Review of Fishery Oceanography of the Early Stages of Loliginidae (Cephalopods: Myopsida): Paralarvae along the Continental Southeast Platform of Brazil between the Cape of São Tomé (Rio de Janeiro) and Cananeia (São Paulo) (22o-25oS)

Cephalopod fishing in Brazil has been on the rise as a result of the growing demand for high quality food. Therefore, for the sustainable exploitation of this resource, adequate evaluation and scientifically supported management strategies are necessary. Notably, the squid which belongs to the family Loliginidae are fishery resources of increasing importance in the marine ecosystem of the Continental Shelf Southeast and South of Brazil. However, information about stock status, knowledge of life history, ecology and the distribution of the early stages of its life cycle is still very insufficient. The present review analyzed more than 100 scientific articles, related to the history of life and ecology, the identification of the occurrence of cephalopods of the Loliginidae family in the region between Cabo de São Tomé (RJ) and Cananeia (SP), the patterns of family distribution to oceanographic processes that were identified from horizontal and vertical maps of abundance, temperature and salinity in plankton sampling collected by 11 oceanographic cruises conducted by the Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo (USP) and published in 2013. Respectively, Generalized Linear Models (GLM) were used to detect the factors that would explain the occurrence and abundance of Loliginidae, which indicated the depth and sea surface temperature (SST), height of the sea surface (HSS), salinity of the sea surface (SSS), chlorophyll-a concentration Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and plankton density (PD). Also, a Redundancy Analysis (RDA) revealed the main distribution patterns observed for the three main species of Loliginidae in relation to the oceanographic variables. Doryteuthis sanpaulensis predominated in the northern region of the sampling area, associated with cold waters and resurgence events. Doryteuthis pleii occurred mainly in the southern region of the study area in warmer waters. Lolliguncul brevis was found only in the estuarine region of Santos, i.e in the shallow and less saline waters. The results obtained represents a relevant contribution to sustainable management for the exploitation of these resources and also contributes to the knowledge about squid fishing oceanography in the regional marine ecosystem.


Introduction
Cephalopods are important components of marine ecosystems around the world, playing a significant role in interspecific trophic relationships and sustaining industrial and artisanal fisheries (Rodhouse & Nigmatullin, 1996;Boyle & Rodhouse, 2005). These mollusks occupy several trophic levels and are considered the main intermediaries in the energy flow between primary, secondary consumers and top predators (Santos & Haimovici, 2002;Gasalla et al., 2010). However, the annual squid catch fluctuates most likely due to the influence of inter and intra-annual oceanographic variability in their feeding and spawning areas (Boletzky, 1986;Boyle, 1990;Piatkowski et al., 2001;Rodhouse, 2001;Rocha et al., 2001;Guerra, 2004;Boyle and Rodhouse, 2005). This is because the abundance and distribution of squid populations is highly susceptible to climate change and environmental conditions at a variety of spatio-temporal scales (Pierce et al., 2006). Immense studies have found that there is a strong relationship between the abundance of squid in the Loliginidae family and marine environmental conditions at different scales.
Loliginidae is a widely distributed squid family of economic importance which is widely used as a fishery products and with an important role in an intricate marine food web and it is composed of 47 species distributed in 10 genera of which all are pelagic (Fields, 1965;Pierce et al., 2006;Vecchione & Young, 2010a;Granados-Amores et al., 2014). Generally, Loliginids have the posterior end of the fins connected to the mantle and four rows of suction cups in the tentacle (Vecchione & Young, 2010).
These characteristics make the cephalopod populations respond quickly to environmental changes, with consequent interannual fluctuations in recruitment and catch rates (Pierce et al., 2006;Jackson, 2008). These characteristics also bring complexity to the population structure, making the application of conventional methods of assessment and management of stocks limited (Rodhouse, 2005;Perez et al., 2006). Thus, it is essential to understand their population strategies and mechanisms in relation to environmental variability (Araújo, 2013). Previously, two of the most common species on the Brazilian coast including Doryteuthis pleii (Blainville, 1823) and D.
sanpaulensis (Brakoniecki, 1984), were placed in the genus Loligo, a genus that is now restricted to the Eastern Atlantic (Vecchione et al., 2005).
The main species of squid exploited commercially which belong to the Loliginidae families presented peculiar characteristics such as; short life cycle (less than one year), semi-parity (single reproductive event, followed by death) and high growth rates, characteristics that significantly affect their availability for fishing (Rodhouse & NigmatulinI, 1996;Boyle & Rodhouse, 2005).
Generally, survival strategies in the early stages of the squid's life cycle are fundamental to the biological production of these organisms. The factors responsible for successful recruitment depend mainly on the interactions between the early stages of the life cycle and biotic and abiotic factors (Rodhouse et al., 1992). Therefore, the need to develop several studies to better understand the mechanisms that occur in the early stages of development of these cephalopods in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil, as they are essential for understanding the distribution, biology, spawning and recruitment areas, structure population, and fishing strategies (Piatkowski, 1998). The initial phase of the life cycle of most cephalopods such as squid is called paralarvae, as it does not present morphological differences in relation to adults, as occurs with fish larvae and other organisms (Piatkowski, 1998;Young & Harman, 1988). They differ from the adults is only in their planktonic way of life (Barón, 2003b). Squid flanks are efficient predators of zooplankton, and active fins using jet propellers, however, their distribution is particularly dependent on ocean circulation (Barón, 2003b).
According to Röpke et al. 1993, the vertical structure of the water column, especially the occurrence of the pycnocline and the variable depth of the mixing layer, has been shown to be an important factor in the distribution patterns of the paralarvae. In the southeastern region of Brazil, until now, the relationship between the occurrence of Loliginidae (Doryteuthis plei, Lolliguncula brevis and Doryteuthis sanpaulensis) and the oceanographic characteristics was observed only by; Castellanos, 1967;Juanicó, 1979;Gonzalez-Rodriguez, 1982;Haimovici & Andriguetto, 1986;Costa & Haimovici, 1990;Andriguetto & Haimovici, 1991;Costa & Fernandes, 1993ª, Costa, 1994Barón, 2003b;Vidal et al., 2010, where the seasonal resurgence is able to increase local productivity, providing adequate conditions for the growth of paralarvae. Paralvae survival depends on specific oceanographic characteristics, being particularly responsible for the success of stock recruitment (Rodhouse et al., 1992;Moreno et al., 2009).
The mapping of catches of Loliginidae species was typically carried out using the cruise ship's on-board map system, indicating that the best yields were associated with the areas of higher productivity originated by the coastal resurgence of Cabo de São Tomé (RJ) and Cananeia (SP), (Costa & Haimovici, 1990). Thus, most of the efforts and accumulated data on biology and fishing potential of this species were related to the South and Southeast (Haimovici & Andriguetto, 1986;Andriguetto, 1989;Andriguetto & Haimovici, 1991), which mostlyis used to refer to the area around the Brazilian coast. It is known in several aspects of the fishing and ecological distribution of squid in the family Loliginidae. Consequently, several studies that have been already published on Loliginidae indicated that many species belonging to the benthic and nectonic communities of the South and Southeast are subject to the influence of oceanographic phenomena (Costa & Fernandes, 1993a;1993b;Vidal et al., 2010).
In this review, we summarize the life history of squid of the Loliginidae family on the Continental Southeast Platform in relation to population structure, distribution of the paralarvae, abundance, age and growth, the migratory behaviors and spawning areas. These factors are fundamental for understanding the larval dispersion and mechanisms responsible for recruitment variability. In addition, we discuss the impacts of oceanographic variability on squid Loliginidae at regional scales. In view of this, we propose a mathematical modeling technique to describe the relationship between oceanographic characteristics and conditions with an understanding of relevant physical-biological processes and mechanisms. Our tests will contribute to develop the ability to predict the population dynamics of Loliginidae and improve the sustainable management of squid fishing resources.
In addition, the perception of recruitment and spawning were taken into account in the assessment of fisheries stocks and in fisheries management measures (Pierce et al., 2008;Moreno et al., 2009). And just as important, we note that Loliginidae squids are limited to productive coastal regions on the continental shelf, in all oceans, except the Arctic and Antarctica, extending to a depth of 200 meters (Boyle & Rodhouse, 2005). The representatives of this family have a characteristic that is dependent on the fund for the deposition of their eggs and also the preference for demersal prey as well as the water column (Boyle & Rodhouse, 2005;Rodhouse, 2005).

Life history of the squid in relation to oceanography
The hydrographic conditions of the Southeast region of Brazil between Cabo de São Tomé (22º'S, Rio de Janeiro) and Cananeia (25ºS, São Paulo), depend primarily on the spatial displacement of two bodies of water that touch the Continental Shelf: the Current of Brazil (CB) and the (CAT) Central Water of the South Atlantic (Castro et al., 2006;Brazil, 2006). In view of this, the spatial and temporal alternation of these bodies of water are directly dependent on the topography of the submarine floor and the prevailing wind regime (Costa, 1994).
In the region of Continental Southeast Platform (CSEP) it has a width of 50 to 230 km and the depth of the platform break varies between 120 and 180 meters (Castro et al., 2006;Araujo, 2013).
With regard to sediments, the PCSE is mainly covered by sand and mud (Brasil, 2006;Araujo, 2013), with low water salinity, which comes from the mixture between tropical (AT), hot and saline water (T > 20ºC and S > 36.40). This is then transported via the superficial layer of the Current of Brazil (CB) and the Central Water of the South Atlantic (ACAS) which is relatively cold (T < 20ºC and S < 36.4). Additionally, the PCSE is as well asransported in the lower layer of the CB and Coastal Water (AC) that results from the mixture of continental freshwater discharge with those from the continental shelf, with the lowest salinity (S < 34) of the waters of the PCSE (Castro et al., 2006;Brazil, 2006).
Thus, in view of these hydrographic conditions in the South and Southeast of Brazil, we can find a large variety of squid representative of the Loliginidae family that has more than 40 species already described (Haimovici & Andrigueto -Filho, 1986), with great prominence within the group by its economic importance and the morphological diversity and body sizes (Haimovici et al., 1989). Therefore, the representatives who are part of this Family have as a characteristic the dependence on the fund for the deposition of their eggs and also the preference for demersal prey and the water column (Boyle & Boletzky, 1996;Boyle & Rodhouse, 2005).
Among the representations of Loliginid squids, typically neritic, (Doryteuthis plei and Doryteuthis sanpaulensis formerly known as Loligo) is relatively more abundant in the southern region of Brazil (Haimovici & Perez, 1991;Haimovici & Andriguetto, 1986;Andriguetto & Haimovici, 1991;Costa & Fernandes, 1993a), as well as in northern Argentina 35 °S (Castellanos, 1967;Costa, 1994), sustaining a significant volume of catches (Costa & Haimavici, 1990;Perez, 2002;Gasalla et al., 2005), Cape Hatteras (36 ° N) which is usually associated with the Brazilian hot current. It also includes the Gulf of Mexico as the dominant nectonic invertebrate species during some seasons (Dragovich & Kelly, 1967;Livingston et al., 1976), the Caribbean Sea, Bermuda and the islands of the Bahamas and the Caribbean (Migliavacca et al., 2020). The increase in catches may be a natural consequence of the decline in traditional fishing resources, which leads to increased availability and effort for capturing the potential of non-traditional species (Rodhouse, 2005).
According to Rodhouse (1998) and Gasalla et al. (2010), there is some evidence that the and Santa Catarina (SC), as it serves as food for cetaceans, pinnipeds, penguins, as well as several species of demersal and benthic teleost fish (Santos & Haimovici, 1998). Its distribution occurs widely in the Western Atlantic, associated with hot water currents, such as the Current of Brazil (Haimovice & Perez, 1991). On the other hand, the distribution of Doryteuthis sanpaulensis is concentrated further south of Brazil (in Argentina) and being captured mainly in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Rio de Janeiro (in the Cabo Frio region) in association, respectively, with Subtropical Convergence and cold waters local resurgence (Haimovici & Perez, 1991;Costa & Fernandes, 1993). Both species are captured as fauna accompanying pink shrimp trawling and seasonally by artisanal fishing for squid in coastal regions. Given the ecological and commercial importance of these species, their biology on the southeastern-south Brazilian coast is relatively well known (Juanico, 1979;Haimovici et al., 1989;Costa & Haimovici, 1990;Haimovici & Perez, 1991a;Perez & Haimovici, 1991;Costa & Fernandes, 1993;Santos & Haimovici, 1998;Perez & Pezzuto, 1998;Perez, 1999;1999;Perez, 2002a;b;Perez et al., 2002;Gasallia, 2005;Perez et al., 2006;Araujo, 2013).
The species Lolliguncula brevis has a wide distribution on the Brazilian coast of the states of Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina (Juanicó, 1979;Haimovici & Perez, 1991;Haimovici & Andriguetto Filho, 1986;Zaleski, 2010), being abundant in shallow waters (Zaleski, 2005;2010). The small size species has shown its distribution along the west coast of the Atlantic from Delaware (39ºN and 76ºW) to southern Brazil (27ºS and 48ºW) (Vecchine et al., 1982). This species is also captured as fauna accompanying the fishing of the seven-bearded shrimp (Perez, 1999), but different from squids of the genus Doryteuthis and has no commercial value (Zaleski;2010). This Loliginids differs from other Loliginidae species as it is often found in estuaries and Bays, where the waters are less saline (Vecchione, 1991, Bartol et al., 2002. Further, it has respiratory pigments with high affinity for oxygen and little sensitivity for a wide range of salinity conditions which is due to low the pH dependency, which constitute characteristics responsible for the ability to explore hypoxic and euryaline environments (Vecchione, 1991b), with an increase in abundance in salinity. In the Apalachicola estuary (Florida, USA), the most appropriate habitat for Lolliguncula brevis was found to be channels or passages with high speed currents and salinity of 20-30 ‰ (Laughlin & Livingston, 1982).
According to Bartol et al. (2002), comparisons of combinations between temperature and water salinity revealed that capture increases with increasing salinity and in relation to depths only at low temperatures (5 to 9º C) and the highest abundances are usually registered between 5.0 and 15.0m. Due to its adaptability to brackish waters, small size and easy capture, this species has been used in biomedical studies, especially in the Northern Hemisphere (Boletzky & Hanlon, 1983;Brismar & Gilly, 1987;Magnum et al., 1994;Hanlon et al .;1999;Bartol et al., 2002).
Studies that focus on reproductive aspects in cephalopods have indicated that the physiological and behavioral changes resulting from the reproductive process (gonad development, decreased or loss of food activity and somatic growth) are not reversed after spawning.
Consequently, cephalopods (with a few exceptions) are considered Semelparous animals (have only a single reproductive period), more or less prolonged anddying afterwards (Costa, 1984;Costa et al., 1994;.  Juanicó (1979Juanicó ( , 1983, and later changed and perfected by Brakoniecki (1984) as well as Andriguetto (1996). We observed that the average length of the first sexual maturation was defined in 50% of the population found in the reproductive process, where the estimate was based on the adjustment of the gonadosomatic indexes to a logistic function based on the model described by Pauly (1984).
The reproduction and spawning of squids of the genus Doryteuthis and Lolligunculla were continuous events throughout the year, with their peaks related to seasonality and the production of several micro-cohorts. (Costa & Fernandes, 1993b;Andriguetto & Haimovici, 1996;Perez et al., 2002;Zaleski, 2005;2010;Rodrigues & Gasalla, 2008). The observed extensive pattern of reproduction and spawning suggests that these populations invest in seasonal spawning, allowing them to experience different environmental conditions during the year, and increasing the chances for successful recruitment (Boyle & Boletzky, 1996). With the growing commercial interest in the species of Loliginídes, there is a need for studies on their biology and population dynamics, which will subsidize a sustainable management of these peculiar fishing resources (Pierce & Guerra, 1994).
The study of coastal cephalopods, in particular Loliginids occurring in tropical regions has revealed a new relevance in times of climate change and global warming. Since these Loliginids tolerate and even thrive in warm water conditions. This group can thrive be favorably when there is a rise in temperature caused by climate change (Santos & Haimvici, 2001;Jackson et al., 2008). Therefore, understanding how these organisms respond to environmental changes can help us to predict what kind of transformations will occur in ecosystems resulting from global warming.
In this sense, this review aims to provide some key information for the management of Loliginid family fishing, specifically the ones commercialized in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil (i.e. Doryteuthis plei, Doryteuthis sanpaulensis and Lolliguncula brevis, which presents both industrial and artisanal expansion. In addition, providing an understanding of the strategies of the early stages of the squid's life cycle and the mechanisms responsible for availability to fishing is fundamental for the application of catch prediction models including the assessment of the impacts of climate change on fishing and consequently for planning adaptation and mitigation measures, as highlighted by Costa & Fernandes, 1993bSantos & Haimvici, 2001Jackson et al., 2008;Rodrigues & Gasalla, 2008.

Years of El Niño and La Niña Events
For species with a short life cycle, such as squid from the Loliginidae family, distribution and abundance are strongly influenced by oceanographic conditions (Boyle & Rodhouse, 2005). In the present review, we have discussed the different patterns of distribution and abundance of the main species of the Loliginidae family. Climate variability over Northeastern Brazil (NEB) is modulated by large-scale atmospheric and oceanic patterns that occur (together or not) over the Tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans (Pezzi and Cavalcanti, 2001). So the classic example of interaction between the atmosphere and ocean is the phenomenon known as El Niño / Southern Oscillation (ENOS). El Niño (EN) is characterized by anomalous heating of the superficial and sub-superficial layer of the Central and Eastern Pacific Ocean (Rasmusson and Carpenter, 1982;Pezzi and Cavalcanti, 2001). The opposite condition characterizes the La Niña (LN) events. The Southern oscillation (OS) is an anomalous variation in tropical atmospheric pressure, being an air response of the EN which is associated with the change in the general circulation of the atmosphere (Rasmusson and Carpenter, 1982;Kayano and Andreoli, 2004). This interaction has been considered one of the causes of climatic variations on the NEB (Kayano at al., 1988;Pezzi and Cavalcanti, 2001).
This connection between the EN and the NEB occurs through atmospheric circulation, just as the drought related to the event is attributed to an eastward displacement of the Walker circulation,  (Kayano at al., 1988). However, the abundance of squids in the Loliginidae family usually fluctuates as influenced by normal and/or extreme environmental conditions withparticular reference to the El Niño and La Niña events that begin with an unusually hot and cold temperature range developed in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific (Wolter & Timlin, 2011). The evolution of El Niño and La Niña can be identified in the space-time changes in SST, Chl-a concentration, primary productivity, zonal wind and anomalies of 20 ℃ isothermal depth (a proxy for thermocline depth) of the TAO / TRITON matrix data along the equator (Wei. et al., 2015). ENSO (El Niño / South Oscillation) is the phenomenon best known as large-scale variability of the oceans, due to the ocean-atmosphere coupling, especially in the face of the current global warming scenario (Philander, 1985;Gigliotti et al., 2009;Wolter & Timlin, 2011;Faccin, 2019).
This phenomenon can provide insight into the possible effects of climate change on squid fisheries (Jones et al., 2014).
The events El Niño and La Niña have an impact on the distribution and abundance of Loliginidae (Cephalopod: Myopsida). For example, Zaleski, 2010;Araújo, 2013;Jones et al., 2014) also reported on the fundamental consequences of the interannual variability of the La Niña / El Niño of Loliginidae events in the Southeast Atlantic. Chen et al. (2009), analyzed data from Chinese commercial fisheries with respect to environmental variables and suggested that the La Niña / El Niño events could cause differences in squid recruitment as a result of the influence of environmental conditions on the spawning areas. In addition, a La Niña event would result in a decrease in squid recruitment in the spawning area with displacements to the north of the fishing area, while an El Niño event could yield a favorable habitat for Loliginids in the spawning area with displacements to the south fisheries (Rasmusson andCarpenter, 1982, Wei. et al., 2015).
Furthermore, the relationship between El Niño / La Niña with other squids or long-lived species has been studied. According to Nevárez-Martínez et al. (2000) an El Niño event would cause a sharp decrease in the resources of D. gigas and that the forces of the resurgence currents were strengthened in a year of La Niña, which translated into an increase in the abundance of squid.
In the view of Jackson and Domeier (2003) they observed that the sizes of the marketed Loligo opalescens squid emerged and grew in an El Niño year and found that the squid was notably smaller with a lower growth rate than in a La Niña year.
Based on the findings of Sugimoto et al., 2001 andWei et al., 2015, there are several impacts of El Niño events on climate regime changes on living resources, including short-and long-lived species in the western North Pacific. However, existing studies are mainly focused on determining the correlation between squid abundance / distribution and El Niño / La Niña, and have only described how the recruitment, abundance and distribution of squid populations can change correspondingly with the environmental variability in their spawning and food grounds. Our understanding of the mechanisms by which the El Niño / La Niña events lead to spatio-temporal variability in the abundance and distribution of squid is still limited. Wang (2012) revealed that the TSM seasonal index in the El Niño region of El Niño, the evolution and seasonal intensity of events such as SON, DJF, MAM and JJA can be observed. This study also states that each EN event has its own characteristics, does not have the same start and end month, in which positive TSM anomalies can be observed in the first two quarters of the SON and DJF event, which correspond to the development phase including the maturity of the EN as described in the literature. Therefore, the seasonal indices for the North Atlantic (ATN) and South Atlantic (ATS) in the years of EN may also be perceive as a sign of positive anomalies which is in line with other studies that reveal that the ATN is influenced by EN (Sugimoto et al., 2001).

The currents of Brazil and the Guianas Current
The oceanographic environment in the South and Southeast Atlantic Ocean is dominated by the equatorial southern current, which flows from east to the west, by finding the northeast coast of Brazil, bifurcates, originating from the Current of Brazil, which runs in the south, and the current Das Guianas, which follows northwest toward the Caribbean. Both are hot superficial chains moving near to the coast. In the sunny days, in most tropical regions of Brazil, as in the North, Northeast and Southeast regions during the summer, the existing air on the continents is constantly heated during the day, becoming less dense and rising in the atmosphere and being replaced by marine air which is described to be relatively colder and consequently giving rise to the marine breeze (Gasalla et.al., 2011;Pena et.al., 2021). This double process interferes significantly in the variation of the weather conditions of coastal regions, determining the wind regime and in certain situations localized storms (Castro, 2008;Pena et.al., 2021).
In this sense, the chain dominates the whole region near the edge of the continental shelf on the coast of Brazil is the current of Brazil, which takes the south direction, beginning from approximately 10°S, in the proximity of the Northeast coast, and extending to approximately 35-40°S, in northern Argentina. This chain carries heated waters denominated by waters from tropical water between 18°C and 28°C, and has mean values of salinity between 35.1 to 36.2 ppm (Martins, 2006 p. 20-27;Faccine, 2019).
In the southeastern coast, especially in Cabo Frio (RJ), there is descent of sea water temperature to up to 14 ºC and greater density, in the months of January and February, which circulates low from the currents of Brazil and Malvinas. This happens due to the wind, which in the summer constantly blows from the northeast direction (Miranda, 1985;Araujo, 2013).
Thus, this constant wind pushes the waters of the surface which had suffered insolation and therefore were heated (around 26°C) for the open ocean (Pena et.al., 2021). Therefore, it causes a water gap next to the coast, which is filled by deep, much colder waters, which rise and reach the surface. In any case, this rise of cold waters is rich in nutrients, a phenomenon known as resurgence, and occurs mainly in the summer due to the winds coming from the Northeast and Southeast, where it is usually observed in places of great fishing activity of Loliginidae (Pena et. al., 2021). In terms of Loliginidae larvae that appeared in the northern region of the area of Cabo Frio (23ºs) between 20 and 80 meters and were associated with distinct oceanographic characteristics, the paralarvae identified as D. Plei occurred in warmer superficial waters, on the other hand, L. Brevis paralarvae were associated with surface waters with less salinity conditions (Martins & Perez, 2006;Gasalla et.al., 2010;Araujo, 2013). With regard to salinity we observed that Brazil's current was in the North region, evidenced by salinity values > 36, characteristic of AT. From the vertical distribution maps of the water masses, the intrusion of ACAs was evident in the study area, close to the coast and mainly in the northern region. Based on the diagram, it was also possible to identify the presence of AC, AT and AP (platform water, from the mixture of the water mass).
Based on previous studies (Vechione, 1981(Vechione, .1991Martins & Perez, 2006;Gonzales et al.,2005;Baron, 2003 andVidal et al., 2010;Moreno et al., 2009;Rodrigues & Gasalla, 2008), we can conclude that the winding standard of Brazil's current and the strength of the gulf chain do not affect the spatial distribution of Loliginidae squid fisheries. The seasonal variability of Brazil's current causes different behavior of water masses due to the formation of vortices and meanders induced by the changes in the pattern of the winds, thus causing the rise of waters and dispersion of nutrients (Campos et al.,1995;Brazil, 2006). In the summer, Ekman transport generated by the dominance of northeast winds and vortex training in the chain of Brazil move from the superficial stratified water column, promoting intrusion and resurrect with the presence of ACAs below 15 meters deep, which is rich in nutrients and responsible for increasing primary productivity and favoring the survival of meroplanktonic larvae. The penetration of ACAs during the summer causes a stratification with the formation of a strong thermocline. Conversely, the water column becomes homogeneous during the winter due to its indent to the slope (Borzone et al., 1999;Brazil, 2006). During the new spring thermocline period a maximum gradient is recorded in February, when the temperature falls from 26°C to 7m to 16 ° C to 14m deep (Borzone, 1999).

Synthesis of the occurrence and distribution of Loliginidae paralarvae
For short-term cycle species, as is the case of Loliginid squid, distribution and abundance are strongly influenced by the oceanographic conditions (Boyle & Rodhouse, 2005). In the present review, it was possible to observe different patterns of distribution and abundance of the main species of Loliginidae. In this review, although paralarvae have occurred throughout the study area, they were mainly found close to the coast, but concentrated in distinct regions. In view of the oceanographic variation caused by the complex and dynamic hydrography of the study area (Young & Harman, 1988;Piatkowski, 1998).
Paralarvae distribution standards may also be related to the distribution of adults, since mature individuals in the Loliginidae family move to more shallow areas for reproduction and spawning (Rodrigues & Gasalla, 2008), thus becoming the target of the fishing activities . More so, Lipiski (1998) found that the distribution and abundance of ripe cephalopods determines the distribution and abundance of paralarvae. However, Loliginidae paralarvae in coastal waters are often rare, even in situations where there is an incidence of reproduction and spawning aggregations (Hatfield & Rodhouse, 1994;Piatkowski,1998 As for the vertical distribution, the paralarvae were collected to the stratum of 40 meters deep, and the largest abundance was found between 20 and 40 meters. However, few works were described for vertical distribution of paralarvae, the surface temperature of the sea (TSM ºC), surface salinity of the sea (SSM), depth (M) for loliginidae, and can cite Vecchione, 1981;Zeidberg & Hamner 2002;Young, 1998;Gasalla at al., 2011;Araujo, 2013, who analyzed higher abundances on the surface, for Doryteuthis pealei, and up to 30 meters deep for Doryteuthis Opalescens, respectively.
For paralarvae of the species Doryteuthis Sanpaulensis were the most abundant in the sampling area, distributing between Cabo Frio and the island of São Sebastião. As well as in Barón (2003b) and Vidal et al. (2010), the paralarvae were found only on the internal platform, up to 60 meters. The greatest abundance occurred during the summer wide of Cabo Frio.
In addition, the largest abundance of D.Sanpaulensis may be vigorously related to the occurrence of coastal resurgence in this region. During the summer and spring, the wind prevails in the east and northeast direction, causing removal from the surface waters of the chain of Brazil toward the open sea, through the transport of Ekman, allowing the outcrop of the ACAs, cold and rich water in nutrients (Miranda, 1985;González et al., 2005). The relationship between D.
Sanpaulensis and the resurgence phenomenon was based on the evidence of the abundance of paralarvae observed in the Cabo Frio (González et al., 2005) in which it the increase of the abundance of Loligo vulgaris in periods of resurgence in the Galicia, Spain was also observed.
In the perspective of Vidal et al. (2010), resurgence phenomenon can be one of the main regulators of food availability for early stages of cephalopods and their growth, survival and recruitment. The relationship between the abundance of paralarvae and the resurgence show that this phenomenon can offer favorable conditions for the survival of the beginning stages of squid (Moreno et al.,2009;Gonzalez et al., 2005). However, low temperatures may lead to a reduction in growth rates, extending the period of the initial stages, exposing them to higher mortality rates and consequently harming the recruitment process .
In the meantime, Baron (2003a) verified that the embryonic development of D. Sanpaulensis, South Atlantic, is usual at temperatures between 12 and 23ºC, proving with the results obtained in the study which owes to the fact that the paralarvae of D. Sanpaulensis were found in seasons where TSM ranged from 14.7 to 23.8° C and SSM between 34.5 to 35.5. Regarding the vertical structure of the water column paralarvae were found in homogeneous waters, dominated by stratified waters and chracterized by the presence of ACAs and AT.
Doryteuthis Plei was the most frequent species in the samples analyzed which can be found mainly in the southern region of the sampling area between the island of São Sebastiao and Cananeia. In the cruises carried out in the summer paralarvae occurred between 25 and 65 meters of depth which can be associated with warmer TSM (24.8° C to 27.8° C). Regarding the vertical structure of the water column, the paralarvae were found mainly in stratified waters with the presence of AC, ACA and ATA found in the winter in homogeneous waters, characteristic of the sampling area (Baron (2003a). The highest frequency of occurrence and plenty of Doryteuthis Plei were found around the island of São Sebastiao and Cananeia during the summer. Therefore, these results come according to the peak of reproductive activity already observed by (Martins & Perez, 2006;Rodrigues & Gasalla. 2008;. Signficantly, the paralarvae of D. Plei were associated with warmer waters compared to Sanpaulensis. A characteristic also observed for adult populations of these two species (Juanico, 1979;Costa & Fernandes, 1993b) but the squid of D.
Plei has preferences for warmer waters than the squid of D. Sanpaulensis.
However, during the summer and spring, the paralarvae of D. Plei were found in stations with the laminated water column which similar to the observations by Martins & Perez (2006) in Santa Catarina, and Gasalla et al. (2011) in São Sebastiao.
Lolloguncula Brevis are exclusively distributed in Santos Bay during the summer and only a single occurrence has been recorded near the coast in the Santos region during spring. Individuals belonging to this genus have peculiarities in relation to their habitat, since it is the only genus of the Loliginidae family that tolerates environments with low salinity water (Castellanos, 1967;Bartol et al., 2002). According to Vecchione (1991b), in the coastal and estuarine region of Louisiana, in the United States paralarvae of this species associated with low salinity waters. From our search of the literature, we observed that the paralarvae are most often found in shallow and low salinity waters, in homogeneous waters and characterized with the presence of AC which also associated with TSM around 25ºC.
Moreover, Loliginidae species were associated with stratified waters with distinct oceanographic characteristics for paralarvae identified as genus Doryteuthis and occurred in warmer superficial waters. However, the paralarvae of L. Brevis were mostly associated with less saline surface waters. It is worth stating that, the results observed and obtained in the study represented an important contribution to the knowledge of the fishing oceanography of loliginid squid in the regional marine ecosystem. The identification of essential habitats for the initial stages of the life cycle of commercially important species for fishing has relevance to the evaluation and management of inventories, as well as for their conservation. In addition, we can also observe that there was a positive correlation between abundance and the TSM interval, which were approximately between 21,5 to 22,5ºC. Regardless of the influence of the Pacific Ocean, the variability of SST in the South Tropical Atlantic Ocean also presents its importance and impact on the climate of the NEB region (Hastenrath and Heller, 1977;Moura and Shukla, 1981;Andreoli, 2002;Kayano et al., 2004). Some studies such as those by Hastenrath and Heller, 1977;Hastenrath, 1978;Moura and Shukla, 1981, show that in years of drought, ATSM in the Tropical Atlantic show a positive GRADM behavior (positive ATSM in the north and negative in the south of Ecuador), for rainy years this behavior is reversed and GRADM is negative. For years in agreement on the Pacific and Atlantic, that is, EN and GRADM positive or LN and GRADM negative, the relationship between ATSM in the Tropical Atlantic and NEB precipitation is stronger and the amplitudes of precipitation anomalies are larger and more significant, with drought and rain conditions being observed, respectively, around or greater than the average. Generally, in divergent years (EN and negative GRADM or LN and positive GRADM) this relationship is weaker, since the Tropical Atlantic behaves in the opposite direction to the event in the Pacific, limiting or even reversing the sign of precipitation anomalies over the NEB Cavalcanti, 2001, Moura andShukla, 1981).

Atlantic multidecadal oscillation
For several decades, the existence of inter-dimensional and multi-dimensional internal climatic oscillations have been affirmed by numerous studies based on analyzes of historical observations, paleoclimatic data and simulations of climatic models. Therefore, a combination of observational data and simulations of forced climate models and state-of-the-art control was used to demonstrate the absence of consistent evidence for decadent or long-term internal oscillatory signals that are distinguishable from climate noise. Only the variability in the interannual band associated with El Niño / South Oscillation is distinguishable from background noise (Hastenrath and Heller, 1977).
The existence of an oscillatory climate model centered in the Pacific basin with an interdecadal scale known as the Pacific Interdecadal Oscillation (PIO) or Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) are two manifestations of the same phenomenon (Mann and Park, 1994;Mann et al., (2020), as it is also considered low frequency and having two distinct phases i.e. one is cold and the other described as hot. For Moura and Shukla (1981) this oscillation occurs on an annual and decadal scale, and is linked to the southern variation of the Zone of Intertropical Convergence (ZCIT), which is one of the main mechanisms that causes precipitation in the north and also on the east of the NEB.
The evidence of a multidecadal climatic fluctuation (time scale of 50-70 years) during the 1980s centered on the North Atlantic originated in the work of Mann et al. (2020). In this sense, the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) is a phenomenon of natural temporal climatic variability, of the sea surface temperature that occurs in the North Atlantic Ocean which is characterized by the alteration of the sea surface temperature (TSM) of the North region from the Atlantic Ocean between the Gulf of Mexico and Lower Iceland (Enfield et al, 2001;Siqueira, 2012;Mann et.al., 2020).
We can also observe that in the absence of events over the Pacific (EN or LN), precipitation in the NEB correlates more strongly with the anomalies of the TSM (ATSM) of the South Tropical Atlantic -ATS than with those of the North Tropical Atlantic -ATN (Hastenrath and Heller, 1977). Therefore, the duration time is very long compared to the El Niño and La Niña phenomena.
Recently, some authors have begun to attach much importance to the interaction between the North and South Atlantic Ocean and the climate of Brazil. Among them are Siqueira and Molion (2008), who observed a correlation between moderate and strong with the precipitation over the northeast. Brazilian, Kayano and Capistrano (2013), who observed changes in the influence of El Niño -Southeast Oscillation from the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO).
According to Gamito et al. (2015) (Cergole & Valentini, 1994;Menezes et al., 2003;Castello, 2006;Moraes et al., 2012). However, previous studies have focused on long-term demersal fish stocks, while fewer studies have investigated the Atlantic Oscillation Decadal (ADO) interactions of Cephalopods Loliginidae. Some studies used data from chlorophyll-(Chl-) achieved by remote sensing, demonstrating the influence of global warming on the concentration of this important resource which an indication of ongoing primary production given its high sensitivity to changes in Sea Surface Temperature (TSM), Khan et al., 2013;Alvarez et al., 2012. In the view of Khan et al. (2013), trends in the reduction of primary production are related to changes that occur in the oceans, linked to changes in temperature and thermal stratification which occur mainly during the warming period after the 1999 decade and that influenced the availability of nutrients for phytoplankton growth.
The interference of climatic and oceanographic variations on the fishing activity is not limited only in long-term occurrences (multidecadals; decadals) since interannual fluctuations have also been observed. These fluctuations are directly responsible for El Niño -Southern Oscillation (ENSO), originating in the tropical Pacific (Moraes et al., 2012). ENSO (El Niño / South Oscillation) is the most well-known phenomenon among all modes of large-scale variability of the oceans due to the ocean-atmosphere coupling especially with the current global warming scenario (Philander, 1985;Sugimotoa et al., 2001;Wolter & Timlin, 2011;Faccin, 2013). This phenomenon can provide insights into the possible effects of climate change on fisheries (Jones et al., 2014).
Recently, Litz et al. (2011) indicated that the seasonal occurrence of D. gigas in the Northern California current was related to the PDO, while the squid density coincided with the amount of juvenile hake, corresponding to the same trends in the SST and PDO indexes. The parallel abundance of L. opalescens was found correlated to the El Niño-Oscilação South (ENSO) and PDO indices, which can be used in the development of adaptive management of squid fishing in the market (Litz et al. 2011;Moraes et al., 2012).
However, ENSO is represented through the Oceanic Index of El Niño used to verify the relationships between the variability of SST and El Niño / La Niña events with environmental and socio-economic impacts felt worldwide (Koslow and Allen, 2011;Iizumi et al., 2014). However, the space-time in relation to the CPUE of the sardine (Faccin, 2013), the participation of areas further to the south (Santa Catarina and Parana), and areas more to the north (São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) prevailed. Therefore, we realize that in the North Atlantic Ocean, climatic phenomena have a different impact on CPUE depending on study sub-areas.
In general, CPUE in regions further north is less impacted by AAO and more influenced by

Pacific
In the Atlantic Ocean and South Pacific, the main squid species exploited commercially for the fishing fleets of Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Chile and Argentina, especially the Loliginidae, have peculiar characteristics such as short life cycle (less than one year), semi-parity (single reproductive event, followed by death) and high growth rates, characteristics that significantly affect their availability for fishing (Rodhouse & NigmatulinI, 1996;Boyle & Rodhouse, 2005). In essence, many studies have described the distribution and abundance of Loliginidae families in relation to environmental conditions on a regional scale. In comparison with other local oceanographic variables, SST is generally considered the most suitable indicator for the search for Loliginidae fisheries, which also has a superior predictive power for estimating squid abundance (Chen and Chiu, 1999).
Loliginid fishing is usually formed in areas with a dense distribution of isothermal surface water layer, convergence of hot and cold water and thermal layer. According to Valentin (1984), the average phytoplankton biomass throughout the year is 0.4 mg /m 3 of chlorophyll to 3.25μg / L, with the peaks occurring during the summer, when it reached up to 6.0 mg /m 3 of chlorophyll a. Valentin et al., 1990, estimated the average zooplankton biomass at around 66 mg /m 3 over the year, with the highest values recorded in February and November, with more than 200 mg /m 3 .
The favorable period for resurgence (October to April) corresponds to the period in which the presence of subtropical waters (ACAS) and the passage of E-NE winds are more frequent and intense. Both water temperature and Chl-a concentration have a major influence on the distribution and abundance of Loliginids throughout their life cycle (Zaleski, 2010, Wei, et al., 2015. According to Andriguetto & Haimovici (1996) and Araujo (2013), the abundance estimates for Doryteuthis sanpaulensis in the Costa do São Sebastian reveal similarities to that found in Cabo Frio, where average catches (n/h and kg/h) were significantly higher in summer and the stock was concentrated at depths ranging from 7 to 113 meters, at temperatures between 14.7°c and 28.4°C.
In this sense, several relevant studies based mainly on remotely detected ocean surface data, whose accuracy and reliability are considered questionable because Loliginids of the genus Doryteuthis are often found in estuaries and bays in warmer and less saline surface waters. Essentially, the parallel. L. brevis were associated with surface water with a temperature of 25°C, salinity in the range of 27 to 32.1, the pH was 7.6 ± 0.07 and the oxygen saturation was greater than 96% (Andrighetto & Haimovici, 1996). Even so, studies on the recruitment of D. sanpaulensis, D.plei, L.brevis based on variations in the concentration of SST and Chl-a in the spawning areas are considered reasonable because the planktonic squares of the squid inhabit the surface waters of the sea (Goçalo, 2008;Pena et.al., 2021). The abundance of Loliginidea is also associated with the height of the sea surface (SSH, also expressed as height from sea level, SLH or sea level anomaly, SLA) is another useful environmental indicator to assess the interannual variation in the distribution of Loliginidea during spawning and nursery periods in the subtropical frontal zone (Costa et al., 1993). The ideal ranges for squid habitats are between −20 and −4 cm SSH (Costa, 1994). In fact, D. sanpaulensis appears to have a life cycle quite similar to that of other Loliginid species (Dragovich, 1967;Arnold, 1977;Andriguetto et al., 1996;Araújo, 2013;Bartol, 2002), see also Boyle (2005) who classified these species as annual spawners but with peak activity at the population level. Young squids generally migrate to deeper waters along the continental shelf towards the slope while feeding and maturing. Adult animals migrate back to coastal areas to spawn and dying (or emigrating) from the area afterwards (Dragovich, 1967).
In this way, the life cycles of cephalopods can be classified into two phases: passive phase, when moving to areas with more favorable environmental conditions, and active phase, when using ideal environmental conditions to reach certain life stages at different stages of life process between generations (Pierce et al., 2008). For commercial fishing purposes, most studies are focused on the active phase of adult Loliginids, while fundamental research focus on the early stages of life, especially the passive planktonic phase of juvenile and paralarvae. It should be noted that both the physical environment and biological factors (swimming behavior and depth and spawning areas of the water) affect the transport and recruitment of fish early in life (Andriguetto, 1991).
The squid from the Loliginid family is characterized by a short life cycle and dies immediately after spawning, the abundance of which depends entirely on recruitment. Due to the high natural mortality in the embryonic and larval development stages D. sanpaulensis, L. brevis and D. plei, any minor variation in the marine environment can affect the growth, survival and recruitment in the stocks of this species of squid (Andriguetto, 1991(Andriguetto, ,1996.

Conclusions and Future research
According to the above reviews, the abundance and distribution of squid from the Loliginidae family showed sensitivity and were strongly affected by changes in oceanographic conditions. The Therefore, it should be noted that the Loliginidae analyzed showed differences in relation to the horizontal distribution, with respect to depth and latitude, and also to oceanographic conditions, whose variability varies over time and location with seasonal and geographical characteristics.
Evidently, existing studies that reveal significant relationships between environmental factors and the populations of D. sanpaulensis, L. brevis and D. plei can explain the mechanism of oceanographic influences to a certain extent. However, difficulties still persist in the use of environmental variables that accurately predict the abundance and distribution of squid which can be attributed to the uncertainty and outdated effects of the climate. In response to climatic changes in marine environmental conditions, Loliginid species are usually subject to large fluctuations in their abundance (Valentin1, 984; Gonzalez-Rodriguez et al., 1992). However, it is urgent and necessary to draw a rational trajectory for the assessment of the stock of Doryteuthis sanpaulensis, Doryteuthis plei, and Lolliguncula brevis in order to achieve a better sustainable management of these resources and fisheries.
In addition to the analysis of short and medium-term variability in the environment, long-term changes in marine ecosystems associated with decadal scale variations in the structure and abundance of Doryteuthis sanpaulensis, Doryteuthis plei and Lolliguncula brevis should be studied. The fluctuation of the Atlantic decadal oscillation (ODA) in the abundance of D. sanpaulensis, D. plei, and Lolliguncula brevis was demonstrated by the evaluation of the response to the interference of climatic and oceanographic variations on fishing activity in the south and southeast of the Atlantic in Brazil where these changes may have effects under the reallocation of the capture potential at global levels (Cheung et al., 2010).
In view of this, we can consider that the life cycles of a cephalopods can be classified into two phases: passive phase which describes themovement to areas with more favorable environmental conditions, and active phase, when they rely on ideal environmental conditions to reach certain stages of life at different rates of growth between generations (Pierce & Guerra, 1994;Pierce et al., 2008). For economic purposes of fishing, most studies are focused on the active phase of D.
sanpaulensis, D. plei adult, as fundamental research for the early stages of life, especially the passive planktonic stage of juvenile and paralarvae. Therefore, the environmental, physical and biological factors events (spawning areas of the water, swimming performance and depth) have shown that they can affect the transport and recruitment of fish early in life (Juanico, 1979;Andriguetto, 1996). We can exemplify that the distribution and settlement of fry in the nursery during its four stages of pelagic life depend on the biological and physical environment of the location in the Middle Atlantic Bay where the flow conditions and climatic forces play significant roles in the transport of parapet from D. sanpaulensis, D. Plei and Lolliguncula brevis (Vidal et al., 2010;Vecchion, 1991b). For species with a short life cycle, such as loliginid squids, distribution and abundance are strongly influenced by oceanographic conditions (Boyle & Rodhouse, 2005).
However, low temperatures can lead to a decrease in growth rates, prolonging the period of the early embryonic and larval development stages, exposing them to high natural mortality rates and consequently hindering recruitment in species stocks, (Pierce, 1994;. With regard to the vertical structure of the water column, the parapets were always found in homogeneous waters which are dominated by ACAS and in stratified waters, with the presence of ACAS, AP and AT (Goçalo, 2008;Pena et.al., 2021).
Knowledge of the history of the Loliginid family life and the interaction between its parallel and the physical environment are of great importance for predicting the abundance of squid.
Therefore, fundamental studies must be carried out constantly to better understand the potential impacts of oceanic weather events on the biological behavior of the squid. It is also important to point outthat physical forces that drive the variability of the stocks of D. sanpaulensis, D. Plei and Lolliguncula brevis needs to be addressed. Therefore, for future research it will be necessary to emphasize the following approaches as: In summary,this review elaborates on the life history of some representative species of the Loliginídea family and discusses the occurrence and distribution and variability of the paralarvaeand abundance of squids related to large-scale oceanic weather phenomena (El Niño, La Niña, currents of Brazil Guyana Current, ODA, OMA and PDO) and regional environmental variables (depth and Surface Temperature (TSM), sea surface height (SSH), sea surface salinity (SSS), Chl-a concentration (SST) and plankton density (DT). The stocks of D. sanpaulensis, D.
Plei and Lolliguncula brevis are believed to be driven by large-scale oceanic weather events. Therefore, it is hereby recommended to make an assessment of population dynamics by coupling physical and biological models to simulate the initial squid life cycle process based on an accurate understanding of its initial life history.