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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Index | Used attributes from the index | Index attribute | Index direction |
---|---|---|---|
Internet usage | Human factor (number of internet users) | Access | - |
Digital Skills Gap - DSGI | Economic factor (Area of government support) | Access | - |
Global Innovation - GII | Economic factor (R&D (% of GDP) | Access | - |
e-Government benchmark | Technological factor (Availability of online e-Government services) | Output | + |
e-Government benchmark | Technology factor (eID satisfaction) | Output | + |
Interaction with public administration online | Human factor (eGovernment - eGovernment user communication) | Output | + |
Insight | Execution | Limitation and opportunities for further research |
---|---|---|
Level of digitalization | Use of DESI and EGDI index, e-Government benchmark, LOSI | impossibility to realize efficiency within cities by using LOSI (unavailability of data), complicated identification of investments in the e-Government |
Survey | Unrealized | Conducting research in selected EU countries. |
Country research | European Union countries | Conducting research in non-EU countries such as Colombia, Japan, South Korea, etc. |
The area of digitization | the effectiveness of e-Government within the EU | Analyse EU e-Government funding and use it for evaluation. However, there is a problem of accurately identifying investments |
DEA | BCC, CCR model | Use of another DEA model such as the SBM model |
This research | Others researches |
---|---|
Using the DEA method to determine EU efficiency in digitisation | - |
Use of CCR, BCC models | use of the SBM model |
Use and identification of different indices in the field of digitisation DESI, EGDI, DSGI, e-Government benchmark, GII etc. |
- |
Determining efficiency within the EU area (East, West, North, South) | Determination of effectiveness using DEA within Chin in their respective provinces |
Identifying the use of the DEA method in different areas | - |
Sources | Definition - e-Government | Topic |
S.Malodia, A.Dhir, M.Mishra et al. 2021 [6] | Socially inclusive, hyper-integrated ICT platforms that are built on an evolutionary system architecture to ensure efficient delivery of government services with transparency, accountability and responsibility | Future of e-Government: An integrated conceptual framework |
Scholta et al., 2019 [7] |
Providing services and information to citizens in real time in a personalised way | From one-stop shop to no-stop shop: An e-government stage model |
Spirakis, Spiraki a Nikolopoulos 2010 [8] | E-Government aims to improve accessibility, efficiency and accountability. It is based on the dissemination of information and the development of information policies. E-Government leads to increasing citizen participation. The activity of these citizens influences the mechanisms of democracy | The impact of e-government on democracy: e-democracy through e-participation. |
Evans a Yen 2006 [9] | e-Government means communication between a government and its citizens through computers and web access. The benefits of speed, responsiveness and cost containment are excellent | Evolving Relationship of Citizens and Government |
UNDPEPA a ASPA 2002 [8] |
E-Government is defined as: the use of the Internet and the World Wide Web to provide government information and services to citizens | Benchmarking eGovernment: a global perspective |
Silcock R. 2001 [8] | E-Government is the use of technology to improve access to and delivery of government services for the benefit of citizens, business partners and employees. | What is e-Government? |
Index | Abbreviation | year of launch | Data availability within the | Index key areas | Implementer | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EU | World | |||||
E-Government Development Index [21] E-Participation Index Local Online Service Index |
EGDI | 2003 | yes | yes | (EGDI) online service, human capital, telecommunication infrastructure, (EPI) e-information, e-consultation, e-decision-making, (LOSI) institutional framework, content provision, services provision, participation and engagement, technology. | OSN |
EPI | 2003 | |||||
LOSI | 2018 | |||||
Digital Government Index[5] | DGI | 2019 | yes | no | digital by design, data-driven, acts as platform, open by default, user-driven, proactive | OECD |
E-Government benchmark[22] | - | 2018 | yes | no | user centricity, transparency, Key enablers, Cross-Border Services | European Commission |
Eurostat - internet use [23] |
- | 2008 | yes | no | Internet use: interaction with public authorities | European Commission |
Global Innovation Index [24] |
GII | 2007 | yes | yes | Institutions, human capital and research, Infrastructure, market sophistication, business sophistication, knowledge and technology outputs, creative outputs | WIPO |
Digital Skills Gap Index [25] |
DSGI | 2021 | yes | yes | digital skills institutions, digital responsiveness, government support, supply, demand and competitiveness, data ethics and integrity, research intensity | Wiley |
Going Digital Toolkit [26] |
- | - | yes | yes | access, use, innovation, jobs, society, trust, market openness | OECD |
The Digital Economy and Society Index [27] | DESI | 2014 | yes | no | human capital, connectivity, integration of digital technology digital public services | European Commission |
Human capital |
Slovakia | Europe union | Reaching the EU average | |
---|---|---|---|---|
rank | score | score | ||
DESI 2018 | 20 | 41.9 | 46.5 | 4.6 |
DESI 2019 | 21 | 42.9 | 49.4 | 6.5 |
DESI 2020 | 22 | 45.2 | 52.6 | 7.4 |
DESI 2021 | 22 | 43.2 | 50.7 | 7.5 |
DESI 2022 | 23 | 43.4 | 52.3 | 9 |
Reference | The Main Purpose of the Study | Topic | Year |
---|---|---|---|
I. Dhaoui [31] | The author dealt with the role of e-Government on different aspect of economic and social development in the North and Middle East Africa. The outcomes show that most indicators of good governance have a positive contribution to sustainable development. Digitisation improves control of corruption and government efficiency | E-Government for Sustainable Development: Evidence from MENA Countries | 2022 |
G.Onyango,J. Ondiek [32] | The authors explored the role of ICTs, digital platforms, connectivity and the like in Kenya. The study identified the various problems and concludes by recommending solutions to these problems. | Digitalization and Integration of Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs) in Public Organizations in Kenya | 2021 |
Le Thanh Ha [33] | The authors have undertaken an analysis that focuses on the impacts of the digital transformation process in the commercial and public sectors on energy security. The one of the outcomes shows that digitalization in public services supports the achievement of energy sustainability goals. | Are digital business and digital public services a driver for better energy security? Evidence from a European sample | 2022 |
Schneider, D. Klumpe, J.Adam et al. [34] | Innovation of new and advanced ICT technologies requires new mechanisms for user identity authentication. The authors deal with the use of electronic identifier. Based on the digital nudge, eID adoption can be increased by changing the decision environment. | Nudging users into digital service solutions | 2020 |
P. Tampuu, A. Masso [35] | The authors dealt with the implications of Estonia’s e-residency. The results indicate that individual motives for adopting an e-residency vary depending on both the nationality of the applicants and the level of e-government development in the country of origin. | Transnational Digital Identity as an Instrument for Global Digital Citizenship: The Case of Estonia’s E-Residency | 2019 |
A. Ullah, C. Pinglu, S. Ullah et al. [36] | The authors explored the role of electronic public administration as a solution to covid-19 by integrating the implications of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (EPEC). The authors conclude that CPEC can help combat the COVID-19 pandemic. | The Role of E-Governance in Combating COVID-19 and Promoting Sustainable Development: A Comparative Study of China and Pakistan | 2022 |
J. Wu, D. Guo [37] | The authors used the data envelopment analysis method to measure the effectiveness of e-Government in Chinese provinces. Moreover, the results show that most of the provincial government websites operate at an inefficient level and in a bad manner. |
Measuring E-government performance of provincial government website in China with slacks-based efficiency measurement | 2015 |
K. Härmand [38] | This article provides an overview of what changes have been made to allow virtual general meetings in different countries. In addition, it provides information on the new Estonian legislation regarding remote notarial transactions, annual online meetings and digital infrastructure. | Digitalisation before and after the Covid-19 crisis | 2021 |
F. Idzi, R. Gomes [39] | The author conducted a literature review with a meta-analysis to better understand how the digital era affects governments, which social aspects should be taken into account. | Digital governance: government strategies that impact public services | 2022 |
S. Paul, S. Das [40] | The author has studied the accessibility and usability of e-governance sites in India. The results show the existence of accessibility problems. And in development, low priority is given to these problems. | Accessibility and usability analysis of Indian e-Government websites | 2020 |
Paper | Information | Method | Research phase |
---|---|---|---|
Main data collection | The data were focused on digitization, e-Government, index. | Analysis, method determination |
I. |
Analysis | Scholarly articles on digitalization, e-Government, DEA method, defining the concept of e-Government and digitalization, identifying index related to digitalization directly. Define different uses of the DEA method in the environmental field. | Analysis, method of collecting and processing information, extraction and compilation methods, method of abstraction |
II. |
DEA method | Thus, two models, CCR and BCC, were used in the method. | - | III. |
From the analysis, none of the indices that can be used have been filled in. The article was targeted at e-Government meaning that it was necessary to establish input and output data. | - | ||
Determining the number of inputs and outputs, verification of appropriate inputs and outputs, | Multi-correlation method | ||
Determination of input and output values, calculation of maximum, minimum, average, directional deviation, modus and median. dividing selected countries into regions and EU areas. identifying efficient and inefficient countries within regions. | |||
Conclusion, discussion and results | The conclusion of the thesis contains the evaluation of the results of the DEA analysis carried out, which showed effective and ineffective countries in the field of digitalization. | Synthesis method, deduction method, induction method, generalization method, DEA method, comparisons with other studies | VII. |
CCR output-oriented model | BCC output-oriented model | |
Minimize | ||
Under the conditions |
|
|
DMU | Region within the EU | Country | inputs | output | ||||
number of internet users in [%] internet usage | DSGI - Government support [score] | Gross R&D expenditure, % of GDP [score] | Service Online e-Government in [%] | satisfaction with eID and accept eID login in [%] | interaction with public administration in [%] | |||
1 | western | Luxembourg | 99.0 | 9.00 | 20.6 | 92 | 67 | 49 |
2 | western | Austria | 88.0 | 5.70 | 58.8 | 89 | 85 | 67 |
3 | western | Belgium | 92.0 | 5.20 | 63.9 | 87 | 72 | 63 |
4 | western | France | 92.2 | 5.60 | 43.2 | 90 | 46 | 56 |
5 | western | Germany | 94.0 | 6.20 | 57.8 | 87 | 53 | 50 |
6 | western | Netherlands | 95.3 | 6.40 | 42.1 | 94 | 86 | 86 |
7 | eastern | Hungary | 89.3 | 3.10 | 29.4 | 90 | 77 | 81 |
8 | eastern | Czech Republic | 86.8 | 3.00 | 36.5 | 80 | 44 | 64 |
9 | eastern | Slovakia | 90.0 | 3.50 | 16.6 | 63 | 75 | 57 |
10 | eastern | Poland | 91.5 | 2.70 | 25.5 | 79 | 77 | 34 |
11 | eastern | Bulgaria | 70.0 | 3.90 | 15.5 | 67 | 42 | 24 |
12 | eastern | Romania | 78.0 | 2.80 | 8.5 | 50 | 20 | 12 |
13 | northern | Sweden | 97.3 | 6.90 | 64.8 | 87 | 75 | 88 |
14 | northern | Denmark | 97.7 | 5.90 | 55.7 | 98 | 93 | 92 |
15 | northern | Finland | 94.1 | 6.40 | 53.9 | 97 | 96 | 88 |
16 | northern | Ireland | 92.0 | 6.40 | 22.5 | 87 | 45 | 68 |
17 | northern | Estonia | 96.1 | 7.90 | 32.9 | 95 | 96 | 75 |
18 | northern | Latvia | 89.8 | 4.00 | 12.9 | 91 | 86 | 73 |
19 | northern | Lithuania | 97.8 | 5.30 | 21.1 | 85 | 89 | 65 |
20 | southern | Slovenia | 87.0 | 3.50 | 39.4 | 79 | 66 | 68 |
21 | southern | Spain | 93.0 | 3.90 | 25.7 | 87 | 83 | 59 |
22 | southern | Malta | 100 | 6.40 | 12.3 | 99 | 98 | 58 |
23 | southern | Portugal | 88.1 | 6.60 | 29.6 | 95 | 89 | 50 |
24 | southern | Croatia | 93.2 | 2.90 | 22.8 | 80 | 60 | 52 |
25 | southern | Italy | 90.8 | 2.40 | 28 | 84 | 61 | 31 |
26 | southern | Greece | 78.5 | 1.80 | 27.4 | 66 | 34 | 66 |
27 | Asia | Cyprus | 100 | 3.60 | 15 | 56 | 8 | 62 |
A | B | C | D | E | F | |
A | 1 | |||||
B | 0.540 | 1 | ||||
C | 0.226 | 0.354 | 1 | |||
D | 0.537 | 0.650 | 0.455 | 1 | ||
E | 0.428 | 0.461 | 0.287 | 0.786 | 1 | |
F | 0.504 | 0.374 | 0.516 | 0.552 | 0.486 | 1 |
inputs | outputs | |||||
A | B | C | D | E | F | |
Max | 100 | 9 | 64.80 | 99 | 98 | 92 |
Min | 70 | 1.80 | 8.50 | 50 | 8 | 12 |
Average | 91.17 | 4.85 | 32.68 | 83.48 | 67.52 | 60.67 |
Standard deviation | 6.95 | 1.86 | 16.95 | 12.80 | 24.08 | 19.50 |
Modus | 92 | 5.20 | 28 | 87 | 75 | 63 |
Median | 100 | 9 | 64.80 | 99 | 98 | 92 |
DMU | Region within the EU | Country | CCR model | SPF | CCR ranking | BCC model | SPF | BCC ranking |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | western | Luxembourg | 0.898 | 0.898 | 23 | 0.899 | 0.899 | 26 |
2 | western | Austria | 0.969 | 0.969 | 12 | 1 | 1.006 | 1 |
3 | western | Belgium | 0.907 | 0.907 | 22 | 0.929 | 0.929 | 25 |
4 | western | France | 0.927 | 0.927 | 18 | 0.935 | 0.935 | 23 |
5 | western | Germany | 0.871 | 0.871 | 26 | 0.892 | 0.892 | 27 |
6 | western | Netherlands | 0.979 | 0.979 | 11 | 0.988 | 0.988 | 14 |
7 | eastern | Hungary | 1 | 1.161 | 1 | 1 | 1.463 | 1 |
8 | eastern | Czech Republic | 0.916 | 0.916 | 21 | 0.961 | 0.961 | 21 |
9 | eastern | Slovakia | 0.930 | 0.930 | 17 | 0.986 | 0.986 | 15 |
10 | eastern | Poland | 1 | 1.149 | 1 | 1 | 1.149 | 1 |
11 | eastern | Bulgaria | 0.922 | 0.922 | 19 | 1 | 1.158 | 1 |
12 | eastern | Romania | 0.823 | 0.823 | 27 | 1 | 1.511 | 1 |
13 | northern | Sweden | 0.961 | 0.961 | 13 | 0.967 | 0.967 | 17 |
14 | northern | Denmark | 1 | 1.014 | 1 | 1 | 1,014 | 1 |
15 | northern | Finland | 1 | 1.054 | 1 | 1 | 1,054 | 1 |
16 | northern | Ireland | 0.922 | 0.922 | 19 | 0.940 | 0.940 | 22 |
17 | northern | Estonia | 1 | 1.002 | 1 | 1 | 1.042 | 1 |
18 | northern | Latvia | 1 | 1.425 | 1 | 1 | 1.895 | 1 |
19 | northern | Lithuania | 0.933 | 0.933 | 16 | 0.933 | 0.933 | 24 |
20 | southern | Slovenia | 0.894 | 0.894 | 24 | 0.970 | 0.970 | 16 |
21 | southern | Spain | 0.952 | 0.952 | 14 | 0.962 | 0.962 | 20 |
22 | southern | Malta | 1 | 1.195 | 1 | 1 | 1.195 | 1 |
23 | southern | Portugal | 1 | 1.056 | 1 | 1 | 1.060 | 1 |
24 | southern | Croatia | 0.951 | 0.951 | 15 | 0.962 | 0.962 | 19 |
25 | southern | Italy | 1 | 1.086 | 1 | 1 | 1.156 | 1 |
26 | southern | Greece | 1 | 1.403 | 1 | 1 | 1.606 | 1 |
27 | asia | Cyprus | 0.874 | 0.874 | 25 | 0.962 | 0.962 | 18 |
DMU | country | Output | Output | Output | Change | Change | change | changed output | changed output | changed output |
1 | Luxembourg | 92 | 67 | 49 | 0 | 19,68 | 15,94 | 92 | 86,68 | 64,94 |
2 | Austria | 89 | 85 | 67 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 89 | 85 | 67 |
3 | Belgium | 87 | 72 | 63 | 0 | 6,97 | 0 | 87 | 78,97 | 63 |
4 | France | 90 | 46 | 56 | 0 | 35,85 | 2,72 | 90 | 81,85 | 58,72 |
5 | Germany | 87 | 53 | 50 | 0 | 27,01 | 2,66 | 87 | 80,01 | 52,66 |
6 | Netherlands | 94 | 86 | 86 | 0,52 | 0 | 0 | 94,52 | 86 | 86 |
7 | Hungary | 90 | 77 | 81 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 77 | 81 |
8 | Czech Republic | 80 | 44 | 64 | 0 | 24,27 | 7,28 | 80 | 68,27 | 71,28 |
9 | Slovakia | 63 | 75 | 57 | 16,19 | 0 | 0 | 79,19 | 75 | 57 |
10 | Poland | 79 | 77 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 79 | 77 | 34 |
11 | Bulgaria | 67 | 42 | 24 | 0 | 20,94 | 22,69 | 67 | 62,94 | 46,69 |
12 | Romania | 50 | 20 | 12 | 0 | 27,48 | 26,99 | 50 | 47,48 | 38,99 |
13 | Sweden | 87 | 75 | 88 | 6,74 | 13,96 | 0 | 93,74 | 88,96 | 88 |
14 | Denmark | 98 | 93 | 92 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 98 | 93 | 92 |
15 | Finland | 97 | 96 | 88 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 97 | 96 | 88 |
16 | Ireland | 87 | 45 | 68 | 0 | 37,8 | 0 | 87 | 82,8 | 68 |
17 | Estonia | 95 | 96 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 95 | 96 | 75 |
18 | Latvia | 91 | 86 | 73 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 91 | 86 | 73 |
19 | Lithuania | 85 | 89 | 65 | 9,25 | 0 | 3,19 | 94,25 | 89 | 68,19 |
20 | Slovenia | 79 | 66 | 68 | 0 | 2,75 | 0 | 79 | 68,75 | 68 |
21 | Spain | 87 | 83 | 59 | 0,41 | 0 | 6,19 | 87,41 | 83 | 65,19 |
22 | Malta | 99 | 98 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 99 | 98 | 58 |
23 | Portugal | 95 | 89 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 95 | 89 | 50 |
24 | Croatia | 80 | 60 | 52 | 0 | 2,17 | 0 | 80 | 62,17 | 52 |
25 | Italy | 84 | 61 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 84 | 61 | 31 |
26 | Greece | 66 | 34 | 66 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 66 | 34 | 66 |
27 | Cyprus | 56 | 8 | 62 | 19,05 | 59,04 | 0 | 75,05 | 67,04 | 62 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
Submitted:
09 February 2023
Posted:
14 February 2023
You are already at the latest version
A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
09 February 2023
Posted:
14 February 2023
You are already at the latest version
Index | Used attributes from the index | Index attribute | Index direction |
---|---|---|---|
Internet usage | Human factor (number of internet users) | Access | - |
Digital Skills Gap - DSGI | Economic factor (Area of government support) | Access | - |
Global Innovation - GII | Economic factor (R&D (% of GDP) | Access | - |
e-Government benchmark | Technological factor (Availability of online e-Government services) | Output | + |
e-Government benchmark | Technology factor (eID satisfaction) | Output | + |
Interaction with public administration online | Human factor (eGovernment - eGovernment user communication) | Output | + |
Insight | Execution | Limitation and opportunities for further research |
---|---|---|
Level of digitalization | Use of DESI and EGDI index, e-Government benchmark, LOSI | impossibility to realize efficiency within cities by using LOSI (unavailability of data), complicated identification of investments in the e-Government |
Survey | Unrealized | Conducting research in selected EU countries. |
Country research | European Union countries | Conducting research in non-EU countries such as Colombia, Japan, South Korea, etc. |
The area of digitization | the effectiveness of e-Government within the EU | Analyse EU e-Government funding and use it for evaluation. However, there is a problem of accurately identifying investments |
DEA | BCC, CCR model | Use of another DEA model such as the SBM model |
This research | Others researches |
---|---|
Using the DEA method to determine EU efficiency in digitisation | - |
Use of CCR, BCC models | use of the SBM model |
Use and identification of different indices in the field of digitisation DESI, EGDI, DSGI, e-Government benchmark, GII etc. |
- |
Determining efficiency within the EU area (East, West, North, South) | Determination of effectiveness using DEA within Chin in their respective provinces |
Identifying the use of the DEA method in different areas | - |
Sources | Definition - e-Government | Topic |
S.Malodia, A.Dhir, M.Mishra et al. 2021 [6] | Socially inclusive, hyper-integrated ICT platforms that are built on an evolutionary system architecture to ensure efficient delivery of government services with transparency, accountability and responsibility | Future of e-Government: An integrated conceptual framework |
Scholta et al., 2019 [7] |
Providing services and information to citizens in real time in a personalised way | From one-stop shop to no-stop shop: An e-government stage model |
Spirakis, Spiraki a Nikolopoulos 2010 [8] | E-Government aims to improve accessibility, efficiency and accountability. It is based on the dissemination of information and the development of information policies. E-Government leads to increasing citizen participation. The activity of these citizens influences the mechanisms of democracy | The impact of e-government on democracy: e-democracy through e-participation. |
Evans a Yen 2006 [9] | e-Government means communication between a government and its citizens through computers and web access. The benefits of speed, responsiveness and cost containment are excellent | Evolving Relationship of Citizens and Government |
UNDPEPA a ASPA 2002 [8] |
E-Government is defined as: the use of the Internet and the World Wide Web to provide government information and services to citizens | Benchmarking eGovernment: a global perspective |
Silcock R. 2001 [8] | E-Government is the use of technology to improve access to and delivery of government services for the benefit of citizens, business partners and employees. | What is e-Government? |
Index | Abbreviation | year of launch | Data availability within the | Index key areas | Implementer | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EU | World | |||||
E-Government Development Index [21] E-Participation Index Local Online Service Index |
EGDI | 2003 | yes | yes | (EGDI) online service, human capital, telecommunication infrastructure, (EPI) e-information, e-consultation, e-decision-making, (LOSI) institutional framework, content provision, services provision, participation and engagement, technology. | OSN |
EPI | 2003 | |||||
LOSI | 2018 | |||||
Digital Government Index[5] | DGI | 2019 | yes | no | digital by design, data-driven, acts as platform, open by default, user-driven, proactive | OECD |
E-Government benchmark[22] | - | 2018 | yes | no | user centricity, transparency, Key enablers, Cross-Border Services | European Commission |
Eurostat - internet use [23] |
- | 2008 | yes | no | Internet use: interaction with public authorities | European Commission |
Global Innovation Index [24] |
GII | 2007 | yes | yes | Institutions, human capital and research, Infrastructure, market sophistication, business sophistication, knowledge and technology outputs, creative outputs | WIPO |
Digital Skills Gap Index [25] |
DSGI | 2021 | yes | yes | digital skills institutions, digital responsiveness, government support, supply, demand and competitiveness, data ethics and integrity, research intensity | Wiley |
Going Digital Toolkit [26] |
- | - | yes | yes | access, use, innovation, jobs, society, trust, market openness | OECD |
The Digital Economy and Society Index [27] | DESI | 2014 | yes | no | human capital, connectivity, integration of digital technology digital public services | European Commission |
Human capital |
Slovakia | Europe union | Reaching the EU average | |
---|---|---|---|---|
rank | score | score | ||
DESI 2018 | 20 | 41.9 | 46.5 | 4.6 |
DESI 2019 | 21 | 42.9 | 49.4 | 6.5 |
DESI 2020 | 22 | 45.2 | 52.6 | 7.4 |
DESI 2021 | 22 | 43.2 | 50.7 | 7.5 |
DESI 2022 | 23 | 43.4 | 52.3 | 9 |
Reference | The Main Purpose of the Study | Topic | Year |
---|---|---|---|
I. Dhaoui [31] | The author dealt with the role of e-Government on different aspect of economic and social development in the North and Middle East Africa. The outcomes show that most indicators of good governance have a positive contribution to sustainable development. Digitisation improves control of corruption and government efficiency | E-Government for Sustainable Development: Evidence from MENA Countries | 2022 |
G.Onyango,J. Ondiek [32] | The authors explored the role of ICTs, digital platforms, connectivity and the like in Kenya. The study identified the various problems and concludes by recommending solutions to these problems. | Digitalization and Integration of Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs) in Public Organizations in Kenya | 2021 |
Le Thanh Ha [33] | The authors have undertaken an analysis that focuses on the impacts of the digital transformation process in the commercial and public sectors on energy security. The one of the outcomes shows that digitalization in public services supports the achievement of energy sustainability goals. | Are digital business and digital public services a driver for better energy security? Evidence from a European sample | 2022 |
Schneider, D. Klumpe, J.Adam et al. [34] | Innovation of new and advanced ICT technologies requires new mechanisms for user identity authentication. The authors deal with the use of electronic identifier. Based on the digital nudge, eID adoption can be increased by changing the decision environment. | Nudging users into digital service solutions | 2020 |
P. Tampuu, A. Masso [35] | The authors dealt with the implications of Estonia’s e-residency. The results indicate that individual motives for adopting an e-residency vary depending on both the nationality of the applicants and the level of e-government development in the country of origin. | Transnational Digital Identity as an Instrument for Global Digital Citizenship: The Case of Estonia’s E-Residency | 2019 |
A. Ullah, C. Pinglu, S. Ullah et al. [36] | The authors explored the role of electronic public administration as a solution to covid-19 by integrating the implications of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (EPEC). The authors conclude that CPEC can help combat the COVID-19 pandemic. | The Role of E-Governance in Combating COVID-19 and Promoting Sustainable Development: A Comparative Study of China and Pakistan | 2022 |
J. Wu, D. Guo [37] | The authors used the data envelopment analysis method to measure the effectiveness of e-Government in Chinese provinces. Moreover, the results show that most of the provincial government websites operate at an inefficient level and in a bad manner. |
Measuring E-government performance of provincial government website in China with slacks-based efficiency measurement | 2015 |
K. Härmand [38] | This article provides an overview of what changes have been made to allow virtual general meetings in different countries. In addition, it provides information on the new Estonian legislation regarding remote notarial transactions, annual online meetings and digital infrastructure. | Digitalisation before and after the Covid-19 crisis | 2021 |
F. Idzi, R. Gomes [39] | The author conducted a literature review with a meta-analysis to better understand how the digital era affects governments, which social aspects should be taken into account. | Digital governance: government strategies that impact public services | 2022 |
S. Paul, S. Das [40] | The author has studied the accessibility and usability of e-governance sites in India. The results show the existence of accessibility problems. And in development, low priority is given to these problems. | Accessibility and usability analysis of Indian e-Government websites | 2020 |
Paper | Information | Method | Research phase |
---|---|---|---|
Main data collection | The data were focused on digitization, e-Government, index. | Analysis, method determination |
I. |
Analysis | Scholarly articles on digitalization, e-Government, DEA method, defining the concept of e-Government and digitalization, identifying index related to digitalization directly. Define different uses of the DEA method in the environmental field. | Analysis, method of collecting and processing information, extraction and compilation methods, method of abstraction |
II. |
DEA method | Thus, two models, CCR and BCC, were used in the method. | - | III. |
From the analysis, none of the indices that can be used have been filled in. The article was targeted at e-Government meaning that it was necessary to establish input and output data. | - | ||
Determining the number of inputs and outputs, verification of appropriate inputs and outputs, | Multi-correlation method | ||
Determination of input and output values, calculation of maximum, minimum, average, directional deviation, modus and median. dividing selected countries into regions and EU areas. identifying efficient and inefficient countries within regions. | |||
Conclusion, discussion and results | The conclusion of the thesis contains the evaluation of the results of the DEA analysis carried out, which showed effective and ineffective countries in the field of digitalization. | Synthesis method, deduction method, induction method, generalization method, DEA method, comparisons with other studies | VII. |
CCR output-oriented model | BCC output-oriented model | |
Minimize | ||
Under the conditions |
|
|
DMU | Region within the EU | Country | inputs | output | ||||
number of internet users in [%] internet usage | DSGI - Government support [score] | Gross R&D expenditure, % of GDP [score] | Service Online e-Government in [%] | satisfaction with eID and accept eID login in [%] | interaction with public administration in [%] | |||
1 | western | Luxembourg | 99.0 | 9.00 | 20.6 | 92 | 67 | 49 |
2 | western | Austria | 88.0 | 5.70 | 58.8 | 89 | 85 | 67 |
3 | western | Belgium | 92.0 | 5.20 | 63.9 | 87 | 72 | 63 |
4 | western | France | 92.2 | 5.60 | 43.2 | 90 | 46 | 56 |
5 | western | Germany | 94.0 | 6.20 | 57.8 | 87 | 53 | 50 |
6 | western | Netherlands | 95.3 | 6.40 | 42.1 | 94 | 86 | 86 |
7 | eastern | Hungary | 89.3 | 3.10 | 29.4 | 90 | 77 | 81 |
8 | eastern | Czech Republic | 86.8 | 3.00 | 36.5 | 80 | 44 | 64 |
9 | eastern | Slovakia | 90.0 | 3.50 | 16.6 | 63 | 75 | 57 |
10 | eastern | Poland | 91.5 | 2.70 | 25.5 | 79 | 77 | 34 |
11 | eastern | Bulgaria | 70.0 | 3.90 | 15.5 | 67 | 42 | 24 |
12 | eastern | Romania | 78.0 | 2.80 | 8.5 | 50 | 20 | 12 |
13 | northern | Sweden | 97.3 | 6.90 | 64.8 | 87 | 75 | 88 |
14 | northern | Denmark | 97.7 | 5.90 | 55.7 | 98 | 93 | 92 |
15 | northern | Finland | 94.1 | 6.40 | 53.9 | 97 | 96 | 88 |
16 | northern | Ireland | 92.0 | 6.40 | 22.5 | 87 | 45 | 68 |
17 | northern | Estonia | 96.1 | 7.90 | 32.9 | 95 | 96 | 75 |
18 | northern | Latvia | 89.8 | 4.00 | 12.9 | 91 | 86 | 73 |
19 | northern | Lithuania | 97.8 | 5.30 | 21.1 | 85 | 89 | 65 |
20 | southern | Slovenia | 87.0 | 3.50 | 39.4 | 79 | 66 | 68 |
21 | southern | Spain | 93.0 | 3.90 | 25.7 | 87 | 83 | 59 |
22 | southern | Malta | 100 | 6.40 | 12.3 | 99 | 98 | 58 |
23 | southern | Portugal | 88.1 | 6.60 | 29.6 | 95 | 89 | 50 |
24 | southern | Croatia | 93.2 | 2.90 | 22.8 | 80 | 60 | 52 |
25 | southern | Italy | 90.8 | 2.40 | 28 | 84 | 61 | 31 |
26 | southern | Greece | 78.5 | 1.80 | 27.4 | 66 | 34 | 66 |
27 | Asia | Cyprus | 100 | 3.60 | 15 | 56 | 8 | 62 |
A | B | C | D | E | F | |
A | 1 | |||||
B | 0.540 | 1 | ||||
C | 0.226 | 0.354 | 1 | |||
D | 0.537 | 0.650 | 0.455 | 1 | ||
E | 0.428 | 0.461 | 0.287 | 0.786 | 1 | |
F | 0.504 | 0.374 | 0.516 | 0.552 | 0.486 | 1 |
inputs | outputs | |||||
A | B | C | D | E | F | |
Max | 100 | 9 | 64.80 | 99 | 98 | 92 |
Min | 70 | 1.80 | 8.50 | 50 | 8 | 12 |
Average | 91.17 | 4.85 | 32.68 | 83.48 | 67.52 | 60.67 |
Standard deviation | 6.95 | 1.86 | 16.95 | 12.80 | 24.08 | 19.50 |
Modus | 92 | 5.20 | 28 | 87 | 75 | 63 |
Median | 100 | 9 | 64.80 | 99 | 98 | 92 |
DMU | Region within the EU | Country | CCR model | SPF | CCR ranking | BCC model | SPF | BCC ranking |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | western | Luxembourg | 0.898 | 0.898 | 23 | 0.899 | 0.899 | 26 |
2 | western | Austria | 0.969 | 0.969 | 12 | 1 | 1.006 | 1 |
3 | western | Belgium | 0.907 | 0.907 | 22 | 0.929 | 0.929 | 25 |
4 | western | France | 0.927 | 0.927 | 18 | 0.935 | 0.935 | 23 |
5 | western | Germany | 0.871 | 0.871 | 26 | 0.892 | 0.892 | 27 |
6 | western | Netherlands | 0.979 | 0.979 | 11 | 0.988 | 0.988 | 14 |
7 | eastern | Hungary | 1 | 1.161 | 1 | 1 | 1.463 | 1 |
8 | eastern | Czech Republic | 0.916 | 0.916 | 21 | 0.961 | 0.961 | 21 |
9 | eastern | Slovakia | 0.930 | 0.930 | 17 | 0.986 | 0.986 | 15 |
10 | eastern | Poland | 1 | 1.149 | 1 | 1 | 1.149 | 1 |
11 | eastern | Bulgaria | 0.922 | 0.922 | 19 | 1 | 1.158 | 1 |
12 | eastern | Romania | 0.823 | 0.823 | 27 | 1 | 1.511 | 1 |
13 | northern | Sweden | 0.961 | 0.961 | 13 | 0.967 | 0.967 | 17 |
14 | northern | Denmark | 1 | 1.014 | 1 | 1 | 1,014 | 1 |
15 | northern | Finland | 1 | 1.054 | 1 | 1 | 1,054 | 1 |
16 | northern | Ireland | 0.922 | 0.922 | 19 | 0.940 | 0.940 | 22 |
17 | northern | Estonia | 1 | 1.002 | 1 | 1 | 1.042 | 1 |
18 | northern | Latvia | 1 | 1.425 | 1 | 1 | 1.895 | 1 |
19 | northern | Lithuania | 0.933 | 0.933 | 16 | 0.933 | 0.933 | 24 |
20 | southern | Slovenia | 0.894 | 0.894 | 24 | 0.970 | 0.970 | 16 |
21 | southern | Spain | 0.952 | 0.952 | 14 | 0.962 | 0.962 | 20 |
22 | southern | Malta | 1 | 1.195 | 1 | 1 | 1.195 | 1 |
23 | southern | Portugal | 1 | 1.056 | 1 | 1 | 1.060 | 1 |
24 | southern | Croatia | 0.951 | 0.951 | 15 | 0.962 | 0.962 | 19 |
25 | southern | Italy | 1 | 1.086 | 1 | 1 | 1.156 | 1 |
26 | southern | Greece | 1 | 1.403 | 1 | 1 | 1.606 | 1 |
27 | asia | Cyprus | 0.874 | 0.874 | 25 | 0.962 | 0.962 | 18 |
DMU | country | Output | Output | Output | Change | Change | change | changed output | changed output | changed output |
1 | Luxembourg | 92 | 67 | 49 | 0 | 19,68 | 15,94 | 92 | 86,68 | 64,94 |
2 | Austria | 89 | 85 | 67 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 89 | 85 | 67 |
3 | Belgium | 87 | 72 | 63 | 0 | 6,97 | 0 | 87 | 78,97 | 63 |
4 | France | 90 | 46 | 56 | 0 | 35,85 | 2,72 | 90 | 81,85 | 58,72 |
5 | Germany | 87 | 53 | 50 | 0 | 27,01 | 2,66 | 87 | 80,01 | 52,66 |
6 | Netherlands | 94 | 86 | 86 | 0,52 | 0 | 0 | 94,52 | 86 | 86 |
7 | Hungary | 90 | 77 | 81 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 77 | 81 |
8 | Czech Republic | 80 | 44 | 64 | 0 | 24,27 | 7,28 | 80 | 68,27 | 71,28 |
9 | Slovakia | 63 | 75 | 57 | 16,19 | 0 | 0 | 79,19 | 75 | 57 |
10 | Poland | 79 | 77 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 79 | 77 | 34 |
11 | Bulgaria | 67 | 42 | 24 | 0 | 20,94 | 22,69 | 67 | 62,94 | 46,69 |
12 | Romania | 50 | 20 | 12 | 0 | 27,48 | 26,99 | 50 | 47,48 | 38,99 |
13 | Sweden | 87 | 75 | 88 | 6,74 | 13,96 | 0 | 93,74 | 88,96 | 88 |
14 | Denmark | 98 | 93 | 92 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 98 | 93 | 92 |
15 | Finland | 97 | 96 | 88 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 97 | 96 | 88 |
16 | Ireland | 87 | 45 | 68 | 0 | 37,8 | 0 | 87 | 82,8 | 68 |
17 | Estonia | 95 | 96 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 95 | 96 | 75 |
18 | Latvia | 91 | 86 | 73 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 91 | 86 | 73 |
19 | Lithuania | 85 | 89 | 65 | 9,25 | 0 | 3,19 | 94,25 | 89 | 68,19 |
20 | Slovenia | 79 | 66 | 68 | 0 | 2,75 | 0 | 79 | 68,75 | 68 |
21 | Spain | 87 | 83 | 59 | 0,41 | 0 | 6,19 | 87,41 | 83 | 65,19 |
22 | Malta | 99 | 98 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 99 | 98 | 58 |
23 | Portugal | 95 | 89 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 95 | 89 | 50 |
24 | Croatia | 80 | 60 | 52 | 0 | 2,17 | 0 | 80 | 62,17 | 52 |
25 | Italy | 84 | 61 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 84 | 61 | 31 |
26 | Greece | 66 | 34 | 66 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 66 | 34 | 66 |
27 | Cyprus | 56 | 8 | 62 | 19,05 | 59,04 | 0 | 75,05 | 67,04 | 62 |
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