preprints.org > physical sciences > quantum science and technology > doi: 10.20944/preprints202401.0294.v1

Preprint Article Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Version 1 : Received: 31 December 2023 / Approved: 4 January 2024 / Online: 4 January 2024 (07:07:59 CET)

By examining Planck's equation E=hν, one finds an analogy with accounting billing for electricity. Frequency and power have a physical dimension T-1, so one obtains an energy value accounted for over a time interval by multiplying them by this time interval. By investigating this analogy, one finds a surprising mistake in Planck's law for the frequency of black body radiation: confusion between two contexts, one for radiation power and one for a timeless energy density. One goes from one to the other by an accounting-type transformation: a multiplication by 4π/c or c/4π. Correcting this mistake makes a Planck constant h timeless, invalidating the photon definition and de Broglie’s wave-particle duality. Despite this mistake, one obtains the same value for the black body radiation; it goes unnoticed. Consequently, the Planck relation becomes P=hν, with the energy of a cycle equal to h, whatever the frequency. One can consider this cycle as a new photon, which behaves like a particle by its radiation pressure. Its energy-mass equivalence h=mɣc2 gives a mass of 4.134883524·10-15 eV, in the range referenced by the Particle Data Group. This correction of Planck's relation calls quantum physics into question.

Quantum Physiscs; Planck's Law; Planck's Constant; Blackbody; E=hv

Physical Sciences, Quantum Science and Technology

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