Version 1
: Received: 25 September 2023 / Approved: 26 September 2023 / Online: 26 September 2023 (10:17:56 CEST)
Version 2
: Received: 19 February 2024 / Approved: 19 February 2024 / Online: 19 February 2024 (14:44:34 CET)
Version 3
: Received: 4 March 2024 / Approved: 5 March 2024 / Online: 5 March 2024 (10:56:30 CET)
How to cite:
Denur, J. Firewalls, Hawking (Tolman) Radiation, and a Tentative Resolution of the Firewall-Mass Problem. Preprints2023, 2023091751. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1751.v1
Denur, J. Firewalls, Hawking (Tolman) Radiation, and a Tentative Resolution of the Firewall-Mass Problem. Preprints 2023, 2023091751. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1751.v1
Denur, J. Firewalls, Hawking (Tolman) Radiation, and a Tentative Resolution of the Firewall-Mass Problem. Preprints2023, 2023091751. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1751.v1
APA Style
Denur, J. (2023). Firewalls, Hawking (Tolman) Radiation, and a Tentative Resolution of the Firewall-Mass Problem. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1751.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
Denur, J. 2023 "Firewalls, Hawking (Tolman) Radiation, and a Tentative Resolution of the Firewall-Mass Problem" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1751.v1
Abstract
It has been theorized that black holes are surrounded by firewalls, although there is not universal agreement concerning this. We show that, if firewalls exist, they can originate via Hawking radiation—which had been anticipated, albeit for non-black holes, by Tolman—at the minimum possible ruler distance (the Planck length) beyond the Schwarzschild horizon, where it has not suffered any gravitational redshift, or, alternatively, suffered maximal gravitational blueshift. We also show that the firewall temperature is on the order of the Planck temperature, independently of the mass and hence also of the Schwarzschild radius of a Schwarzschild black hole. Then we explain the exponential nature of the gravitational frequency shift as a function of the gravitational potential. Next, we consider the firewall-mass problem, and provide an at least tentative resolution thereto based on: (i) the mass of a firewall being canceled by the negative gravitational mass = (negative gravitational energy)/c2 accompanying its formation, (ii) the unchanged observations of a distant observer upon formation of a firewall, and (iii) Birkhoff's Theorem. In concluding, we provide remarks concerning thermodynamics in gravitational fields, showing that equilibrium relativistic gravitational temperature gradients cannot be exploited to violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.