Version 1
: Received: 8 January 2020 / Approved: 9 January 2020 / Online: 9 January 2020 (14:03:05 CET)
Version 2
: Received: 1 April 2020 / Approved: 2 April 2020 / Online: 2 April 2020 (11:15:35 CEST)
Version 3
: Received: 11 March 2021 / Approved: 15 March 2021 / Online: 15 March 2021 (13:04:44 CET)
How to cite:
van der Kruk, E.; Silverman, A.K.; Koizia, L.; Reilly, P.; Fertleman, M.; Bull, A.M.J. Age-Related Compensation: Neuromusculoskeletal Capacity, Reserve & Movement Objectives. Preprints2020, 2020010090
van der Kruk, E.; Silverman, A.K.; Koizia, L.; Reilly, P.; Fertleman, M.; Bull, A.M.J. Age-Related Compensation: Neuromusculoskeletal Capacity, Reserve & Movement Objectives. Preprints 2020, 2020010090
van der Kruk, E.; Silverman, A.K.; Koizia, L.; Reilly, P.; Fertleman, M.; Bull, A.M.J. Age-Related Compensation: Neuromusculoskeletal Capacity, Reserve & Movement Objectives. Preprints2020, 2020010090
APA Style
van der Kruk, E., Silverman, A.K., Koizia, L., Reilly, P., Fertleman, M., & Bull, A.M.J. (2021). Age-Related Compensation: Neuromusculoskeletal Capacity, Reserve & Movement Objectives. Preprints. https://doi.org/
Chicago/Turabian Style
van der Kruk, E., Michael Fertleman and Anthony M J Bull. 2021 "Age-Related Compensation: Neuromusculoskeletal Capacity, Reserve & Movement Objectives" Preprints. https://doi.org/
Abstract
The prevention, mitigation and treatment of movement impairments, ideally, requires early diagnosis or identification. As the human movement system has physiological and functional redundancy, movement limitations do not promptly arise at the onset of physical decline. A such, prediction of movement limitations is complex: it is unclear how much decline can be tolerated before movement limitations start. Currently, the term ‘homeostatic reserve’ or ‘physiological reserve’ is used to refer to the redundancy of the human biological system, but these terms do not describe the redundancy in the muscle architecture of the human body. The result of functional redundancy is compensation. Although compensation is an early predictor of movement limitations, clear definitions are lacking and the topic is underexposed in literature. The aim of this article is to provide a definition of compensation and emphasize its importance. Compensation is defined as an alteration in the movement trajectory and/or altering muscle recruitment to complete a movement task. Compensation for capacity is the result of a lack in neuromusculoskeletal reserve, where reserve is defined as the difference between the capacity (physiological abilities of the neuromusculoskeletal system) and the task demand. Compensation for movement objectives is a result of a shift in weighting of movement objectives, reflecting changing priorities. Studying compensation in biomechanics requires altered protocols in experimental set-ups, musculoskeletal models that are not reliant on prescribed movement, and inclusion of alternative movement objectives in optimal control theory.
Keywords
Mobility impairments; Neuromusculoskeletal models; Rehabilitation; optimal control theory; frailty; redundancy
Subject
Engineering, Automotive Engineering
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received:
15 March 2021
Commenter:
Eline van der Kruk
Commenter's Conflict of Interests:
Author
Comment:
Instead of focussing on the framework (CaReMOoC), we have rephrased the now accepted manuscript to focus on compensation, bringing the same message. Definitions and terminology on compensation as a result of functional redundancy are lacking and we feel that the topic is underexposed in literature. In the previous manuscript, we tried to address this by phrasing a framework. However, the eventual aim of this short communication is to point out this pitfall and provide meaningful definitions of compensation, which is why we refocussed the article.
Commenter: Eline van der Kruk
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author