Shahnazaryan, S.; Pepoyan, S.; Sisakian, H. Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: The Role of Cardiovascular and Lung Ultrasound beyond Ejection Fraction. Diagnostics2023, 13, 2553.
Shahnazaryan, S.; Pepoyan, S.; Sisakian, H. Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: The Role of Cardiovascular and Lung Ultrasound beyond Ejection Fraction. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 2553.
Shahnazaryan, S.; Pepoyan, S.; Sisakian, H. Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: The Role of Cardiovascular and Lung Ultrasound beyond Ejection Fraction. Diagnostics2023, 13, 2553.
Shahnazaryan, S.; Pepoyan, S.; Sisakian, H. Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: The Role of Cardiovascular and Lung Ultrasound beyond Ejection Fraction. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 2553.
Abstract
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is considered a major healthcare problem with frequent decompensations, high hospitalization and mortality rates. In severe heart failure (HF), the symptoms are refractory to medical treatment and require advanced therapeutic strategies. Early recognition of HF sub- and decompensation is the cornerstone of the timely treatment intensification and, therefore, improvement of the prognosis. Echocardiography is the gold standard for the assessment of systolic and diastolic functions. It allows to obtain accurate and non-invasive measurements of the ventricular function in HF. In severely compromised HF patients, advanced cardiovascular ultrasound modalities may provide a better assessment of intracardiac hemodynamic changes and subclinical congestion. Particularly, cardiovascular and lung ultrasound allow to make a more accurate diagnosis of subclinical congestion in HFrEF. The aim of this review is to summarize the advantages and limitations of currently available ultrasound modalities in the ambulatory monitoring of patients with HFrEF.
Keywords
heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; echocardiography; outpatient monitoring; left ventricular filling pressure; lung ultrasound; inferior vena cava
Subject
Medicine and Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
