PreprintArticleVersion 2Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed
Molecular Events in Immune Responses to Sublingual Influenza Vaccine with Hemagglutinin Antigen and Poly(I:C) Adjuvant in Nonhuman Primates, Cynomolgus Macaques
Version 1
: Received: 29 March 2024 / Approved: 1 April 2024 / Online: 1 April 2024 (10:28:35 CEST)
Version 2
: Received: 12 April 2024 / Approved: 15 April 2024 / Online: 16 April 2024 (03:28:22 CEST)
How to cite:
Yamamoto, T.; Hirano, M.; Mitsunaga, F.; Wasaki, K.; Kotani, A.; Tajima, K.; Nakamura, S. Molecular Events in Immune Responses to Sublingual Influenza Vaccine with Hemagglutinin Antigen and Poly(I:C) Adjuvant in Nonhuman Primates, Cynomolgus Macaques. Preprints2024, 2024040035. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202404.0035.v2
Yamamoto, T.; Hirano, M.; Mitsunaga, F.; Wasaki, K.; Kotani, A.; Tajima, K.; Nakamura, S. Molecular Events in Immune Responses to Sublingual Influenza Vaccine with Hemagglutinin Antigen and Poly(I:C) Adjuvant in Nonhuman Primates, Cynomolgus Macaques. Preprints 2024, 2024040035. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202404.0035.v2
Yamamoto, T.; Hirano, M.; Mitsunaga, F.; Wasaki, K.; Kotani, A.; Tajima, K.; Nakamura, S. Molecular Events in Immune Responses to Sublingual Influenza Vaccine with Hemagglutinin Antigen and Poly(I:C) Adjuvant in Nonhuman Primates, Cynomolgus Macaques. Preprints2024, 2024040035. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202404.0035.v2
APA Style
Yamamoto, T., Hirano, M., Mitsunaga, F., Wasaki, K., Kotani, A., Tajima, K., & Nakamura, S. (2024). Molecular Events in Immune Responses to Sublingual Influenza Vaccine with Hemagglutinin Antigen and Poly(I:C) Adjuvant in Nonhuman Primates, Cynomolgus Macaques. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202404.0035.v2
Chicago/Turabian Style
Yamamoto, T., Kazuki Tajima and Shin Nakamura. 2024 "Molecular Events in Immune Responses to Sublingual Influenza Vaccine with Hemagglutinin Antigen and Poly(I:C) Adjuvant in Nonhuman Primates, Cynomolgus Macaques" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202404.0035.v2
Abstract
Sublingual vaccines offer the benefits of inducing mucosal immunity to protect against respiratory viruses, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza, while also enabling needle-free self-administration. Previously, we developed a sublingual vaccine formulated with the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain antigen and Poly(I:C) adjuvant in nonhuman primates, cynomolgus macaques. This study examined the immune and inflammatory responses elicited by the sublingual influenza vaccine containing hemagglutinin (HA) antigen and Poly(I:C) adjuvant and assessed the safety of this vaccine in nonhuman primates. The Poly(I:C)-adjuvanted sublingual vaccine induced both mucosal and systemic immunities. Specifically, the sublingual vaccineproduced HA-specific secretory IgA antibodies in saliva and nasal washings, and HA-specific IgA and IgG were detected in the blood. This vaccine appeared to be safe, as judged from the results of blood tests and plasma C-reactive protein levels. Notably, sublingual vaccination neither increased the production of inflammation-associated cytokines—IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-17—in the blood, nor upregulated the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines—IL12A, IL12B, IFNA1, IFNB1, CD69, and granzyme B—in white blood cells. Moreover, DNA microarray analyses revealed that sublingual vaccination evoked both enhancing and suppressing expression changes in genes associated with immune-related responses in cynomolgus monkeys. Therefore, the sublingual vaccine with Poly(I:C) adjuvant is safe and creates a balanced state of enhancing and suppressing the immune-related response.
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
