As the echoes of ChatGPT's remarkable success continue to permeate the AI community, its formidable successor, GPT-4, has emerged, showing off a wealth of novel features. In this concise paper, we elucidate the capabilities of GPT-4 and conduct a comparative analysis with its predecessor, ChatGPT, offering insights into their relative strengths and advancements in the rapidly evolving field of generative AI. We also present a comprehensive summary of the major performance results reported by OpenAI on GPT-4 across various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. We place great emphasis on the innovative advancements offered by GPT-4 in comparison to its predecessors. Our focus is on highlighting its remarkable performance while also mentioning its limitations. The purpose of this paper is to deliver a succinct understanding of the new features and performance benchmarks of GPT-4.

Since the release of ChatGPT, numerous studies have highlighted the remarkable performance of ChatGPT, which often rivals or even surpasses human capabilities in various tasks and domains. However, this paper presents a contrasting perspective by demonstrating an instance where human performance excels in typical tasks suited for ChatGPT, specifically in the domain of computer programming. We utilize the IEEExtreme Challenge competition as a benchmark — a prestigious, annual international programming contest encompassing a wide range of problems with different complexities. To conduct a thorough evaluation, we selected and executed a diverse set of 102 challenges, drawn from five distinct IEEExtreme editions, using three major programming languages: Python, Java, and C++. Our empirical analysis provides evidence that contrary to popular belief, human programmers maintain a competitive edge over ChatGPT in certain aspects of problem-solving within the programming context. In fact, we found that the average score obtained by ChatGPT on the set of IEEExtreme programming problems is 3.9 to 5.8 times lower than the average human score, depending on the programming language. This paper elaborates on these findings, offering critical insights into the limitations and potential areas of improvement for AI-based language models like ChatGPT.

The rapid progress in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and natural language processing has led to the emergence of increasingly sophisticated large language models (LLMs) enabling their use in healthcare. The study assesses the performance of two LLMs: the GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 models in passing the medical examination for access to medical specialist training in Spain MIR. Our objectives included gauging the model's overall performance, analyzing discrepancies across different medical specialties, discerning between theoretical and practical questions, estimating error proportions, and assessing the hypothetical severity of errors committed by a physician. We studied the 2022 Spanish MIR examination after excluding those questions requiring image evaluations or having acknowledged errors. The remaining 182 questions were presented to the LLM ChatGPT4 and GPT-3.5 in Spanish and English. Logistic regression models analyzed the relationships between question length and question sequence d performance. GPT-4 outperformed GPT -3.5, scoring 86.81% in Spanish (p<0.001). English translations had a slightly enhanced performance. Among medical specialties, GPT-4 achieved a 100% correct response rate in several areas, with specialties like Pharmacology, ICU, and Infectious Diseases showing lower performance. The error analysis revealed that while a 13.2% error rate existed, gravest categories like "error requiring intervention to sustain life" and "error resulting in death" had a 0% rate. Conclusions: GPT-4 performs robustly on the Spanish MIR examination, varying its capability to discriminate knoweldge across specialties. While the model's high success rate is commendable, understanding the error severity is critical, especially when considering AI's potential role in real-world medical practice and its implication on patient safety.

GPT-4 was released in March 2023 to wide acclaim, marking a very substantial improvement across the board over GPT-3.5 (OpenAI's previously best model, which had powered the initial release of ChatGPT). Despite the genuinely impressive improvement, however, there are good reasons to be highly skeptical of GPT-4's ability to reason. This position paper discusses the nature of reasoning; criticizes the current formulation of reasoning problems in the NLP community and the way in which the reasoning performance of LLMs is currently evaluated; introduces a collection of 21 diverse reasoning problems; and performs a detailed qualitative analysis of GPT-4's performance on these problems. Based on the results of this analysis, the paper argues that, despite the occasional flashes of analytical brilliance, GPT-4 at present is utterly incapable of reasoning.

As psychology evolves, the phenomenon of concept overlap becomes more pronounced, increasing participant burden and complicate data interpretation. This study introduces an Embedding-based Semantic Analysis Approach (ESAA) for detecting redundancy in psychological concepts, which are operationalized through their respective scales, using natural language processing techniques. ESAA utilizes OpenAI’s GPT-3 large model to generate high-dimensional semantic embeddings of scale items and applies hierarchical clustering to group semantically similar items, uncovering potential redundancy. In three preliminary experiments, ESAA was tested on well-known psychological scales, such as Conscientiousness, Gratitude, and Grit. The experiments assessed ESAA’s ability to (1) converge semantically similar items, (2) discriminate semantically distinct items, and (3) identify overlapping scales measuring concepts known for redundancy. Additionally, comparative analyses were conducted to assess ESAA's robustness and incremental validity against the most advanced chat bots based on GPT-4. The results demonstrated that ESAA consistently produced stable outcomes and surpassed all evaluated chatbots in performance. As a novel, objective approach for analyzing relationships between concepts operationalized as scales, ESAA has potential to facilitate future research on theory refinement and scale optimization.

Modification of the brainstorming process by the application of artificial intelligence (AI) is proposed. System design of the software tool “kresilnik” is provided, which enables hybrid work of the human group and AI. The proposed system integrates OpenAI-GPT-3.5-turbo model with the server side providing the results to clients. The proposed architecture provides the possibility to not only generate ideas but also categorize them and set priorities. With the developed prototype, 760 ideas were generated on the topic of the design of the Gorenjska region development plan at eight different values of OpenAI-GPT-3.5-turbo algorithm temperatures. For the set of generated ideas, the entropy was determined, as well as the time needed for generation. Entropy distributions of the human group as well as AI-generated sets of ideas at different OpenAI-GPT-3.5-turbo algorithm temperatures, are provided in the form of histograms. Ideas were presented as a word cloud for one human group and AI-generated sets. A comparison of the idea-generation process between the human group and AI was conducted. The statistical Mann-Whitney U-test was performed, which confirmed the significant differences in the average entropy of generated ideas. Correlations between the length of the generated ideas and the time needed were determined for the human group and AI. Distributions for needed times and length of the ideas were determined, which are possible indicators to distinguish between human and artificial idea generation processes.

Background/Objectives: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 5.29%-7.2% of children worldwide. Research supports the use of physical activity programs for children with ADHD, which have been shown to provide benefits in neuropsychological and cognitive parameters, executive functions, and social-emotional development. One such program that incorporates physical activity is group psychomotor therapy (GPT), which utilizes inclusion as a key design and implementation principle. However, there is limited data on the effectiveness of GPT for children both with and without ADHD. This study investigated the effects of group psychomotor therapy (GPT), a physical activity-based approach emphasizing inclusion, on the socio-emotional competence and motor competence of preschool aged children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: A total of 54 children (19 with ADHD and 35 without; Mage= 61.80±5.40 months) participated in a 27-week GPT program. Assessments of motor competence and socio-emotional competence were conducted pre- and post- programme’s implementation, using the DEMOST-PRE© and the Psychosocial Adjustment Test, respectively. Results: Children without ADHD scored statistically higher scores across all assessed variables. However, both groups presented significant improvements in both motor and social-emotional competence. Conclusions: Children without ADHD scored statistically higher scores across all assessed variables. However, both groups presented significant improvements in both motor and social-emotional competence.

In this paper, we introduce an innovative approach to distinguish Gliosarcoma (GSM) from Glioblastoma (GBM). Our method combines causal fuzzy logic rules with the Big Bird architecture, a Transformer-based Deep Learning algorithm. Unlike prior research, which often relied on statistical models to reduce dataset dimensions before causal analysis, our approach harnesses the complete dataset in tandem with our causal fuzzy Big Bird architecture. Additionally, we benchmark our results not only against previous Gliosarcoma/Glioblastoma studies but also against GPT-2 for a comprehensive evaluation.

Chat generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT) is a developed language model and a subgroup of artificial intelligence (AI) which has demonstrated noticeable innovation in interactions between computer models and human studies. The release of ChatGPT in November 2022 attracted over 100 million users in a short time. It has unlimited applications in different fields of studies such as technology and science. ChatGPT utilizes deep learning and internet text to produce responses that resemble human language, although their accuracy is not always guaranteed. ChatGPT and GPT-4 can make a huge revolution in biology, medical, dental research, and health care. However, it's important to acknowledge the limitations of ChatGPT such as limitation in accessing the latest data. ChatGPT has generated both excitement and concern regarding its potential misuse. Its utilization in scientific publications has sparked debates and prompted the development of policies to govern the use of it. Although ChatGPT has certain limitations, it could impact on many different fields of study. There are challenges associated with using ChatGPT in the field of laboratory medicine and biology, particularly in the interpretation of test results. In this article, we review some of the applications of ChatGPT and GPT-4 in biology, dental and medical studies, and concerns about ChatGPT. Despite ChatGPT's conversational abilities are impressive, there are important considerations regarding its use in different fields of research and academic public.

With increasing global attention on carbon emission control, the carbon market has become an important tool for carbon emission regulation. As an important part of energy trading, the electricity market is closely related to the carbon market. Given the relative maturity of the EU carbon market and electricity market, this paper identifies key points of market volatility through the Coupling coordination model analysis, and uses the GPT large model analysis to analyze policy factors that have a greater impact on carbon market and electricity market transactions. The research results show that market-regulating policies and expectation management policies have the greatest impact on the degree of coupling between the carbon and electricity markets. The impact of secondary policies such as international cooperation policies and structural adjustment policies is relatively insignificant. Although the development of China's carbon market faces many challenges, reasonable policy interventions are expected to achieve significant results in the domestic carbon market. Finally, this paper also draws on analogy analysis to draw corresponding implications for China from the EU's carbon-electricity coupling policy promulgation.

On average, one in ten patients die because of a diagnostic error and medical errors are the third largest cause of death in the US. While LLMs have been proposed to help doctors with diagnoses, no research results have been published on comparing the diagnostic ability of many popular LLMs on an openly accessible real-patient cohort. In thus study, we compare LLMs from Google, OpenAI, Meta, Mistral, Cohere and Anthropic using our previously published evaluation methodology and explore improving their accuracy with RAG.

Our research proposes two different training and modelling approaches of Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPT) with specialized news feeds specific to the Spanish market: in-context example prompts and fine-tuned GPT models. Our findings indicate that integrating GPT insights into electricity price trend forecasting can result in more precise predictions and a deeper understanding of market dynamics. Through our research, we aim to provide insights to understand the capabilities of GPT solutions, and how those can be used to enhance prediction accuracy, ultimately supporting informed decision-making for stakeholders across the Spanish electricity market and companies whose margins heavily depend on electricity costs and price volatility.

The rapid proliferation of information in the digital era underscores the importance of accurate historical representation and interpretation. While artificial intelligence (AI) has shown promise in various fields, its potential for historical fact-checking and gap-filling remains largely untapped. This study evaluates the performance of three large language models (LLMs)—GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and Google- BARD—in the context of predicting and verifying historical events based on given data. A novel metric, "Distance to Reality" (DTR), is introduced to assess the models' outputs against established historical facts. The results reveal a substantial potential for AI in historical studies, with GPT-4 demonstrating superior performance. This paper underscores the need for further research into AI's role in enriching our understanding of the past and bridging historical knowledge gaps.

Software systems are often maintained by a group of experienced software developers, in order to ensure that faults which may bring the system down are less likely. Large turnover in organizations such as CERN makes it important to think of ways of onboarding newcomers on a technical project rapidly. This paper focuses on optimizing the way that people get up-to-speed on the business logic and technologies used on the project, using a knowledge-imbued large language model that is enhanced using domain-specific knowledge from the group or team’s internal documentation.

The fast-paced evolution of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), natural language processing (NLP), large language model (LLM) applications, and generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) have set the stage for improved and autonomous project scheduling models. This study demonstrates how project scheduling can be enhanced by employing building information modeling (BIM) to predict reliable schedules for each project element. The research is based on design science research (DSR) methodology and focus group discussion. The proposed system consists of six components: project analyzer, data warehouse, activity identifier and sequencing, activity magnitude and direct cost calculator, activity duration calculator, and schedule analyzer. Unlike other solutions, the proposed solution sequences activities based on an ML model rather than constraint matrices. The proposed solution thus enhances project performance through proactive planning and risk management. Integrating the autonomous project scheduling solution with the other components of an autonomous project management system would surmount schedule challenges and would result in greater cost efficiency and fewer delays.

This study is to explore the feasibility using neural network (NN) and deep learning to diagnose three common respiratory diseases with only few symptom words. These three diseases are nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory infection, and bronchitis/bronchiolitis. Through natural language processing, the symptom word vectors are encoded by GPT-2 and classified by the last linear layer of the NN. The experimental results are promising, showing that this model achieves a high performance in predicting all these three diseases. They reach 90% in accuracy, which suggests the implications of the developed model, highlighting its potential use in assisting patients understanding their conditions via a remote diagnosis. Unlike previous studies that focus on extracting various categories of information from medical records, this study directly extracts sequential features from unstructured text data, reducing the effort required for data pre-process.

Kinetic modeling is an essential tool in systems biology research, enabling the quantitative analysis of biological systems and predicting their behavior. However, the development of kinetic models is a complex and time-consuming process. In this article, we propose a novel approach called KinModGPT, which generates kinetic models directly from natural language text. KinModGPT employs GPT-3 as a natural language interpreter and Tellurium as an SBML generator. We demonstrate the effectiveness of KinModGPT in creating SBML models from complex natural language descriptions of biochemical reactions. KinModGPT successfully generates valid SBML models from a range of natural language model descriptions of metabolic pathways, protein-protein interaction networks, and heat shock response. This article demonstrates the potential of KinModGPT in kinetic modeling automation.

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance, evaluating their comprehensive capabilities becomes significant for their application in various fields. This research study comprehensively evaluates the language, vision, speech, and multimodal capabilities of GPT-4o. The study employs standardized exam questions, reasoning tasks, and translation assessments to assess the model's language capability. Additionally, GPT-4o's vision and speech capabilities are tested through image classification and object recognition tasks, as well as accent classification. The multimodal evaluation assesses the model's performance in integrating visual and linguistic data. Our findings reveal that GPT-4o demonstrates high accuracy and efficiency across multiple domains in language and reasoning capabilities, excelling in tasks that require few-shot learning. GPT-4o also provides notable improvements in multimodal tasks compared to its predecessors. However, the model shows variability and faces limitations in handling complex and ambiguous inputs, particularly in audio and vision capabilities. This paper highlights the need for more comprehensive benchmarks and robust evaluation frameworks, encompassing qualitative assessments involving human judgment as well as error analysis. Future work should focus on expanding datasets, investigating prompt-based assessment, and enhancing few-shot learning techniques to test the model's practical applicability and performance in real-world scenarios.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition marked by recurrent intrusive thoughts or sensations that compel individuals to perform repetitive behaviors or mental acts. Obsessions and compulsions significantly disrupt daily life and cause considerable distress. Early identification and intervention improve long-term outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of four advanced artificial intelligence models (ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, Claude, and Bard) to accurately recognize OCD compared to human professionals and to assess recommended therapies and stigma attributions. This study was conducted during March 2024 utilizing 12 vi-gnettes. Each vignette depicted a client, either a young adult or a middle-aged male or female, attending an initial therapy session. Each vignette was evaluated ten times, resulting in 480 evaluations. The results were compared with those of a human sample of 514 psychotherapists, as reported by Canavan. Significant differences were found. AI models demonstrated higher OCD recognition rates and confidence levels than human professionals and showed 100% confidence in recognition, compared to 87% among psychotherapists. AI models also recommended evi-dence-based interventions more frequently, with ChatGPT-3.5 and Claude at 100%, ChatGPT-4 at 90%, and Bard at 60%, compared to 61.9% among psychotherapists. Additionally, AI models ex-hibited significantly lower stigma and danger estimations, though both AI and psychotherapists demonstrated high willingness to treat the described cases. The findings suggest that AI models surpass human professionals in recognizing OCD and recommending evidence-based treatments while also demonstrating lower stigma. These results highlight the potential of AI tools to enhance OCD diagnosis and treatment in clinical settings.

This paper presents a novel solution aimed at enhancing news web pages for seamless integration into the Semantic Web. By utilizing advanced pattern mining techniques alongside OpenAI’s GPT-3, we rewrite news articles to improve their readability and accessibility for Google News aggregators. Our approach is characterized by its methodological rigor and is evaluated through quantitative metrics, validated using Google’s Rich Results Test, which confirms the effectiveness of our generated structured data. The impact of our work is threefold: it advances the technological integration of a substantial segment of the web into the Semantic Web, promotes the adoption of Semantic Web technologies within the news sector, and significantly enhances the discoverability of news articles in aggregator platforms. Furthermore, our solution facilitates the broader dissemination of news content to diverse audiences. This submission introduces an innovative solution substantiated by empirical evidence of its impact and methodological soundness, thereby making a significant contribution to the field of Semantic Web research, particularly in the context of news and media articles.

Visual thinking leverages spatial mechanisms in animals for navigation and reasoning. Therefore, given the challenge of abstract mathematics and logic, spatial reasoning-based teaching strategies can be highly effective. Our previous research verified that innovative box and ball coloring activities help teach elementary school students complex notions like quantifiers, logical connectors, and dynamic systems. However, given the richness of the activities, correction is slow, error-prone, and demands high attention and cognitive load from the teacher. Moreover, feedback to the teacher should be immediate. Thus, we propose to provide the teacher with real-time help with LLMs. We explored various prompting techniques with and without context Zero shot, Few shot, Chain of Thought, Visualization of Thought, Self Consistency, logicLM and Emotional to test GPT-4o’s visual, logical, and correction capabilities. We obtained that Visualization of Thought and Self Consistency techniques enabled GPT-4o to correctly evaluate 90% of logical-spatial problems that we tested. Additionally, we propose a novel prompt combining some of these techniques that achieved 100% accuracy on a testing sample, excelling in spatial problems and enhancing logical reasoning.

This paper proposes the utilization of large language models as recommendations systems for museums. Since the aforementioned models lack the notion of context, they can’t work with temporal information that is often present in recommendations for cultural environments (e.g. special exhibitions or events). In this respect, the current work aims at enhancing the capabilities of large language models through a fine-tuning process that incorporates contextual information and user instructions. The resulting models are expected to be capable of providing personalized recommendations, aligned with user preferences and desires. More specifically, Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4, a knowledge-based large language model is fine-tuned and turned into a context-ware recommendation system, adapting its suggestions based on user input and specific contextual factors such as location, time of visit, and other relevant parameters. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is evaluated through certain user studies, which ensure an improved user experience and engagement within the museum environment.

Address parsing is a crucial task in natural language processing, particularly for Chinese addresses. The complex structure and semantic features of Chinese addresses present challenges due to their inherent ambiguity. Additionally, different task scenarios require varying levels of granularity in address components, further complicating the parsing process. To address these challenges and adapt to low-resource environments, we propose CapICL, a novel Chinese address parsing model based on the In-Context Learning (ICL) framework. CapICL leverages a sequence generator, regular expression matching, BERT semantic similarity computation, and GPT modeling to enhance parsing accuracy by incorporating contextual information. We construct the sequence generator using a small annotated dataset, capturing distribution patterns and boundary features of address types to model address structure and semantics, mitigating interference from unnecessary variations. We introduce the REB-KNN algorithm, which selects similar samples for ICL-based parsing using regular expression matching and BERT semantic similarity computation. The selected samples, raw text, and explanatory text are combined to form prompts, and inputted into the GPT model for prediction and address parsing. Experimental results demonstrate significant achievements of CapICL in low-resource environments, reducing dependency on annotated data and computational resources. Our model's effectiveness, adaptability, and broad application potential are validated, showcasing its positive impact in natural language processing and geographical information systems.

In recent years, the rise of advanced artificial intelligence technologies has had a profound impact on many fields, including education and research. One such technology is ChatGPT, a powerful large language model developed by OpenAI. This technology offers exciting opportunities for students and educators, including personalized feedback, increased accessibility, interactive conversations, lesson preparation, evaluation, and new ways to teach complex concepts. However, ChatGPT poses different threats to the traditional education and research system, including the possibility of cheating on online exams, human-like text generation, diminished critical thinking skills, and difficulties in evaluating information generated by ChatGPT. This study explores potential opportunities and threats that ChatGPT poses to overall education from the perspective of students and educators. Furthermore, for programming learning, we explore how ChatGPT helps students improve their programming skills. To demonstrate this, we conducted different coding-related experiments with ChatGPT, including code generation from problem descriptions, pseudocode generation of algorithms from texts, and code correction. We also verified the generated codes with an online judge system to evaluate their accuracy.

The advent of Large Language Models like Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) has introduced a revolutionary approach to bridging the communication gap between complex radiology reports and patient comprehension. This review article explores the pivotal role of GPT-4 in generating patient-friendly summaries of radiology reports, aiming to demystify medical jargon and enhance patient engagement and understanding. Through an examination of the technological underpinnings of GPT-4, this article highlights its capability to accurately interpret and simplify radiological findings into layman's terms. It assesses the impact of such advancements on patient satisfaction, adherence to treatment plans, and overall healthcare outcomes. Furthermore, the review delves into the potential challenges and ethical considerations associated with implementing AI-driven summaries in clinical practice, including accuracy, privacy, and the need for human oversight. By offering insights into the current applications, benefits, and limitations of GPT-4 in radiology, this short review underscores the transformative potential of AI in fostering a more inclusive and patient-centric healthcare communication paradigm.

The disruptive application of ChatGPT (GPT-3.5, GPT-4) to a variety of domains has become a topic of much discussion in the scientific community and society at large. Large Language Models (LLMs), e.g., BERT, Bard, Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPTs), LLaMA, etc., have the ability to take instructions, or prompts, from users and generate answers and solutions based on very large volumes of text-based training data. This paper assesses the impact and potential impact of ChatGPT on the field of digital forensics, specifically looking at its latest pre-trained LLM, GPT-4. A series of experiments are conducted to assess its capability across several digital forensic use cases including artefact understanding, evidence searching, code generation, anomaly detection, incident response, and education. Across these topics, its strengths and risks are outlined and a number of general conclusions are drawn. Overall this paper concludes that while there are some potential low-risk applications of ChatGPT within digital forensics, many are either unsuitable at present, since the evidence would need to be uploaded to the service, or they require sufficient knowledge of the topic being asked of the tool to identify incorrect assumptions, inaccuracies, and mistakes. However, to an appropriately knowledgeable user, it could act as a useful supporting tool in some circumstances.

Background: Open AI developed ChatGPT, a language model based on the GPT architecture, designed for text-based communication. Trained on diverse internet texts, ChatGPT generates contextually appropriate responses using machine learning. It understands input through analysis and context interpretation, generating coherent and contextually relevant responses. Interaction is possible through messaging platforms. Materials and Methods: In November 2023, we utilized ChatGPT 3.5, the default version at that time, to answer questions from the Italian National Residency Program Admission Tests (SSMs) of 2021, 2022, and 2023. The questions cover clinical, diagnostic, analytical, therapeutic, and epidemiological scenarios, sometimes accompanied by images. The study compared ChatGPT's answers to the official corrections on the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR) website. The scoring method used for evaluation was 1 point for correct answers, 0 points for unanswered questions, and -0.25 points for incorrect answers, reflecting the SSM test scoring system. Results: In summary, ChatGPT was tested with a total of 420 questions, 140 for each test. It achieved an overall accuracy of 80.48%, providing correct answers for 338 questions and incorrect answers for 82 questions. When faced with questions containing both text and images, it answered 55% correctly and 45% incorrectly. The model's performance varied over time, with an 82.14% accuracy rate in 2021 and 2022 (115 correct out of 140) and a 77.14% accuracy rate in 2023 (108 correct out of 140). Applying thisscoring method to the SSM test, ChatGPT would have scored 105 points in 2021 and 2022, and 100 points in 2023. Conclusions: ChatGPT has exhibited above-average performance in the last three SSM tests, highlighting its robust capability to interpret clinical scenarios and offer precise diagnostic and therapeutic guidance. Despite this, some limitations persist, notably the software's inability to interpret non-textual information.

Malaria and Typhoid fever are prevalent diseases in tropical regions, exacerbated by unclear protocols, drug resistance, and environmental factors. Prompt and accurate diagnosis is crucial to improve accessibility and reduce mortality rates. Traditional diagnosis methods cannot effectively capture the complexities of these diseases due to the presence of confusable symptoms. Although machine learning (ML) models offer accurate predictions, they operate as "black boxes" with non-interpretable decision-making processes, making it challenging for healthcare providers to comprehend how the conclusions are reached. This study employs explainable AI (XAI) models such as Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME), and Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, Gemini, and Perplexity, to clarify diagnostic results for healthcare workers, building trust and transparency in medical diagnostics. The models were implemented on Google Colab and Visual Studio Code because of their rich libraries and extensions. Results showed that the Random Forest model outperformed Extreme Gradient Boost and Support Vector Machines and important features for predicting Malaria and Typhoid were identified with the LIME plots. Among LLMs, ChatGPT 3.5 demonstrates a comparative advantage over Gemini and Perplexity, hence highlighting how crucial it is to use a hybrid strategy that combines ML, XAI, and LLMs to improve diagnostic performance and reliability in healthcare applications. The study recommends implementing the integrated ML, LIME, and LLM processes because it streamlines the development and maintenance process's workflow overall, makes use of resources more effectively, and improves explainability by allowing the LLM to consider the complete context that LIME provides.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize research by automating data analysis, generating new insights, and supporting the discovery of new knowledge. The top 10 contribution areas of AI towards public health were gathered in this feasibility study. We utilized the “text-davinci-003” model of GPT-3, using OpenAI playground default parameters. The model was trained with the largest training dataset any AI had, limited to a cut-off date in 2021. This study aimed to test the ability of GPT-3 to advance public health and to explore the feasibility of using AI as scientific co-author. The AI was asked for input including scientific quotations and the human authors reviewed responses for plausibility. We found that GPT-3 was able to assemble, summarize, and generate plausible text blocks relevant for public health concerns, elucidating valuable areas of application for itself. However, most quotations were invented by GPT-3 and thus, invalid. Ac-cording to today’s rules, we conclude that AI can contribute to public health research as a team member. Nevertheless, good scientific practice needs to be also followed for AI contributions, and a broad scientific discourse on AI contributions is needed. Policies for good scientific practice should be updated timely following this discourse.

This paper examines the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to address societal megatrends, with a specific focus on OpenAI’s Generative Pre-Trained Transformer 3 (GPT-3). To do this, we con-ducted an analysis using GPT-3 in order to explore the benefits of AI for digitalization, urbanization, globalization, climate change, automation and mobility, global health issues and aging population. We also looked at emerging markets as well as sustainability in this study. Interaction with GPT-3 was done solely through prompt questions and generated responses were analyzed. Our results indicate that AI can significantly improve our understanding of these trends by providing insights into how they develop over time and what solutions could be implemented. Further research is needed to determine how effective AI will be in addressing them successfully but initial findings are encouraging. Our discussion focuses on the implications of our findings for society going forward and suggests that further investigation should be done into how best to utilize new technologies like GPT-3 when tackling these challenges. Lastly, we conclude that while there is still much work left to do before any tangible effects can be seen from utilizing AI tools such as GPT-3 on societal mega-trends; early indications suggest it may have a positive impact if used correctly.

Current neural network models can demonstrate reasonable-looking behavior, considered by some developers and researchers human-like. For example, a large language model GPT-3 is susceptible to human-like cognitive biases. Yet there is no data of such models solving emotional intelligence (EI) tasks. They are connected to the abilities that has been previously considered as specifically human EI is an important aspect of human communication. The ability to understand and respond to emotional cues is essential for effective communication. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the ways AI models such as ChatGPT demonstrate EI. The present research aims to measure the EI of GPT-4, a large language model trained by OpenAI. Russian version of the Mayer–Salovey–Caruzo Emotional Intelligence Test sections B, C, D, F, G and H were used in this research. High points were obtained in Understanding emotions scale and Strategic EI. Mean points are obtained in Managing emotions scale. Low and less reliable values are obtained in Using emotions to facilitate thought scale. Thus, GPT-4 seems already capable of identifying emotions in text and describing techniques for managing them. However, complex cases and irregular situations requiring emotions qualitative analysis would be a hard task for GPT-4.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) experienced significant advancements in recent years, and its impact is already recognized across various industries. Yet, the rise of AI has led to a growing concern about its impact on meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The aim of this paper was to evaluate contributions and the potential impact of AI to sustainable development in the society domain. Furthermore, the study analyzed GPT-3 responses, as one of the largest language models developed by OpenAI, descriptively. We conducted a set of queries on the SDGs to gather infor-mation on GPT-3`s perceptions of AI impact on sustainable development. Analysis of GPT-3’s contribution potential towards the SDGs showcased its broad range of capabilities for contributing to the SDGs in areas such as education, health, and communication. The study findings provide valuable insights into the contributions of AI to sustainable development in the society domain and highlight the importance of proper regulations to promote the responsible use of AI for sustainable development. We plan subsequent research for effects on ecologic and economic domains of SDGs. We highlighted the potential for improvement in neural language processing skills of GPT-3 by avoiding imitating weak human writing styles with more mistakes in longer texts.

This study presents a novel approach to automatic generation of cultural and context-specific science assessments for K-12 education using generative AI (GenAI). We first developed a GenAI Culturally Responsive Science Assessment (GenAI-CRSciA) framework that establishes the relationship between CRSciA and GenAI, by incorporating key cultural tenets such as indigenous language, Indigenous knowledge, ethnicity/race, and religion. The CRSciA framework along with dynamic prompt strategies were used to develop the CRSciA-Generator model within the OpenAI platform. The CRSciA-Generator allows users to automatically generate assessments tailored to students’ cultural and contextual needs. In a pilot comparison test between the CRSciA-Generator and the base GPT 4o (with standard prompt), the models were tasked with generating CRSciAs that aligned with the Next Generation Science Standard on predator and prey relationship for students from Ghana, the USA, and China. The results showed that the CRSciA-Generator output assessments incorporated more tailored culturally and context assessment items for each specific group with examples, such as traditional stories of lions and antelopes in Ghana, Native American views on wolves in the USA, and Taoist or Buddhist teachings on the Amur tiger in China than the standard prompt out within the base GPT 4o. However, due to the background information provided, the CRSciA-Generator overgeneralized its output focusing on broad national contexts, treating entire countries as culturally homogenous and neglecting the subcultures. Therefore, we recommend that teachers provide detailed background information about their students when using the CRSciA-Generator. Additionally, we believe the pilot test did not fully validate the model’s efficacy, and future studies involving human experts’ review are recommended to evaluate the cultural and contextual validity of the generated assessments. We also suggest empirical studies in diverse contexts to further test and validate the model’s overall effectiveness.

(1) Background: Artificial Intelligence (AI) models have shown potential in various educational contexts. However, their utility in explaining complex biological phenomena, such as Intrinsically Disordered Proteins (IDPs), requires further exploration. This study empirically evaluated the performance of various Large Language Models (LLMs) in the educational domain of IDPs. (2) Methods: Four LLMs, GPT-3.5, GPT-4, GPT-4 with Browsing, and Google Bard (PaLM 2), were assessed using a set of IDP-related questions. An expert evaluated their responses across five categories: accuracy, relevance, depth of understanding, clarity, and overall quality. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Tukey's honesty significant difference tests were utilized for analysis. (3) Results: The GPT-4 model consistently outperformed the others across all evaluation categories. Although GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 were not statistically significantly different in performance (p&gt;0.05), GPT-4 was preferred as the best response in 13 out of 15 instances. The AI models with browsing capabilities, GPT-4 with Browsing and Google Bard (PaLM 2) displayed lower performance metrics across the board with statistically significant differences (p&lt;0.0001). (4) Conclusion: Our findings underscore the potential of AI models, particularly LLMs such as GPT-4, in enhancing scientific education, especially in complex domains such as IDPs. Continued innovation and collaboration among AI developers, educators, and researchers are essential to fully harness the potential of AI for enriching scientific education.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the power to generate scenarios and make predictions through the use of advanced algorithms and machine learning techniques. OpenAI’s GPT-3 AI is a state-of-the-art language model that has been trained on a large dataset of text, which allows it to generate hu-man-like text, and it can generate scenarios for different fields. However, GPT-3 was trained on data available up until June 2021, had no access to more recent data nor was connected to the internet. In this study, we investigated the capability of OpenAI’s GPT-3 AI to predict the Ukrainian war es-calation, which started in 2022 and had massive geopolitical effects. We used GPT-3´s capability to generate future scenarios, to check those scenarios for internal consistency, and to create a proba-bility estimate. The results showed that although GPT-3 described an open war as one of the low probability scenarios, its capability on predicting the future was limited. Furthermore, it became evident that checking internal consistency of the generated scenarios could be improved. We ap-preciated GPT-3 as very useful and powerful for generating future scenarios, but also concluded that its prediction capabilities of real-world events are limited, should be used with caution, and require further development.

This research investigates the potential application of generative language models, especially ChatGPT, in aviation safety analysis as a means to enhance the efficiency of safety analyses and accelerate the time it takes to process incident reports. In particular, ChatGPT was leveraged to generate incident synopses from narratives, which were subsequently compared with ground truth synopses from the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) dataset. The comparison was facilitated by using embeddings from Large Language Models (LLMs), with aeroBERT demonstrating the highest similarity due to its aerospace-specific fine-tuning. A positive correlation was observed between synopsis length and their cosine similarity. In a subsequent phase, human factor issues involved in incidents as identified by ChatGPT were compared to human factor issues identified by safety analysts. A concurrence rate of 61% was found, with ChatGPT demonstrating a cautious approach towards attributing human factor issues. Finally, the model was used to attribute incidents to relevant parties. As no dedicated ground truth column existed for this task, a manual evaluation was conducted. ChatGPT attributed the majority of incidents to the Flight Crew, ATC, Ground Personnel, and Maintenance. This study opens new avenues for leveraging AI in aviation safety analysis.

Background: This study addresses the burgeoning impact of Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT on the integrity of online examinations and seeks to demonstrate latent and advanced LLM reasoning capabilities. The research devises an iterative self-reflective strategy for invoking critical thinking and higher-order reasoning in LLMs based on multimodal exam questions using visuals and text. Methods: The proposed strategy was demonstrated and evaluated on real exam questions by subject experts and the performance of ChatGPT (GPT-4) with vision was estimated on an additional dataset of 600 text descriptions of multimodal exam questions, focusing on its response to complex, visual, and textual prompts. Results: The results indicate that latent multi-hop reasoning capabilities can be invoked using the proposed self-reflective strategy, which can effectively steer ChatGPT towards correct answers by integrating critical thinking from each modality into the final response. Meanwhile, ChatGPT demonstrated considerable proficiency in being able to answer multimodal exam questions across 12 subjects. Conclusions: This work challenges findings from recent studies which claim that existing LLMs are unable to reason on complex multimodal tasks, and therefore this study underscores the need for enhanced online exam security measures like proctoring software, that can mitigate the potential misuse of AI technologies in educational settings.