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Metabolic Signature of Warburg Effect in Cancer: An Effective and Obligatory Interplay between Nutrient Transporters and Catabolic/Anabolic pathways to Promote Tumor Growth
Mathew, M.; Nguyen, N.T.; Bhutia, Y.D.; Sivaprakasam, S.; Ganapathy, V. Metabolic Signature of Warburg Effect in Cancer: An Effective and Obligatory Interplay between Nutrient Transporters and Catabolic/Anabolic Pathways to Promote Tumor Growth. Cancers 2024, 16, 504, doi:10.3390/cancers16030504.
Mathew, M.; Nguyen, N.T.; Bhutia, Y.D.; Sivaprakasam, S.; Ganapathy, V. Metabolic Signature of Warburg Effect in Cancer: An Effective and Obligatory Interplay between Nutrient Transporters and Catabolic/Anabolic Pathways to Promote Tumor Growth. Cancers 2024, 16, 504, doi:10.3390/cancers16030504.
Mathew, M.; Nguyen, N.T.; Bhutia, Y.D.; Sivaprakasam, S.; Ganapathy, V. Metabolic Signature of Warburg Effect in Cancer: An Effective and Obligatory Interplay between Nutrient Transporters and Catabolic/Anabolic Pathways to Promote Tumor Growth. Cancers 2024, 16, 504, doi:10.3390/cancers16030504.
Mathew, M.; Nguyen, N.T.; Bhutia, Y.D.; Sivaprakasam, S.; Ganapathy, V. Metabolic Signature of Warburg Effect in Cancer: An Effective and Obligatory Interplay between Nutrient Transporters and Catabolic/Anabolic Pathways to Promote Tumor Growth. Cancers 2024, 16, 504, doi:10.3390/cancers16030504.
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells, originally observed by Warburg 100 years ago, which involves production of lactate as the end product of glucose breakdown even in the presence of adequate oxygen, is the foundation for the current interest in cancer cell-specific reprograming of metabolic pathways. The renewed interest in cancer cell metabolism has now gone well beyond the original Warburg effect related to glycolysis to other metabolic pathways to include amino acid metabolism, one-carbon metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, nucleotide synthesis, antioxidant machinery, etc. Since glucose and amino acids constitute the primary nutrients that fuel the altered metabolic pathways in cancer cells, the transporters that mediate the transfer of these nutrients and their metabolites not only across the plasma membrane but also across the mitochondrial and lysosomal membranes have become an integral component of expansion of the Warburg effect. In this review, we focus on the interplay between these transporters and metabolic pathways that facilitates the metabolic reprogramming which has become the hallmark of cancer cells. The beneficial outcome of this recent understanding of the unique metabolic signature surrounding the Warburg effect is the identification of novel drug targets for development of a new generation of therapeutics to treat cancer.
Biology and Life Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
