Preprint Article Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Evaluating State-Level Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) and Pill Mill Effects on Opioid Consumption in Pharmaceutical Supply Chain

Version 1 : Received: 23 December 2022 / Approved: 26 December 2022 / Online: 26 December 2022 (11:10:57 CET)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Sahebi-Fakhrabad, A.; Sadeghi, A.H.; Handfield, R. Evaluating State-Level Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) and Pill Mill Effects on Opioid Consumption in Pharmaceutical Supply Chain. Healthcare 2023, 11, 437. Sahebi-Fakhrabad, A.; Sadeghi, A.H.; Handfield, R. Evaluating State-Level Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) and Pill Mill Effects on Opioid Consumption in Pharmaceutical Supply Chain. Healthcare 2023, 11, 437.

Abstract

The opioid crisis in the United States has had devastating effects on communities across the country, leading many states to pass legislation that limits the prescription of opioid medications in an effort to reduce the number of overdose deaths. This study evaluates the impact of two categories of PDMP and Pill Mill regulations on the supply of opioid prescriptions at the level of dispensers and distributors (excluding manufacturers) using ARCOS data. The study uses a difference-in-difference method with a two-way fixed design to analyze the data. The study finds that both of the regulations are associated with reductions in the volume of opioid distribution. However, the study reveals that these regulations may have unintended consequences, such as shifting the distribution of controlled substances to neighboring states. For example, in Tennessee, the implementation of Operational PDMP regulations reduces in-state distribution of opioid drugs by 3.36% (95% CI, 2.37 to 4.3), while the out-of-state distribution to Georgia, which did not have effective PDMP regulations in place, increases by 16.93% (95% CI, 16.42 to 17.44). Our studies emphasize that policymakers should consider the potential for unintended distribution shifts of opioid drugs to neighboring states with laxer regulations as well as varying impacts on different dispenser types.

Keywords

Opioid crisis; PDMP; Pill Mill; Difference-in-Difference; Policy Analysis; Pharmaceutical Supply Chain

Subject

Computer Science and Mathematics, Probability and Statistics

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