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1 | Castle, Password; Avey, Man; White, ‘Even in Auschwitz...’; Little, ‘No one believed what we had seen’. |
2 | Wallis, POWs. |
3 | Yad Vashem Archives (YVA) O.3; O.33 collection of testimonies; The Netherlands’ Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies (NIOD) collection 250d witness reports; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) Leo Young Papers 1992.A0016/RG-10.048*01; USC Shoah Foundation Visual History Archive, VHA online (accessed via the University of Vienna); The Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies at Yale University (FVA); The Jewish Museum Prague (ŽMP); German Federal Archives (BArch) R 9348 Oberschlesische Hydrierwerke; BArch RH 49/24 OKW directives on prisoners of war. |
4 | British National Archives Kew (NA) WO 311/268; Imperial War Museum London (IWM) Private Papers; Sound Archive; Australians at War Film Archive Canberra (AWFA). |
5 | Langer, Holocaust. |
6 | Greenspan, Holocaust, 15-17. |
7 | OHW quarterly management reports May-July 1940, and January-March 1942, BArch R 9348/6; 7; index of B.A.B.s, BArch RH 49/13. |
8 | Affidavit by Marine Frank Riding, NA WO 311/268; Edward Kelly, interview 2071, AWFA. |
9 | Private Papers of Edward Charles Stirling, IWM 824699/22/1; Kochavi, Captivity, 54-55. |
10 | Bleier, Pinchas, interview 45393, VHA; Borrie, Captivity, 95. |
11 | Levine, Captivity, 84; OKW Manual for Commanders of Prisoner of War Working Parties, 1 June 1943, BArch RH 49/24, fos. 22–23. |
12 | Kochavi, Captivity, 33. |
13 | Agence, Rapport, 213; Levine, Captivity, 85. |
14 | Private Papers of G Didcock, IWM 10/6/1; OKW, September 12, 1944, Collection of General Decrees on Prisoners of War, BArch RW 6/273, fo. 40. |
15 | OKW Manual for Commanders of Prisoner of War Working Parties, 1 June 1943, BArch RH 49/24, fos. 9–12; Borrie, Captivity, 102. |
16 | Private Papers of G Didcock, IWM 10/6/1. A British POW in Monowitz was rifle-butted for supporting a collapsing Jewish inmate. See, White, ‘Even in Auschwitz...’, 276. |
17 | Kochavi, Captivity, 33; Mantelli, ‘Wanderarbeit’, 63–71. |
18 | OHW quarterly management reports, November–December 1941, BArch R 9348/7; on the Schmelt camp system, see Gruner, Labor. |
19 | Die Deportationstransporte während der sogenannten Cosel Periode, State Archive Würzburg 12012-009, 37, fos. 1128–1131 |
20 | David Leo W., HVT-1687, FVA; Rosengarten, Overleven, 117; Piet Niewes, NIOD 250d/715. |
21 | Piper, ‘Nebenlager Blechhammer’, 24; interrogation of Johannes Hassebroek, 11 June 1965, Regional Archive Munster, 4883. |
22 | Hans Bonn, NIOD 250d/445. |
23 | Die Deportationstransporte während der sogenannten Cosel Periode, State Archive Würzburg 12012-009, 37, fos. 1128–1131; Piper, ‘Nebenlager Blechhammer’, 32. |
24 | See for instance, The Diary of Lance-Bombardier Edward Charles Stirling, IWM 824699/22/1; J. Driscoll, interview 17435, IWM Sound Archive. |
25 | Wallis, POWs, 104–105. |
26 | Kochavi, Captivity, 22–28, 34; Levine, Captivity, 84. |
27 | White, ‘Even in Auschwitz...’, 285. |
28 | Kurt Klappholz, interview 9425, IWM Sound Archive. |
29 | Fainzang, Mémoire, 61; Koenig, Vorhof, 117–129; Joseph, Number 176520, 47–53. |
30 | SS penal report on Wolf Lesorgen for having accepted cigarettes from a British POW, BArch B 162/8867; Salomon Staszewski, NIOD 250d/864. |
31 | Wallis, POWs, 104–105. |
32 | Rosengarten, Overleven, 126. |
33 | Simon Overste, NIOD 250d/735; Henry G., HVT-2384, FVA. |
34 | Leo Weiniger, NIOD 244/1486. |
35 | Rosengarten, Overleven, 142. |
36 | Wolf W., HVT-2989, FVA. |
37 | Joseph, Number 176520, 53. |
38 | Joseph Braasem, NIOD 250d/446. |
39 | Hessel Goldberg, NIOD 250d/553. |
40 | Hartog Salomon Ereira, NIOD 250d/519. |
41 | Memoirs of R. Stoppelman, YVA O.33 4272. |
42 | See, Bettelheim, ‘Trauma’, 31–33, also Greenspan, Holocaust, 15–17. |
43 | Leo Young Papers, USHMM 1992.A0016/RG-10.048*01. |
44 | ‘Camp Leader Notices: Dress And Bearing’, The Clarion, autumn issue (1943), 1. |
45 | Kurt Klappholz, interview 9425, IWM Sound Archive. |
46 | Abraham Schaufeld, interview 17470, IWM Sound Archive. |
47 | Bart, Bernhard, interview 1661, VHA. |
48 | Koenig, Vorhof, 119–120. |
49 | Wollenberg, Alptraum, 121. |
50 | Wallis, POWs, 116. |
51 | Kurt Klappholz, interview 9425, IWM Sound Archive. |
52 | Rachel Brukner Frydrych, YVA O.3 3664. |
53 | Minute of a meeting between the OHW and the Wehrmacht, 25 October 1943, BArch R 9348/45. |
54 | Rosengarten, Overleven, 136. |
55 | Leo Weiniger, NIOD 244/1486. |
56 | Bartuschka, ‘Zurückstellung’, 477. |
57 | Koenig, Vorhof, 122. |
58 | Borrie, Captivity, 127. |
59 | Private Papers of G Didcock, IWM 10/6/1. |
60 | Wolf W., HVT-2989, FVA. |
61 | Jacob de Wolf, NIOD 250d/946; Rosengarten, Overleven, 122, 146; SS penal reports, BArch B 162/8867. |
62 | See Bravo, Davite, Jalla, ‘Myth’, 104. |
63 | See, Davidowicz, ‘Holocaust Landscape’, 25. |
64 | Sigmund W., HVT-55, FVA. |
65 | Rosengarten, Overleven, 122. |
66 | See, Gilbert, Music, 4–7. |
67 | Efraim Roseboom, NIOD 250d/805; Wolf W., HVT-2989, FVA. |
68 | Prochownik, Mémoires, 109. |
69 | Karl Demerer, a merchant born in Vienna in 1901, relocated to Katowice in 1928. He was arrested in Sosnowiec in 1941 and transferred to Blechhammer in spring 1942. He remained Jewish elder until the evacuation in January 1945. Karl Demerer, YVA O.3. 3635. |
70 | Gabriel Zvi Lifschitz, NIOD 250d/674; Clary, Holocaust, 89. |
71 | Rosengarten, Overleven, 181. |
72 | Karl Demerer, YVA O.3 3635; Friedländer, Years, 42; Bajohr, Parvenüs, 134. |
73 | Jozef Niewes, NIOD 250d/716; Trunk, Judenrat, 244. |
74 | Samuel Abrams, NIOD 250d/386. |
75 | Gross, Society, 145. |
76 | Dr. Heinrich Schlick, Beobachtungen im Ausländereinsatz, 10 February 1943, BArch R 9348/111. |
77 | Borrie, Captivity, 118, 239; Holmes, Lord Haw-Haw; Green, Colditz. |
78 | Borrie, Captivity, 88–93; Edward Kelly, interview 2071, AWFA. |
79 | Fainzang, Mémoire, 89–101. |
80 | Hessel Goldberg, NIOD 250d/553; Hermann, Siegfried, interview 38261, VHA; Oto Hostovsky, ŽMP. |
81 | Leo Weiniger, NIOD 244/1486; Abram Szeftel, APMO Ośw., f. 48, 5. On the importance of reveries as a survival strategy see, Bravo/Davite/Jalla, ‘Myth’, 99. |
82 | Makepeace, Captives, 44–49. |
83 | Maurice Moshe Szmidt, YVA O.3 3474; Hermann, Siegfried, interview 38261, VHA. |
84 | SS penal report on Max Voss, BArch B 162/8867. |
85 | Borrie, Captivity, 126. |
86 | Bomb Group Mission Reports, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), College Park, Md., RG-18, box 2624. |
87 | Faerber, Gunter, interview 41847, VHA. |
88 |
Personendezentralisierung bei Tagalarm, BArch R 9348/41; interrogation of Wilhelm Menzel, NA WO 311/268. |
89 | Affidavit by CSM Edward John Hobbs, NA WO 311/268; Maurits Bremer, NIOD 250d/448. |
90 | Jonas Pampel, NIOD 250d/741; Private Papers of G Didcock, IWM 10/6/1. Hitler decreed that Jewish prisoners should clear unexploded bombs. Piper, Arbeitseinsatz, 289. |
91 | Celinsak, Distance; Terry, ‘Signals’, 351-396. |
92 | Borrie, Captivity, 128, 170. |
93 | Private Papers of G Didcock, IWM 10/6/1. |
94 | Wallis, POWs, 97–100. |
95 | Bleier, Pinchas, interview 45393, VHA. |
96 | Borrie, Captivity, 137. |
97 | J. Driscoll, interview 17435, IWM Sound Archive; White, ‘Even in Auschwitz...’, 271–274. |
98 | Blatter, ‘Art’, 35. |
99 | Spira, Legende; ART 17120–17129 IWM; interview by the author with Charles Hayward, June 2010. |
100 | Nathan Ben-Brith, YVA 108-3313F; Prochownik, Mémoires, 106. |
101 | Leo Weiniger, NIOD 244/1486. |
102 | Maurice Mosze Szmidt, YVA O.3 3474; Steiner, Reflections, 59. |
103 | Berke, Lester, interview 2187, VHA. |
104 | Kushner, Persistence, 107–133; Borrie, Captivity, 169. |
105 | Prochownik, Mémoires, 108. |
106 | Rosengarten, Overleven, 157–161. |
107 | KLIM, ‘milk’ spelled backwards, was the name of the milk powder in Red Cross parcels. |
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