4%) | 96 (70.6%) | 119 (77.8) | 23 (76.7%) | 104 (70.7%) | 102 (79.1%) | |||||
BMI | Underweight | 2 (11.1%) | 17 (11%) | 16 (11.9) | 0.2 | 0 (0%) | 8 (7.1%) | 27 (15.3%) | 0.008 * | 1 (5.9%) | 16 (11.8%) | 18 (11.8%) | 0.049 * | 4 (13.3%) | 17 (11.6%) | 14 (10.9%) | 0.03 * |
Normal | 8 (44.4%) | 79 (51.3%) | 83 (61.9%) | 6 (35.3%) | 62 (54.9%) | 102 (58%) | 7 (41.2%) | 66 (48.5%) | 97 (63.4%) | 13 (43.3%) | 70 (47.6%) | 87 (67.4%) | |||||
Overweight | 4 (22.2%) | 38 (24.7%) | 27 (20.1%) | 6 (35.3%) | 31 (27.4%) | 32 (18.2%) | 5 (29.4%) | 37 (27.2%) | 27 (17.6%) | 6 (20%) | 45 (30.6%%) | 18 (14%) | |||||
Obese | 4 (22.2%) | 20 (13%) | 8 (6%) | 5 (29.4%) | 12 (10.6%) | 15 (8.5) | 4 (23.5%) | 17 (12.5%) | 11 (7.2%) | 7 (23.3%) | 15 (10.2%) | 10 (7.8%) | |||||
Physical wducation | Yes | 10( 55.6%) | 68 (44.2%) | 63 (47%) | 0.62 | 9 (52.9%) | 52 (46%) | 80 (45.5%) | 0.839 | 9 (52.9%) | 68 (50%) | 64 (41.8%) | 0.321 | 13 (43.3%) | 73 (49.7%) | 55 (42.6%) | 0.48 |
No | 8( 44.4%) | 86 (55.8%) | 71 (53%) | 8 (47.1%) | 61 (54%) | 96 (54.5%) | 8 (47.1%) | 68 (50%) | 89 (58.2%) | 17 (56.7%) | 74 (50.3%) | 74 (57.4%) | |||||
Physical activity in leisure time | Less than 6 h | 4 (22.2%) | 39 (25.3%) | 48 (35.8%) | 0.03 * | 4 (23.5%) | 29 (25.7%) | 58 (33%) | 0.01 * | 4 (23.5%) | 39 (28.7%) | 48 (31.4%) | 0.4 | 10 (33.3%) | 39 (26.5%) | 42 (32.6%) | 0.68 |
More than 6 h | 6 (33.3%) | 20 (13%) | 15 (11.2%) | 6 (35.3%) | 20 (17.7%) | 15 (8.5%) | 3 (17.6%) | 23 (10.9%) | 15 (9.8%) | 4 (13.3%) | 23 (15.6%) | 14 (10.9%) | |||||
Insufficient | 8 (44%) | 95 (61.7% | 71 (53%) | 7 (41.2%) | 64 (56.6%) | 103 (58.5%) | 10 (58.8%) | 74 (54.4%) | 90 (58.8%) | 16 (53.3%) | 85 (57.8%) | 73 (56.6%) | |||||
Backpack weight |
>10% | 7 (38.9%) | 65 (42.2%) | 40 (29.9%) | 0.09 | 8 (47.1%) | 46 (40.7%) | 58 (33%) | 0.26 | 7 (41.2%) | 63 (46.3%) | 42 (27.5%) | 0.004 * | 11 (36.7%) | 65 (44.2%) | 36 (27.9%) | 0.019 * |
≤10% | 11 (61.1%) | 89 (57.8%) | 94 (70.9%) | 9 (52.9%) | 67 (59.3%) | 118 (67%) | 10 (58.8%) | 73 (53.7%) | 111 (72.5%) | 19 (63.3%) | 82 (55.8%8 | 93 (72.1%) | |||||
Form of handling the backpack | Back | 12 (66.7%) | 123 (79.9%) | 83 (61.9%) | 0.03 * | 10 (58.8%) | 82 (72.6%) | 126 (71.6%) | 0.5 | 10 (58.8%) | 106 (77.9%) | 102 (66.7%) | 0.054 | 20 (66.7%) | 111 (75.5%) | 87 (67.4%) | 0.28 |
Arm/Hands | 6 (33.3%) | 31 (20.1%) | 51 (38.1%) | 7 (41.2%) | 31 (27.4%) | 50 (28.4%) | 7 (41.2%) | 30 (22.1%) | 51 (33.3%) | 10 (33.3%) | 36 (24.5%) | 42 (32.6%) |
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