Preprint Article Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Synthesis of 1-Hexanol/Hexyl Hexanoate Mixtures from Grape Pomace and Their Utilization as Bio-Additive in Diesel Engine

Stefano Frigo
* ORCID logo ,
Anna M. Raspolli Galletti
ORCID logo ,
Sara Fulignati
ORCID logo ,
Domenico Licursi
ORCID logo ,
Lorenzo Bertin
,
Gonzalo A. Martinez
ORCID logo ,
Gianluca Pasini
Version 1 : Received: 5 September 2023 / Approved: 6 September 2023 / Online: 7 September 2023 (11:23:02 CEST)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Frigo, S.; Raspolli Galletti, A.M.; Fulignati, S.; Licursi, D.; Bertin, L.; Martinez, G.A.; Pasini, G. Synthesis of 1-Hexanol/Hexyl hexanoate Mixtures from Grape Pomace: Insights on Diesel Engine Performances at High Bio-Blendstock Loadings. Energies 2023, 16, 6789. Frigo, S.; Raspolli Galletti, A.M.; Fulignati, S.; Licursi, D.; Bertin, L.; Martinez, G.A.; Pasini, G. Synthesis of 1-Hexanol/Hexyl hexanoate Mixtures from Grape Pomace: Insights on Diesel Engine Performances at High Bio-Blendstock Loadings. Energies 2023, 16, 6789.

Abstract

The production of oxygenated bio-additives for traditional fuels represents a key challenge due to the depletion of fossil fuels in the next future and their contribution to environmental pollu-tion. In this context, the present study considers the synthesis of different mixtures of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate produced through the catalytic hydrogenation of hexanoic acid, a car-boxylic acid obtainable from the fermentation of a wide variety of waste biomasses. In particu-lar, crude hexanoic acid deriving from the fermentation of grape pomace, an abundant Italian agrifood waste, has been taken into consideration. The reaction was carried out with the com-mercial 5 wt% Re/γ-Al2O3 catalyst, whose acidity allowed the tuning of the reaction selectivity towards the preferential formation of hexyl hexanoate instead of 1-hexanol. As consequence, the tunable composition of the obtained 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures was leveraged for en-gine applications, thus allowing studying each component influence on the Diesel engine per-formances and verifying their synergistic effects. The engine experimental activity highlighted that both 1-hexanol and hexyl hexanoate, as well as their mixtures, can be used in Diesel engine with a commercial Diesel fuel up to high loadings (20 vol%) without altering engine perfor-mances and significantly lowering soot and CO emissions by more than 40%.

Keywords

Grape pomace; Hydrogenation; Hexanol; Hexyl hexanoate; Diesel Bio-additives; Diesel engine performances.

Subject

Engineering, Energy and Fuel Technology

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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