Javanshir, N.; Syri, S. Techno-Economic Analysis of a Highly Renewable and Electrified District Heating Network Operating in the Balancing Markets. Energies2023, 16, 8117.
Javanshir, N.; Syri, S. Techno-Economic Analysis of a Highly Renewable and Electrified District Heating Network Operating in the Balancing Markets. Energies 2023, 16, 8117.
Javanshir, N.; Syri, S. Techno-Economic Analysis of a Highly Renewable and Electrified District Heating Network Operating in the Balancing Markets. Energies2023, 16, 8117.
Javanshir, N.; Syri, S. Techno-Economic Analysis of a Highly Renewable and Electrified District Heating Network Operating in the Balancing Markets. Energies 2023, 16, 8117.
Abstract
Finnish government's carbon neutrality goal by 2035 requires integration of renewable energy sources into the power grid. Considering the stochasticity of these resources, additional sources of flexibility are necessary to balance supply and demand in the power grid. District heating network (DHN) operators in Finland plan to shut down fossil-fuel-based combined heat and power plants and electrify heating systems by deploying heat pumps (HPs) and electric boilers. Techno-economic analysis and optimal operation of DHN-connected HPs and electric boilers in providing ancillary balancing services considering the 15-minute granularity in the balancing markets in Finland were investigated. The objective was to maximize the potential revenue for DHN operators gained from the day-ahead electricity market and frequency containment reserve (FCR) balancing markets. Three inter-connected DHNs in the Helsinki metropolitan area were optimized considering the reference year 2019 and each operator's decarbonization strategies for 2025. HPs could gain the highest profit from FCR-D up-regulation market, while the electric boiler may gain considerable profits from FCR-D down-regulation market. Compared to other balancing markets studied, the FCR-N market had a limited profit margin. Sensitivity analysis indicated that spot electricity prices and CO2 emission allowance prices have a significant impact on the profit from balancing markets.
Keywords
District heating; Electrification; power-to-heat; Balancing markets; Techno-economic analysis; Helsinki metropolitan area; heat pump
Subject
Engineering, Energy and Fuel Technology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
