Abstract: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disease characterized by substantial clinical and immunological heterogeneity. Traditionally considered a disorder of epidermal barrier dysfunction primarily, AD is now increasingly recognized as a complex systemic inflammatory condition involving dysregulated immune responses, epithelial-derived signaling, neuroimmune interactions, and diverse molecular endotypes. Advances in molecular immunology have significantly expanded current understanding of the cytokine networks underlying disease pathogenesis and have accelerated the transition toward precision medicine approaches in AD. This narrative review summarizes current evidence regarding the immunopathogenesis of AD, with particular emphasis on the interplay between classical and emerging cytokines, biomarker development, and recent therapeutic innovations. Classical type 2 cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, remain central drivers of allergic inflammation and epidermal barrier impairment, whereas emerging mediators such as IL-31, IL-33, IL-22, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and OX40/OX40L signaling pathways contribute significantly to chronic inflammation, neuroimmune activation, epidermal remodeling, and pruritus. Comparative analysis of these cytokine pathways highlights the molecular heterogeneity of AD and supports the identification of distinct immunological endotypes. The review additionally discusses current and emerging biomarkers associated with disease severity, therapeutic responsiveness, and inflammatory profiling, including cytokine signatures, serum biomarkers, and transcriptomic approaches. Furthermore, major therapeutic advances involving biologic agents and Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are examined within the context of mechanism-based and biomarker-guided therapeutic strategies. Importantly, this review proposes a conceptual precision medicine framework integrating immunopathogenesis, cytokine profiling, molecular endotyping, and targeted therapeutic innovation in AD. Continued advances in biomarker discovery, multi-omics technologies, and individualized therapeutic algorithms may further refine disease stratification and improve personalized management strategies for patients with AD.

Abstract: Under global climate change, shifts in the suitable distribution of forest vegetation have become an important issue in ecology and biogeography. Birch forests are widely distributed across cold-temperate, temperate, and montane regions in China, but different birch forest types may vary in their environmental adaptations and spatial responses to climate change. In this study, three representative birch forest vegetation types in China, namely Betula utilis forest, Betula albosinensis forest, and Betula ermanii krummholz, were selected for comparative analysis. Based on vegetation distribution records and environmental variables, an optimized MaxEnt model was constructed using ENMeval to identify current suitable distribution patterns, key environmental drivers, and future habitat changes under climate change scenarios.The results showed that the three birch forest types differed markedly in current suitable distribution patterns. Betula utilis forest was mainly concentrated in the Qinling Mountains, Betula albosinensis forest showed a broader montane distribution pattern, and Betula ermanii krummholz was restricted to high-altitude or high-latitude cold habitats. Climatic factors were the dominant drivers of suitability, but the key environmental variables differed among the three vegetation types, indicating niche differentiation along temperature, precipitation, and elevation gradients. Under future climate scenarios, the suitable habitats of the three types showed type-specific changes in area, spatial stability, and centroid migration. Betula utilis forest and Betula albosinensis forest mainly exhibited regional spatial adjustment and partial expansion, whereas Betula ermanii krummholz showed stronger dependence on high-elevation cold habitats and more limited spatial adjustment capacity. These findings indicate that different birch forest vegetation types in China do not respond uniformly to climate change. The study provides a vegetation-type-specific basis for identifying stable suitable areas, potential expansion areas, and climate-sensitive habitats, and can support adaptive management and conservation planning for montane forest vegetation under future climate change.

Abstract: This study examined the mechanical and hygrothermal response of cement mortars in-corporating recycled low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as a partial replacement of fine ag-gregate at levels of 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5% by weight of sand. A reference mixture without polymer was also prepared. The experimental program included determining density, workability, and compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. Based on the mechanical results, the formulation containing 2.5% LDPE was selected for further hygrothermal assessment in 1:5 scale chambers coated with conventional and modified mortars. The incorporation of LDPE progressively decreased both density and compressive strength. At 28 days, the reference mortar reached 5.243 MPa, whereas the mixture with 2.5% LDPE attained 1.461 MPa. Hygrothermal monitoring showed no substantial improvement in indoor tempera-ture regulation; however, the LDPE-modified coating maintained higher indoor relative humidity than the conventional system during the test period. These results indicate that recycled LDPE can be incorporated into cement-based mortars at low replacement levels for exploratory non-structural applications. However, the resulting decrease in mechani-cal strength restricts its wider applicability and highlights the necessity for further verifi-cation to satisfy performance standards tailored to specific applications.

Abstract: Activation-loop mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases alter catalytic-state equilibria by changing the balance between local flexibility, global allostery, and inhibitor-induced conformational selection. Here we analyze the c-Kit D816V substitution as a model for how mutation-induced entropy loss can convert a regulated kinase into a rigidified active-like enzyme that resists type II inhibition. Using vibrational-entropy mapping, normal-mode analysis, molecular dynamics simulations, docking, dimer-interface energetics, and in silico saturation mutagenesis, we identify a conformational rigidification mechanism centered on Val816. The substitution replaces the wild-type Asp816-centered hydrogen-bond network with a Val816-Asn819 hydrophobic seam that propagates rigidity through the juxtamembrane latch, N-lobe wedges, and activation loop. This architecture is predicted to pre-organize the catalytic spine and restrict access to the inactive DFG-out state. Although imatinib and dasatinib retain favorable calculated binding energies, D816V imposes a larger predicted energetic penalty on imatinib than on dasatinib, and the rigidified pocket is predicted to impair the conformational collapse required for productive type II inhibition, thereby uncoupling binding from functional shutdown. Saturation mutagenesis separates hydrophobic D816 substitutions into a rigid/stabilizing thermodynamic regime and N819 substitutions into a flexible/destabilizing regime, indicating that activation-loop variants can be classified by the conformational states they impose rather than by position alone. Residual local disorder near residue 816 and energetically permissive mutant-wild-type heterodimerization suggest additional mechanisms for signaling adaptability. These results support a testable biophysical model in which conformational entropy loss, rather than increased flexibility, drives D816-centered c-Kit activation and type II inhibitor resistance.

Abstract: The functioning of complex natural structures, such as living systems, still lacks a generally accepted theoretical basis with respective empirical experimental verification for decades. We propose a class of experiments to test whether such systems could be subject to an unknown ordering principle that cannot be captured by known physical laws. We hypothesise that the quantum mechanical uncertainty principle enables ordering phenomena in nearly chaotic systems in the sense of a strong emergence principle, which would not be expected when they are modelled conventionally, as several authors have already formulated in various forms. To account for the harsh conditions prevailing in living systems that may preclude fragile macroscopic quantum coherence, our hypothesis does not require such coherence at all, contrary to earlier related proposals. To test this hypothesis, two virtually identical and sufficiently complex experimental setups should be compared. One setup will operate with deterministic pseudo-random number generators at key sensitive points, while the other one will use quantum-based physical random-number generators, the two setups being otherwise identical. Existing artificial neural networks are proposed as possible test objects, and their performance under identical training conditions can be used as a quantitative benchmark. As this working hypothesis extends far beyond artificial networks, a successful outcome of such an experiment could have significant implications for many other branches of science.

Abstract: Sequence information can specify molecular components, but specification is not equivalent to cellular state realization. A gene product contributes to living function only when the cell occupies a physical state in which gradients persist, compartments remain intact, diffusion and phase organization remain compatible with execution, and perturbations can be recovered without loss of viability. This gap defines a state-realization problem: what physical architecture constrains the feasible state space within which molecular programs can be executed, stabilized, reversed, or transformed? From this problem, I derive a set of substrate requirements: self-bounded aqueous interfaces, selective permeability, electrochemical asymmetry, tunable continuous physical variables, cross-scale coupling, recursive interaction with protein and information-memory systems, and measurable recovery dynamics. Lipid-organized boundary systems satisfy these requirements in an exceptionally integrated way in modern aqueous cellular life. I therefore propose the Central Homeorhetic Principle (CHP): cellular identity, robustness, and fate transitions are constrained by a distributed homeorhetic state architecture, with lipid-organized boundary systems occupying a privileged but nonexclusive substrate position. CHP is not a rejection of the Central Dogma, nor a claim that lipids alone determine phenotype. It is a complementary constraint framework that asks how molecular information becomes physically executable and dynamically sustainable. The proposed mechanism is a distributed constraint-sensing-enactment loop in which boundary-state variables are sensed, evaluated through thresholds, converted into regulatory responses, and recursively remodeled by execution and memory systems. The framework yields testable predictions concerning temporal precedence of boundary-state shifts, threshold-like fate transitions, recovery kinetics, state degeneracy, protocell persistence, and state-trajectory restoration. It is falsifiable if boundary-state variables consistently follow rather than precede commitment, fail to alter fate thresholds under controlled perturbation, or add no predictive power beyond molecular profiles.

Abstract: Road traffic accidents represent a critical road safety problem whose severity depends on the complex interaction of multiple factors. The study of these factors and their interrelationship has therefore long been a focus of scientific literature. The objective of this study is to analyze the factors that determine the severity of road accidents, identifying the most important ones and their correlations. An accident dataset incorporating variables related to infrastructure, location, time, and vehicle type was used to predict the Injury Severity Index (ISI), applying Association Rules to identify latent correlations and an Optimized Decision Tree (CART) model for hierarchical risk classification. The results reveal that the Type of Collision is the primary predictor of severity; collisions with objects or pedestrians showed a 100% confidence in resulting in low severity, while maximum severity is associated with heavy traffic and head-on or side-impact collisions. Critical scenarios were also identified during the early morning hours and in rural areas, primarily linked to trucks. The combined use of both tools provides a solid scientific basis for designing interventions on highly vulnerable road segments and during high-risk time periods.

Abstract: Accurate, complete-arch digital implant impressions remain challenging because cumulative image stitching distortion may increase across geometrically complex edentulous arches. This in vitro study evaluated the influence of implant spatial configuration on the trueness of complete-arch digital implant impressions obtained using current-generation intraoral scanners. Three edentulous mandibular models representing different implant spatial configurations were fabricated: closely spaced parallel implants, widely distributed parallel implants, and angulated implants. Seven intraoral scanners (Trios 3, Trios 4, Trios 5, Medit i500, Primescan 1, Primescan 2, and Aoralscan 3) were evaluated. Ten scans were acquired per model and scanner, generating 210 STL datasets. A CAD replacement workflow based on scan body library geometries was performed prior to deviation analysis. Trueness was evaluated using root-mean-square (RMS) deviation values following iterative closest point alignment with reference datasets obtained using a laboratory scanner. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA and post hoc comparisons (α=.05). Significant differences were observed among scanners (p< .001), implant configurations (p< .001), and their interaction (p< .001). Lower RMS deviation values were generally observed in the closely spaced implant configuration, whereas widely distributed implants demonstrated the highest deviations across most scanners. Primescan 1 and Primescan 2 exhibited lower RMS deviation values and smaller increases in distortion across geometrically complex configurations. The spatial configuration of implants significantly influenced the trueness of complete-arch digital implant impressions. Increased implant spatial complexity was associated with greater cumulative stitching distortion during intraoral scanning procedures. Scanner performance varied with implant configuration, suggesting differing resistance to cumulative distortion among current-generation intraoral scanners.

Abstract: Detecting objects with LiDAR in fog has long been treated as a noise-removal problem: identify the fog returns and throw them away. This work takes the opposite view. The same fog returns that other methods discard are read as a direct measurement of how far the sensor can still see. After an off-the-shelf fog-segmentation step, the near-range fog points are used to estimate the atmosphere's optical thickness, which is then converted into a per-frame Maximum Detection Range (MDR) — a single, human-readable number, in meters, that tells planning and safety modules how far the LiDAR is currently usable. The estimator has no learnable parameter(The physics core — a per-frame Beer–Lambert slope fit followed by the Koschmieder mapping) and runs in real time during driving. We validate it with real-vehicle experiments in controlled heavy-fog scenarios. Across six fog runs the estimated MDR recovers the true first-detection distance with a mean absolute error of 1.99 m and R² = 0.741 — a 58 % error reduction over a no-feature baseline. To rule out that the result is an artefact of our own recording, the same estimate is cross-checked against two independent references used by the wider community: the STF transmissometer dataset and the Hahner et al. automotive fog simulator. Our estimate agrees with both, which is the key differentiator from prior LiDAR-fog work that reports performance only on its own data. The result is a real-time, parameter-free, externally-corroborated visibility readout that fits inside an existing fog-denoising pipeline and gives downstream autonomy a quantitative answer to the question "how far can I see right now?"

Abstract:

Trenchless technologies are critical for global urban sewerage construction; however, existing Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) predominantly focus on horizontal segments under standard soft soil conditions, neglecting the massive embodied carbon of "vertical nodes" in extreme geology. Based on EN 15804, this study conducts an upfront carbon (A1–A5) inventory and scenario analysis of microtunneling shafts in Hualien, Taiwan, characterized by deep excavations (10–12 m) and hard gravel formations (SPT N > 50). The research reveals a dual climate challenge induced by extreme geology: the "Geological Premium" resulting from increased machinery energy consumption, and the "Forced Carbon Lock-in Effect" triggered by the necessity of high-strength permanent structures. Empirical results demonstrate that the product stage (A1–A3) of vertical nodes accounts for 51.1% of total emissions, while the construction stage (A5) contributes 42.5%. Consequently, a material-based compensation mechanism is proposed. Scenario simulations verify that introducing geopolymer precast manholes (50% cement replacement) generates a "Green Premium" that effectively neutralizes the construction's geological premium. This study fills the LCA gap for underground infrastructure, providing scientific support for integrating geological variables and low-carbon materials into Green Public Procurement (GPP) policies.

Abstract: Tomato reproductive development is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Climate change modifies these factors, necessitating the development of tools to optimize reproductive processes. This study evaluated seaweed extracts from Macrocystis sp., Les-sonia sp., and Ascophyllum nodosum as biostimulants. The effects of these extracts on flow-ering, fruit set (the transition of flowers into fruit), and fruit ripening were assessed follow-ing foliar application at 0.25% w/v. A significant improvement in floral fertilization (suc-cessful pollination and fruit formation) was observed, with DuoAlgae resulting in a 100% increase compared to the control. Anisotropic growth was also recorded: Fertimar SC in-creased fruit length by 13.77% and the number of mature fruits by 130.41% relative to the control. Regarding fruit quality, chlorophyll content increased at the breaker stage (the ini-tial stage of color change). At the red stage, elevated levels of NO3- (nitrate), K+ (potassium), TSS (total soluble solids), lycopene, and β-carotene were detected. Collectively, these results indicate that biostimulants modulate reproductive development and fruit quality, under-scoring the potential of Peruvian algae to enhance crop productivity

Abstract: Summary. Rehabilitation for older people has a history that mirrors changing understandings of ageing, disability, work and citizenship. This article offers a longue durée analysis of rehabilitative practices directed at older adults, from Greco-Roman antiquity and non-European medical traditions to contemporary geriatric rehabilitation. It asks how societies constructed old age in ways that affected eligibility for rehabilitative care, which institutions provided such care, and how older patients shaped rehabilitative regimes. The article argues that the social value accorded to older adults consistently determined who qualified for intervention, what such intervention sought to achieve, and under what economic, religious and political conditions it became available. Tracing these developments into the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it shows how geriatric rehabilitation emerged at the intersection of welfare-state formation, demographic transition and disability rights activism, bringing the histories of ageing and rehabilitation into sustained dialogue within modern historiography today across regions and periods globally alike.The article argues that the social value accorded to older adults has consistently determined who qualifies for rehabilitative intervention, what such intervention aims to achieve and under what economic, religious and political conditions it becomes available. Practices recognisable as rehabilitative, including therapeutic exercise, training in activities of daily living, prosthetic adaptation and social reintegration, appear across many pre-modern traditions, from Ayurvedic Jara Chikitsa and Chinese tonification regimens to the Islamic bimaristan and the medieval European almshouse. In each setting access was stratified by status, gender and institutional priority, with productive utility and civic or spiritual standing frequently determining whether older bodies were deemed worth rehabilitating.Tracing these genealogies into the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the article shows how geriatric rehabilitation emerged from the intersection of welfare-state formation, demographic transition and disability rights activism. It concludes that contemporary practice requires a rights-based framework capable of addressing the enduring ageism that continues to structure access to rehabilitative care globally.

Abstract: Background: Adnexal torsion is an uncommon cause of abdominal pain, and its clinical presentation in children is nonspecific. In some studies, serum D-dimer showed promise as a biochemical marker. The aim of this multicenter prospective observational study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of preoperative serum D-dimer levels for diagnosing adnexal torsion in children and adolescents. Methods: Female patients aged <18 years presenting to the emergency departments of participating centers with symptoms suggestive of adnexal torsion between January 2022 and December 2024 were invited to participate in the study. Preoperative serum D-dimer levels were measured in all patients undergoing surgical exploration. Patients’ characteristics were examined using descriptive and inferential statistics, and the accuracy of preoperative serum D-dimer levels for diagnosing adnexal torsion was assessed using univariate logistic regression and a receiver operating characteristic curve. Results: Twenty-eight patients aged 4–17 years were enrolled. Adnexal torsion was found in 17 patients, on the left side in 4 (23.53%) and on the right side in 13 (76.47%). Almost all patients were treated laparoscopically, and no postoperative complications occurred. Preoperative serum D-dimer levels were higher among patients with adnexal torsion than among those without. The univariate model of serum D-dimer levels had an odds ratio of 1, a sensitivity of 0.77, and a specificity of 0.82 (p = 0.27). Conclusions: No direct association was observed between preoperative serum D-dimer levels and adnexal torsion. Nonetheless, the sensitivity and specificity suggest the possible utility of including serum D-dimer levels in multi-marker diagnostic models to complement rather than replace existing tools.

Abstract: Desirable color, flavor and texture of deep-fried foods turn into widespread commercialization, becoming major contributors to the risk of non-communicable disease. High-temperature frying potato promotes the formation of carbohydrate–fatty acid conjugated compounds (CFA-CCs), a group of underexplored amphiphilic molecules with potential biological toxicity and roles in metabolic inflammation. Potato chips fried in canola, corn, sunflower and palm oils at 190°C for 5, 9, and 13 minutes were used to prepare the ethanolic extract after cooling. The extracts were utilized to analyze the CFA-CCs and related compounds using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In silico absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) predictions were performed to assess pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties. Cytotoxicity of CFA-CCs were evaluated in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) using the MTT assay across a concentration range (25–800 µg/mL) at 24 and 48 h. In addition, the progression of oxidative stress, metabolic inflammation and adipogenesis associates traits were analyzed. GC–MS revealed diverse classes of compounds including fatty acid methyl esters, aldehydes, hy-droquinone derivatives, and tocopherols. Potato extracts of corn oil contain higher levels of unsaturated aldehydes and sterol derivatives, whereas canola oil found with more long-chain fatty acid methyl esters and tocopherols. ADME analysis indicated enhanced gastrointestinal & blood-brain barrier absorption, potential interaction with electron transport chain of several compounds. Cytotoxicity assay confirmed that higher dose (800 µg/mL) of CFA-CCs derived from sunflower & palm oil decreased cell viability and canola & corn increased cell proliferation after 48 hr, with respective to dose and time dependent manner. Sunflower, corn and canola oil induce ROS and apoptosis. RT-PCR analysis con-firmed an increased level of oxidative stress (LPO & TNF-α), apoptosis (BAX) in hMSCs; and adipogenesis (PPAR-γ & CEBP-α) related genes expressions in matured adipocytes after sunflower, palm oil derived CFA-CCs treatment when compared to canola and corn oil derived CFA-CCs. Type of oil and frying time critically influence the formation of CFA-CCs and their cytotoxic and lipid accumulation potential. Potato frying for 13 minutes in canola oil and corn oil protect hMSCs cells and suppress lipid accumulation. These findings emphasize the importance of frying oil, cooking period and amount of dietary intake highlighting the risk assessments of CFA-CC–mediated toxicity and adipogenicity.

Abstract: Mega-events like the Olympic Games present both opportunities and challenges for sustainable urban development. This study addresses a critical knowledge gap: how can temporary Olympic Villages transition into permanent, inclusive urban communities that deliver lasting social, economic, and environmental benefits. Drawing on grounded theory and cross-case analysis of six Olympic events, we establish a three-tier P-R-L model (Physical-Relational-Legacy) that explains sustainable community structure evolution. The Physical layer operationalizes resilient space design through adaptive infrastructure; the Relational layer institutionalizes equitable governance through stakeholder integration; the Legacy layer consolidates inclusive urban dividends beyond traditional metrics. Our findings demonstrate how these dimensions reinforce mutually to support sustainable community transitions, offering a replicable framework for mega-event planning aligned with SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions). The research contributes actionable guidance for policymakers, urban planners, and event organizers seeking to maximize positive sustainability outcomes.

Abstract: Once a large language model is released, training-time alignment is hard to revise; yet deployment introduces context-specific risks that the original training cannot anticipate: evolving safety policies, jurisdictional constraints, retrieval contamination, and adaptive adversarial prompting. In this paper, we unify inference-time techniques for trustworthy generation across safety, privacy, fairness, and factuality under a single framework: the inference-time control plane, with three tiers of intervention -- External Controls (Context Engineering, Guardrails, Decoding Strategies), which act around the model; Internal Manipulations (Representation Engineering, Unlearning, Pruning), which act inside it; and System-Level Orchestration (Multi-Agent Systems), which coordinate several models. We also introduce a meta-axis evaluation framework that crosses the four trustworthiness dimensions with five evaluation axes (effectiveness, locality, generality, interpretability, efficiency), and describe representative metrics at each intersection. We identify four cross-cutting open problems: brittleness under adaptive adversaries, the control-utility tradeoff, verification of removal, and the composition of layered interventions. A curated paper list is available at https://github.com/leopoldwhite/Awesome-Inference-Time-Trustworthiness.

Abstract: Trends in Micro- and Nano-Lithography required for future development of large area applications ranging from high-packing-density electronics to solar cells are surveyed and outlined. Strategies to use direct laser writing to define etch masks over large areas by: i) fixed beam moving stage and ii) moving beam moving stage approaches are presented. The extension of planar 2D and stacked 2D (or 2.5D) fabrication methods into 3D micro- and nano-fabrication is discussed. One of the essential future characteristic of 3D nanolithography is real-time feedback capability. This can be realised via inherent 3D-capable holography, which bridges lithographic exposure control, wavefront sensing, and adaptive feedback, providing a pathway to stitch free, large area 3D patterning. The future of micro-fabrication is expected to evolve via highly specialised 3D architecture design and reduction of post-processing steps.

Abstract: Physical activity (PA) can provide protective benefits for prostate cancer (PCa) survivors. Healthcare practitioners are ideally positioned to promote PA to their PCa patients. This study was designed to identify how practitioners have advised and supported their PCa patients to try and overcome barriers to PA. A secondary aim was to identify if there were differences in the types of PA advice provided based on practitioner specialty and number of years in practice. Participants were 13 healthcare practitioners from Auckland, New Zealand who provide biomedical (urology, oncology) and allied health services (physiotherapy) to men who have received a diagnosis of PCa. Participants were individually interviewed and data was analyzed using an inducive thematic approach. Four main themes and three sub-themes were identified. Physical activity advice did not appear to differ based on practitioner specialty or length of time in practice, rather, PA advice was provided to help counteract the associated side effects of specific PCa treatments. Verbal information, encouragement and resources were provided to help support PA. Specialist cancer nurses can provide long-term PA advice and support. Individualized exercise programs through physiotherapy can benefit men receiving active PCa treatment, as well as for men in remission experiencing treatment-related side effects.

Abstract: Suppose \( A=I-PQ^T, \) where both \( P \)and \( Q \) are \( n\times 3 \) complex matrices and det\( (Q^T P)\neq 0 \). By analyzing the Jordan canonical form of the coefficient matrix \( A, \) we find all the anti-commuting solutions \( X, \) which satisfy \( AX=-XA, \) of the Yang-Baxter-like matrix equation(YBME) \( AXA=XAX \).

Abstract: We studied the Stokes signals generated by the Raman photoexcitation of dissolved oxygen in water. When a water sample is pumped with intense nanosecond radiation, Stokes signals of different origins are generated. These signals form a characteristic nonlinear diffraction pattern, exhibiting a central spot and concentric rings whose radii depend on the Stokes wavelengths. Most of the Stokes signals correspond to the stretching vibrations of water molecules. However, we also observed a small contribution from dissolved oxygen molecules. This contribution can be separated from the others using appropriate spectroscopic filters and analyzed with a spectrometer. We report on Stokes components assigned to singlet oxygen excitation detected in the central spot, as well as in the diffraction pattern’s ring structure. The signal detected from the ring exhibits a single peak, while that from the ring itself shows a two-peak structure. The two observed peaks are interpreted as Stokes signals corresponding to Raman transitions to the two lowest vibrational sublevels of the singlet-oxygen electronic state. We also report exponential growth in the Stokes signal, in agreement with the standard stimulated Raman theoretical model.