PreprintReviewVersion 2Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed
Is There a Deficit in the Product and Process of Handwriting in Children with Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? A Systematic Review and Recommendations for Future Research
Version 1
: Received: 23 November 2023 / Approved: 23 November 2023 / Online: 24 November 2023 (08:24:05 CET)
Version 2
: Received: 28 November 2023 / Approved: 29 November 2023 / Online: 30 November 2023 (11:20:27 CET)
Puyjarinet, F.; Chaix, Y.; Biotteau, M. Is There a Deficit in Product and Process of Handwriting in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? A Systematic Review and Recommendations for Future Research. Children2024, 11, 31.
Puyjarinet, F.; Chaix, Y.; Biotteau, M. Is There a Deficit in Product and Process of Handwriting in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? A Systematic Review and Recommendations for Future Research. Children 2024, 11, 31.
Puyjarinet, F.; Chaix, Y.; Biotteau, M. Is There a Deficit in Product and Process of Handwriting in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? A Systematic Review and Recommendations for Future Research. Children2024, 11, 31.
Puyjarinet, F.; Chaix, Y.; Biotteau, M. Is There a Deficit in Product and Process of Handwriting in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? A Systematic Review and Recommendations for Future Research. Children 2024, 11, 31.
Abstract
Handwriting abnormalities in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have sometimes been reported both (i) at product level (i.e., quality/legibility of the written trace and speed of writing) and (ii) at process level (i.e., dynamic and kinematic features such as on-paper and in-air durations, pen pressure and velocity peaks, etc.). Conversely, other works have failed to reveal any differences between ADHD and typically developing children. The question of the presence and nature of handwriting disorders in ADHD remains open and merits an in-depth examination. The aim of this systematic review was therefore to identify studies investigating the product and/or process of handwriting in children with ADHD compared with typically developing individuals. This review was conducted and reported in accordance with the PRISMA statement. A literature search was carried out using three electronic databases. The methodological quality of the studies was systematically assessed using Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) criteria. Twenty-one articles were identified. Of these, 17 described handwriting quality/legibility, 12 focused on speed and 14 analyzed the handwriting process. All studies (100%) with satisfactory methodology procedures reported impaired product and process in children with ADHD while 25% evidenced difference in speed of production. Most importantly, the studies differed widely in their methodological approach. Substantial gaps remain, particularly with regard to ascertaining comorbidities, ADHD subtypes and the medical status of included children. The lack of overall homogeneity in samples calls for higher quality studies. We conclude with recommendations for further studies.
Keywords
ADHD; Handwriting; Dysgraphia; Product of handwriting; Process of handwriting
Subject
Medicine and Pharmacology, Psychiatry and Mental Health
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received:
30 November 2023
Commenter:
Frédéric Puyjarinet
Commenter's Conflict of Interests:
Author
Comment:
We are pleased to present this new version, in which the last column of Table 3 has been removed. Indeed, Table 4 contains the necessary elements, and the last column of Table 3 was no longer necessary.
Commenter: Frédéric Puyjarinet
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author