A phenomenological constitutive model is developed to describe the uniaxial transformation ratcheting behaviors of super–elastic shape memory alloy (SMA) by employing a cosine–type phase transformation equation with the initial martensite evolution coefficient that can capture the feature of the predictive residual martensite accumulation evolution and the nonlinear hysteresis loop on a finite element (FE) analysis framework. The effect of the applied loading level on transformation ratcheting are considered in the proposed model. The evolutions of transformation ratcheting and transformation stresses are constructed as the function of the accumulated residual martensite volume fraction. The FE implementation of the proposed model is carried out for the numerical analysis of transformation ratcheting of the SMA bar element. The integration algorithm and the expression of consistent tangent modulus are deduced in a new form for the forward and reverse transformation. The numerical results are compared with those of existing model and the experimental results to show the validity of the proposed model and its FE implementation in transformation ratcheting. Finally, a FE modeling is established for a repeated preload analysis of SMA bolted joint

As critical biocontrol agents, Trichoderma and Metarhizium have demonstrated vast potential in disease prevention and pest control respectively. Current applications, however, are predominantly confined to singular use or simplistic combinations of the two fungi. This study innovatively utilizes Metarhizium and Trichoderma as experimental subjects, employing non-targeted metabolomics to compare the differences in metabolites between co-culture and separate fermentation. The metabolite distinctions in co-culture are meticulously analyzed using sample correlation, least squares discriminant analysis, cluster analysis, and KEGG enrichment analysis. Metabolome sequencing analysis is then applied to compare the co-culture fermentation filtrate with Trichoderma atroviride and Metarhizium anisopliae. Differential metabolite analysis found that co-culture had significantly up-regulated or down-regulated metabolites compared to singular cultures.However,significant metabolite discrepancies are discovered in singular cultures, notably the up-regulated metabolites such as osthole and spirocyclic amine, which have documented antibacterial functions that may prove effective against Fusarium graminearum. Ultimately, the findings from this research contribute to the exploration of synergistic applications of biocontrol fungi and serve as a valuable reference for future development of bio-pesticides for disease and pest control.