Abstract: This systematic literature review examines the long-standing problem of the tragedy of the commons within the field of public administration. Through a synthetic evaluation of institutional diagnostic and organizational analysis tools, this study deconstructs the traditional dichotomy between centralized state control and local self-governance. The findings reveal a critical interpretive gap: the lack of a coherent theoretical framework for the active, architectural role of the state. To fill this gap, the article develops a synthetic conceptual framework that redefines public administration not as a direct manager or an absent observer, but as an architect of multilevel, polycentric governance systems. This role involves providing institutional support, ensuring access to reliable information, managing cross-scale linkages, and guaranteeing conflict resolution. This approach shifts the focus from a search for a single solution toward the design of resilient institutional ecologies.

Abstract: Using a database of global total fertility rates (TFR) from 1990 to 2024, supplemented by a series of indicators, we can observe trends and explain them through cultural and socio-economic factors. Worldwide TFR dynamics show a clear distinction: low fertility (below replacement) in much of Europe, North America, and East Asia; high fertility in sub-Saharan Africa; and moderate fertility in countries at various stages of the demographic transition. Observed variations are explained by economic and social-determinants:GDP and Human Development Index are negatively correlated with TFR; high infant mortality rates correlate positively with TFR; and greater contraceptive prevalence and higher average maternal age at birth are associated with fertility declines. Cultural factors – such as dominant religion or official demographic policies – can modify overall trends, and the level of democratic freedom influences access to reproductive health information and services. These disparities reflect structural differences in socio-economic development, public health, gender equality and social policy.

Abstract: Background: The transverse view of the thyroid gland is routinely obtained in clinical ultrasound. However, no specific sonographic sign is yet available to indicate that the scanned plane approximates the transverse section that fully displays the isthmus. Observation: We propose the “Arch Bridge Sign” as a novel sonographic sign for a scanned plane that approximates the transverse section of the thyroid gland while fully displaying the isthmus. The sign is defined by three key features: (1) bilateral lobes that appear symmetric, (2) isthmus is clearly visualized, and (3) isthmus appears as a smooth arched curvature (the “arch”) connecting two lateral lobes (the “piers”), together resembling an arch bridge. Conclusion: The “Arch Bridge Sign” provides a simple, intuitive sonographic sign for identifying a scanned plane that approximates the transverse section fully displaying the isthmus. It may serve as a practical reference for scanning quality control and a useful teaching tool for trainees.

Abstract: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) specifically includes the stage of simple fatty liver and the stage of hepatitis. In the late stage of the disease, it resembles the early stage of cirrhosis. Mesenchymal stem cells regulate metabolic pathways and energy transport pathways in disease models, reducing the synthesis and utilization of glucose and fatty acids, and restoring the homeostasis of the internal microenvironment. For areas with more severe damage, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSC) are used for regenerative repair. Mesenchymal stem cells release exosomes in a paracrine manner into the damaged areas of the liver, promoting the differentiation and development of hepatic progenitor cells into hepatocytes, reducing differentiation into cholangiocytes, while assisting hepatic progenitor cells in resisting the progression of inflammation and fibrosis, and promoting the normal function of adaptive immune responses.

Abstract: Malaria and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) may have similar aspects and seem to have a strong potential for mutual influence. They have already caused millions of deaths, and regions where malaria is endemic are at risk of further suffering from the consequences of COVID-19 due to mutual side effects, like less access to treatment due to fear of access to health facilities leading to diagnostic delays and worse outcomes. A narrative literature review was conducted by searching online databases like Pub Med, Cochran, Medline, Google scholar, malarial journals, health journals, MDPI and biomed central related journals, 133 articles published from 2004 to 2024 were analysed and discussed. The Management of malaria during the COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda required a comprehensive approach that balances the need for both malaria and COVID-19 control, prevention and treatment. These include: Integration of services, healthcare infrastructure strengthening, expanded testing, treatment access, community education and awareness, health worker training, testing and surveillance, mobile health solutions, community engagement, research and innovation, adaptive management, cross-sector collaboration, international cooperation, vector control, monitoring and evaluation. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive review of integrated management approaches for malaria and covid-19 management in Uganda. In implementing this comprehensive approaches, we can effectively manage both malaria and COVID-19, reduce the burden of disease, and protect the health and well-being of communities in Uganda and worldwide.

Abstract: Guizhou Province, a typical karst mountainous region in southwest China, features a complex geographical environment and diverse ethnic cultures, which together have fostered unique traditional village landscapes. Taking 757 national and provincial-level ethnic traditional villages in Guizhou as the research object, this study employs methods including GIS spatial analysis, the nearest neighbor index, and kernel density estimation to quantitatively reveal the geographical distribution characteristics, spatial differentiation patterns, and underlying causes of Miao, Dong, Bouyei, and Han Tunpu villages from the perspectives of two core physical geographic factors: topography and river systems. The results show that: (1)In terms of topographic distribution, village sites exhibit a significant vertical differentiation pattern: the Miao people "reside in the mountains", the Dong and Bouyei people "stay close to water", and the Han Tunpu settlements "occupy strategic passages". Meanwhile, a slight preference for sunny slopes is observed (52.4% of villages are on sunny slopes), but no overwhelming "sun-seeking, shade-avoiding" tendency exists. (2)Regarding river system distribution, different ethnic groups display distinct patterns of water utilization: the Dong and Bouyei people form a tight "ribbon along rivers" dependency (over 70% of villages are within 1 km of a river), the Miao people rely on mountain streams with a pattern of "far from large rivers, close to small ones", and the Han Tunpu settlements adopt an "engineered" transformation and utilization pattern. (3)Quantitative analysis shows that the spatial distribution of villages is significantly clustered, forming three high-density core areas: the Duliu River, Qingshui River, and Tunpu areas. Elevation, slope gradient, and distance to rivers are key natural constraint factors. This study reveals a "non-random" three-dimensional distribution pattern of ethnic traditional villages in Guizhou, which represents an optimal spatial response of various ethnic groups to the complex karst environment based on their historical migration memories, livelihood strategies, and cultural adaptability. This finding is of great value for understanding the mechanism of ethnic-environment interaction and for the conservation of traditional villages.

Abstract: In this paper, we consider the classes of generalized Stampacchia mixed weak vector variational-hemivariational inequalities (in short, GSMWVVHI) and generalized Minty mixed weak vector variational-hemivariational inequalities (in short, GMMWVVHI), formulated in terms of bifunctions. By employing the Knaster-Kuratowski-Mazurkiewicz-Fan (in short, KKM-Fan) lemma, we deduce an existence result for the solutions of GSMWVVHI without imposing any monotonicity assumptions on bifunctions and relaxed compactness hypotheses. Moreover, under generalized stable pseudomonotonicity hypotheses on bifunctions, we derive an existence theorem for the solutions of GMMWVVHI and establish an equivalence relation between the solutions of GSMWVVHI and GMMWVVHI. Furthermore, uniqueness results for the solutions of GSMWVVHI and GMMWVVHI are established under suitable assumptions. Several illustrative examples have been furnished to highlight the applicability and relevance of the established results. To the best of our knowledge, existence and uniqueness results for solutions of GSMWVVHI and GMMWVVHI have been established for the first time in this paper on the Euclidean spaces.

Abstract:

We provide a coordinate-free characterisation of phase boundaries in field theory by proving that a complex scalar field on a globally hyperbolic spacetime with boundary admits a stratified covariant phase space. The stratification is governed by a diffeomorphism-invariant functional $P$ partitioning spacetime into strata, together with a finite-energy selection rule: in the dense stratum $\{P \geq P_\star\}$, a diverging phase-stiffness functional $\kappa(P)$ forces any finite-action tangent vector to satisfy $\delta\theta = 0$, reducing the admissible variation class to amplitude fluctuations alone. We show that this selection rule simultaneously enlarges the presymplectic kernel of the augmented symplectic form $\Omega^{\mathrm{aug}}_\Sigma$ and suppresses the central extension of the boundary charge algebra: $K_{dens} = 0$. The Phase Boundary Characterisation Theorem establishes that these two effects are algebraically equivalent, identifying $\mathcal{H}$ as the unique degeneracy locus of $\Omega^{\mathrm{aug}}_\Sigma$ --- a purely coordinate-free characterisation independent of the specific trigger functional. The Iyer--Wald--Zoupas ambiguity in the boundary symplectic density is resolved by explicit mixed boundary conditions, and the algebraic structure on each stratum is compatible with standard quantization procedures applied independently per stratum.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Induction of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by COVID-19 vaccination reduces morbidity and mortality, but immune responses may be compromised in people living with HIV (PLWH). The aims of the current study were to determine whether viral suppression (VS) or immune reconstitution (IR) in PLWH directly affected their ability to produce effective levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in mucosal secretions or blood induced by vaccination. Methods: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG, IgA and secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies and their avidities were measured by ELISA in HIV-negative healthy controls (HC; n=49) and PLWH (n=94) using stimulated oral fluid (SOF) and serum. Frequencies of CD4/CD8 T cells and their expression of exhaustion/senescence were determined by flow cytometry. Cytokine levels were measured by cytokine bead arrays. Results: We showed that higher HIV burden negatively impacted the levels of systemic and mucosal anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG antibodies produced. This differential IgG antibody production was unaffected by the IR status, antiretroviral therapy duration or by T cell exhaustion/senescence. PLWH elicited higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgA antibodies both in peripheral blood and oral mucosa, and secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies in the oral mucosa. PLWH with higher HIV burdens elicited lower IgG avidity but the IgA avidity indices remained unaffected. PLWH expressed higher levels of innate immunity cytokines irrespective of the HIV burden in the oral mucosa. Conclusions: Significantly fewer breakthrough infections in PLWH compared with HC, along with high IgA/SIgA antibodies and increased innate immunity cytokines in the SOF suggests a potential role for mucosal immunity in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19.

Abstract: In this paper, we present an optimized driving strategy for a dual RF input envelope tracking power amplifier (ET PA) exploiting load modulation. The dual-input architecture enables dynamic load modulation (LM), allowing real-time adjustment of the load impedance to enhance performance over the signal dynamics typical of digital modulation schemes. The proposed approach considers a GaN HEMT-based LM-ET PA characterized under pulsed excitation across multiple amplitude and phase conditions of the load modulation control. Optimizing the control parameters yields a suitable shaping function that extends conventional ET supply modulation to include amplitude and phase control of the auxiliary amplifier, thereby improving the efficiency, output power, and linearity of the main amplifier. Experimental data demonstrate that the proposed dual RF input GaN-based LM-ET PA at 3.6 GHz outperforms a conventional ET PA in both efficiency and linearity when tested with high peak-to-average ratio signals.

Abstract: Systematic surveillance of World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH)-listed protozoan parasites is essential for maintaining sanitary status for seafood export and detecting the introduction of exotic pathogens into coastal ecosystems. In 2023, we examined wild Mediterranean mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis and Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas collected from small harbors adjacent to ten major trading ports along the west and south coasts of Korea to assess the occurrence of WOAH-listed protozoan parasites and emerging Perkinsus species. A total of 1,080 mussels and 1,080 oysters from 18 sites were sampled in spring and autumn, and gill and digestive gland tissues were pooled from six individuals for DNA extraction. Species-specific PCR assays targeting Perkinsus marinus, P. olseni, P. beihaiensis, Bonamia ostreae, B. exitiosa, and Marteilia refringens were performed using previously validated primer sets and positive controls. All PCR assays were negative for the six protozoan parasite species in both host species across all sampling sites, indicating no detectable infections in port-adjacent wild mussel and oyster populations during the survey period. These negative results contrast with recent reports of P. marinus in wild C. gigas and B. ostreae in Ostrea denselamellosa on the west coast of Korea, suggesting that infections may currently be focal, transient, and host-specific rather than widespread in port-associated M. galloprovincialis and C. gigas populations. The present study provides baseline data on the distribution of protozoan parasites in bivalves inhabiting high-risk harbor environments and underscores the need for continued surveillance of transboundary shellfish disease that is closely coupled with environmental monitoring.

Abstract: In recent years, reinforcement learning (RL) has been applied to frontier-based exploration to enhance the robot’s decision-making policy and improve exploration performance. In this work, we address this scenario with the aim of pushing forward the finding of the optimal frontier selection policy in unknown, unstructured environments with RL deployed for a minimal sensing drone setup. We propose a novel policy architecture, featuring an attention module that uses the global map features captured by a convolutional neural network together with local frontier features in the form of scalar values, trained end-to-end with a scoring network using the Proximal Policy Optimization algorithm over a 2D randomized unstructured environment. Our approach demonstrates a notable improvement in exploration efficiency as it surpasses purely heuristic-based frontier selection strategies used as baselines for other RL methods, achieving shorter paths than Nearest Frontier, Hybrid Approach, and TARE local horizon, as well as one-shot sim-to-real policy deployment.

Abstract: Honeybee populations face significant threats from a range of viral and parasitic pathogens, contributing to declining colony health, reduced pollination services, and economic losses in agriculture. In recent years, RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a novel and promising approach for mitigating these threats. This review explores the applications and advancements of RNAi as a targeted, species-specific, and environmentally sustainable strategy for managing honeybee health. In addition, symbiont-mediated RNAi delivery —a promising avenue for overcoming current limitations in RNAi application — is discussed.

Abstract: In this paper, we studied the limiting cases of $\alpha \to n^-$ and $\alpha \to 0^+$ in the affine Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev (HLS) inequalities proved in [25]. To be specific, we established affine logarithmic HLS inequalities and affine Beckner-type logarithmic Sobolev inequalities with respect to two different functions.

Abstract: We propose SparseContrast, a new framework that merges dynamic sparse attention with contrastive learning for medical imaging, with a focus on chest X-ray disease detection in low-data settings. Traditional contrastive learning methods rely on dense attention mechanisms, which are computationally expensive and often process redundant regions in medical images. To resolve this, SparseContrast introduces a sparse attention mechanism that selectively concentrates on diagnostically pertinent areas, markedly decreasing computational burden without compromising accuracy. The framework adaptively trims attention maps in the training phase, directed by a compact saliency predictor which concurrently optimizes sparsity and feature quality. This method not only speeds up training and inference by as much as 40% relative to dense attention benchmarks but also boosts diagnostic accuracy by focusing on areas of clinical importance. Moreover, the approach remains indifferent to the selection of backbone architecture, which permits its application to both convolutional and transformer-based models. Experiments show SparseContrast attains comparable or better performance in disease identification tasks with greater efficiency relative to current approaches. The proposed framework delivers a practical approach for implementing contrastive learning in medical imaging settings with limited resources, where computational efficiency and diagnostic accuracy are paramount.

Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) are reshapingcybersecurity by introducing context-aware reasoning and au-tomation across the penetration testing lifecycle. This paperinvestigates the role of LLMs in vulnerability discovery, exploitgeneration, and adversarial simulation. Through a structured ex-perimental methodology, we evaluate model performance acrossmultiple vulnerability classes. The findings demonstrate thatLLMs outperform traditional tools in detecting logical flaws andchained vulnerabilities, while also highlighting limitations suchas hallucinations and ethical risks. The paper concludes withrecommendations for AI-aware defensive strategies.

Abstract: A macroscopic boundary-balance framework for gravitational collapse is developed for a timelike thin shell separating an effective interior vacuum reference sector from an exterior Schwarzschild or Schwarzschild–de Sitter region. The interior sector is represented by a coarse-grained reference density ρref(χ) and the associated reference energy Eref=(4π/3)R3ρref. Along the shell history, reference-energy descent occurs when the decrease of ρref dominates the geometric increase of the enclosed volume. This condition defines the effective quasilocal input Φeff=−AΣ−1E˙ref, which is positive precisely on the descending-reference branch. The timelike shell converts this input into a finite boundary response. The central balance law, E˙Σ=AΣ(Φeff−Φout)−PA˙Σ, partitions reference-sector input into quasilocal shell storage, exterior release, and pressure–area work. A trajectory-dependent response coefficient Ceff=dEref/dTΣ parametrizes the local boundary-temperature response; on a negative-response branch, reference-energy descent increases the shell temperature. Local shell temperatures and near-boundary mode frequencies are mapped to exterior static observers by the exterior lapse, with spatial infinity recovered only in the asymptotically Schwarzschild limit. The resulting timelike thin shell is a finite-radius quasilocal boundary that organizes reference-state change through surface stress, flux balance, area response, and redshifted observables. The entropy-like variable SΣ=αAΣ records the macroscopic area response and enters the same balance through the pressure–area work term. The framework identifies the classical boundary variables and closure conditions required for perturbative stability analyses, finite-thickness response models, and microscopic boundary descriptions.

Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly disrupted healthcare utilization patterns at both primary care (PC) and hospital emergency department (ED) levels. This study aimed to assess the impact of the pandemic on referral patterns from PC to a hospital ED and on the resource consumption associated with those referrals. Methods: describe briefly the main methods or treatments applied. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, longitudinal comparative study was conducted at a first level hospital of Madrid (Spain). All consecutive PC-to-ED referrals received during two observation windows were included: a pre-pandemic period (1 June-31 December 2019; n=946) and a post-pandemic period (1 January-30 June 2022; n=1,797). Sociodemographic characteristics, referral form quality, diagnostic specialty, and in-ED resource utilization variables were collected and compared using χ², Student’s t-test, and Mann–Whitney U tests as appropriate. Results: A total of 2,743 referrals were analyzed. The monthly referral rate increased by approximately 122% between periods (135/month vs 300/month). No significant differences were found in patient age (mean 53.1±18.3 vs 54.9±19.0 years; p=0.015) or sex. Referral form completion improved significantly for clinical history (94.5% vs 98.2%; p<0.001). Orthopedics referrals nearly tripled (5.8% vs 18.4%), while respiratory/COVID-19-related referrals represented 22.0% of the 2022 caseload. ED length of stay between 3 and 6 hours increased from 13.0% to 42.8% (p<0.001), while the need for urgent blood tests fell from 68.9% to 56.0% (p<0.001), hospital admission from 68.4% to 10.9% (p<0.001), and referral to another center from 12.3% to 0.9% (p<0.001). Conclusions: indicate the main conclusions or interpretations. The abstract should be an objective representation of the article, it must not contain results which are not presented and substantiated in the main text and should not exaggerate the main conclusions. After the initial COVID-19 waves, PC-to-ED referrals increased substantially while requiring fewer complementary investigations and generating fewer hospital admissions, suggesting improved coordination and clinical resolution capacity between PC and the ED. These findings have important implications for post-pandemic healthcare planning.

Abstract: In the context of the transformation of urban construction from incremental expansion to inventory renewal, the reuse of industrial remnants has gradually shifted from the issue of spatial transformation to that of scene construction. Taking Tianjin as the research object, based on the scene theory framework, by comprehensively applying kernel density spatial analysis and network comment text mining methods, the research is conducted from two levels: spatial structure and public perception. The study found that the three main models of industrial park, museum, and commercial area have significant differences in spatial distribution and accessibility conditions; the network comment analysis further indicates that public perception shows structural differences in the dimensions of neighborhood environment, appropriateness of objects, activities, and values, which essentially stem from the transmission effect of spatial structure on behavior and experience, and then through influencing activity frequency and population structure, shaping differentiated scenes such as "creative life", "consumption leisure", and "historical culture". At the same time, different models generally have problems such as superficial cultural expression, entertainment-oriented experience, and insufficient value recognition. Based on this, a scenario-based renewal strategy oriented towards mechanism optimization is proposed, providing theoretical basis and practical paths for the spatial translation and cultural regeneration of industrial remnants.

Abstract: We conducted a literature review to evaluate global antifungal susceptibility patterns in Candida auris, an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen of growing clinical concern. A comprehensive search of the literature identified 29 studies reporting min-imum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and resistance rates across major antifungal classes. Across studies, C. auris demonstrated consistently high resistance to fluconazole, with variable resistance observed among other azoles, amphotericin B, and echi-nocandins, alongside evidence of emerging multidrug resistance. These findings reflect significant geographic variability and highlight ongoing challenges in treatment selec-tion due to inconsistent susceptibility profiles and limited standardized breakpoints. Emerging antifungal agents, including ibrexafungerp and manogepix, demonstrate promising activity and may help address current therapeutic gaps. Overall, the global rise in antifungal resistance among C. auris isolates underscores the narrowing range of effective therapeutic options and reinforces the need for continued surveillance, improved susceptibility testing standardization, and development of novel antifungal agents.