Maurya, P.K.; Ali, S.A.; Alharbi, R.S.; Yadav, K.K.; Alfaisal, F.M.; Ahmad, A.; Ditthakit, P.; Prasad, S.; Jung, Y.-K.; Jeon, B.-H. Impacts of Land Use Change on Water Quality Index in the Upper Ganges River Near Haridwar, Uttarakhand: A GIS-Based Analysis. Water2021, 13, 3572.
Maurya, P.K.; Ali, S.A.; Alharbi, R.S.; Yadav, K.K.; Alfaisal, F.M.; Ahmad, A.; Ditthakit, P.; Prasad, S.; Jung, Y.-K.; Jeon, B.-H. Impacts of Land Use Change on Water Quality Index in the Upper Ganges River Near Haridwar, Uttarakhand: A GIS-Based Analysis. Water 2021, 13, 3572.
Maurya, P.K.; Ali, S.A.; Alharbi, R.S.; Yadav, K.K.; Alfaisal, F.M.; Ahmad, A.; Ditthakit, P.; Prasad, S.; Jung, Y.-K.; Jeon, B.-H. Impacts of Land Use Change on Water Quality Index in the Upper Ganges River Near Haridwar, Uttarakhand: A GIS-Based Analysis. Water2021, 13, 3572.
Maurya, P.K.; Ali, S.A.; Alharbi, R.S.; Yadav, K.K.; Alfaisal, F.M.; Ahmad, A.; Ditthakit, P.; Prasad, S.; Jung, Y.-K.; Jeon, B.-H. Impacts of Land Use Change on Water Quality Index in the Upper Ganges River Near Haridwar, Uttarakhand: A GIS-Based Analysis. Water 2021, 13, 3572.
Abstract
The water quality of the river is becoming deteriorated due to human interference. It is essential to understand the relationship between human activities and land-use types to assess the water quality of a region. GIS has the latest tool for analyzing the spatial correlation. Land use land cover and change detection is the best illustration to show the human interactions on land features. The study assessed water quality index of upper Ganga River near Haridwar, Uttarakhand and spatially correlated them with changing land use to reach a logical conclusion. At the upper course of Ganga along 78 Km long from Kaudiyala to Bhogpur, water samples were collected from five stations. For water quality index the physicochemical parameters like pH, EC, DO, TDS, CaCO3-, CaCO3, Cl¯, Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, F-, Fe2+ were considered. The result of the spatial analysis was evaluated through error estimation and spatial correlation. The root mean square error between spatial land use and water quality index of selected sampling sites was estimated as 0.1443. The spatial correlation between land-use change and site-wise differences in water quality index has also shown a high positive correlation with R² = 0.8455. The degree of positive correlation and root mean square error has strongly indicated that the water quality of the river at the upper course of Ganga is highly impacted through human activities.
Keywords
Physico-chemical parameters; water quality index; land use land cover; GIS integration; special correlation
Subject
Environmental and Earth Sciences, Water Science and Technology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
