Abstract: This study examines the role of entrepreneurship education quality in shaping students’ tourism development orientation through cognitive and capability-based mechanisms. In the context of developing countries such as Indonesia and Timor-Leste, strengthening entrepreneurial capacity is essential to support sustainable tourism growth. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, data were collected from 348 university students enrolled in entrepreneurship-related programs across the two countries. The study employs Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), multi-group analysis (PLS-MGA), and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to test direct, mediating, and moderating relationships. The findings reveal that entrepreneurship education quality significantly enhances entrepreneurial self-efficacy, which in turn strengthens innovation capability, leading to higher entrepreneurial intention and ultimately tourism development orientation. However, no direct effect of education quality on entrepreneurial intention or tourism orientation was found, indicating full mediation. Entrepreneurship course experience positively moderates the relationship between education quality and self-efficacy, while prior entrepreneurial experience shows no significant moderating effect. Cross-national analysis indicates that the link between entrepreneurial intention and tourism orientation is stronger in Indonesia than in Timor-Leste. Overall, the study highlights the importance of fostering self-efficacy and innovation capability as key pathways through which entrepreneurship education contributes to tourism development.

Abstract: Why does research on Neanderthals attract public attention far beyond its immediate scientific relevance? Such fascination reflects not merely intellectual curiosity but the activation of deep symbolic structures, what Carl Gustav Jung termed the collective unconscious. Neanderthals occupy a psychologically distinctive position as an "incorporated other": an extinct human lineage that remains genetically present in the genomes of non-African modern humans, collapsing intuitive boundaries between self and other, past and present, familiarity and extinction. This symbolic ambiguity is intensified by ancient pathogen evidence and the largely genomic but morphologically invisible presence of Denisovans. Integrating perspectives from evolutionary biology, ancient genomics, paleoanthropology, and analytical psychology, I address a question Jung did not explicitly pose: when, along the human evolutionary lineage, did the collective unconscious originate? I argue that this structure did not emerge suddenly. Homo erectus established the cognitive floor, providing basic universal schemas of fear, group cohesion, and hierarchy, without strong evidence of symbolic elaboration. Homo heidelbergensis, the common ancestor of both Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, is the strongest candidate for the emergence of proto-archetypal structures, given its enlarged brain, complex social behavior, and early funerary practice. The symbolic system was operational in Neanderthals and archaic Homo sapiens and became fully and unambiguously visible only with the Upper Paleolithic explosion approximately 40,000 to 50,000 years ago. Neanderthals are therefore not merely objects of curiosity; they are co-inheritors of the same deep symbolic architecture still operating in every modern mind that encounters them.

Abstract: Proficient second language (L2) reading relies on complex neurocognitive processes. Neuroimaging studies have identified key brain regions recruited during L2 reading, including the left inferior parietal lobule (LIPL) and the calcarine cortex (CAL). The LIPL has been suggested to be involved in phonological decoding during L2 reading, whereas the CAL has been implicated in early-stage visual processing. However, given the cor-relational nature of neuroimaging techniques, it remains unclear whether these regions play causal roles in L2 reading or are merely epiphenomenal. To address this issue, the present study used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to modulate neural activity in these regions and eye-tracking technology to assess subsequent reading performance in Chinese-English bilinguals. Specifically, ninety-seven participants were randomly assigned to one of three offline TMS conditions: LIPL, CAL or vertex (as a control site) stimulation, after which they performed a natural sentence reading task in English. The results showed that, compared to the control condition, TMS over the LIPL significantly reduced first fixation duration, whereas no significant effects emerged on gaze duration, regression path reading time, or total reading time. TMS over the CAL produced no significant effects on any eye movement measures. These findings suggest that the LIPL plays a causal role in L2 reading for early-stage lexical processing through phonological decoding. Overall, this study is the first to employ TMS and eye-tracking to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying natural L2 reading.

Abstract: This study introduces the Children's Empathy for Older Adults (CEOA) eight-item scale, a novel image-based instrument designed to measure young children's views, empathy, and behavioural intentions toward older adults. CEOA was administered as a pre-test and post-test metric, following storytelling sessions, on 232 children aged 5-6 years in the multi-racial and multi-cultural context, Singapore. Findings revealed that children with regular exposure to grandparents demonstrated clearer, more distinct responses across all three domains, indicating a more developed understanding of older adults’ needs. In contrast, children without such exposure showed less differentiation between cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. These results underscore the importance of intergenerational contact in shaping children’s perceptions and empathy for older adults. The CEOA scale is a valuable tool for future research and interventions aimed at fostering positive intergenerational relationships.

Abstract: Background: Generative artificial intelligence is entering higher education faster than many universities have been able to govern it, particularly in African contexts where policy ambition, institutional capacity, digital infrastructure, and pedagogical practice do not always advance at the same pace. Purpose: This study examines how generative artificial intelligence integration is publicly documented, governed, and framed at two universities in Rwanda: the African Leadership University and the Adventist University of Central Africa. Design: Guided by an integrated framework combining institutional readiness, Diffusion of Innovations, and a rights-based governance lens, the study adopts an interpretivist comparative multiple-case design based on document analysis and secondary analysis. The corpus comprises publicly retrievable institutional webpages, policy documents, academic regulations, handbooks, e-learning materials, research manuals, national policy texts, and recent peer-reviewed scholarship published or available between 2021 and April 2026. Findings: Public evidence indicates visible AI engagement at both universities, but in materially different forms. ALU appears more innovation-signalling, foregrounding AI research, student bootcamps, and academic-support programming. AUCA appears more governance-dense, with stronger public visibility of academic regulations, academic-integrity language, ICT and online-learning policies, plagiarism infrastructure, and AI-and-big-data institutional positioning. However, neither institution publicly presents a fully specified generative AI acceptable-use regime aligned with Rwanda’s evolving national and sectoral AI governance expectations. The findings therefore suggest that visible experimentation is advancing faster than visible rule specificity. Originality/value: The study contributes rare comparative African evidence on university AI governance and introduces a useful analytical distinction between innovation signalling and governance readiness. Practical implications: The central challenge is no longer whether universities will adopt AI, but whether they can align policy clarity, academic-integrity architecture, digital capacity, and educational purpose in institutionally credible ways. The study also identifies concrete priorities for later primary research on implementation, stakeholder interpretation, and assessment design.

Abstract: This study examined parent–child physiological synchrony within the context of interactions and attachment-related differences. Specifically, this study investigated physiological synchrony, as indexed by the association between parent and child root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) during free-play interactions, and differences in children’s mean heart rates according to attachment classification. The participants were 25 parent–child dyads (mean child age = 36.48 months). Physiological responses were assessed during free-play interactions using heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV). Children’s attachment was classified as secure or resistant based on their behaviors observed during the separation–reunion procedure. The results showed a significant positive association between the parent and child RMSSD (ρ =.48, p <.05). Parental anxiety was positively associated with both parents’ and children’s physiological arousal. Attachment-related group differences were observed only in the mean heart rate, with children with resistant attachment showing a significantly higher HR than those with secure attachment (t = 2.69, p <.05). No significant group differences were observed in the RMSSD or HR/RMSSD ratios. Overall, these findings suggest that the parent–child RMSSD association, as a component of physiological synchrony, may reflect a normative feature of parent–child interaction that emerges across attachment classifications. In addition, attachment-related differences were primarily observed in physiological arousal.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the predictive role of adverse childhood experiences on attachment styles and generalized anxiety in 358 adults who had experienced violence in Trujillo, thereby directly contributing to SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being. The study was conducted using a quantitative, empirical approach with an explanatory focus, employing a non-experimental cross-sectional design. The findings confirmed that adverse childhood experiences significantly predict both the formation of emotional bonds and anxiety symptoms, with a stronger impact on attachment styles. It was determined that early adversity does not act in isolation but rather distorts the emotional bond; thus, attachment acts as a mediating bridge where the insecurity generated by adverse experiences is what ultimately triggers and sustains anxiety in adulthood. These results underscore that current psychological distress is the consequence of a chain of vulnerability initiated in childhood, where the distortion of the attachment system becomes the central mechanism that perpetuates anxiety symptoms in the face of an environment perceived as hostile.

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel framework, HyperGAT-BERT-RAS, that integrates: (1) a Hy perGraph Attention Network (HyperGAT) with BERT for enhanced semantic representa-tion; (2) a Reference Answer Set (RAS) constructed via clustering of full-score answers; (3) Siamese Neural Networks (SNNs) for similarity-based scoring; and (4) GPT-4-based data augmentation to address class imbalance. Experiments on the Ohsumed and ASAP-5 da-tasets demonstrate that: (i) HyperGAT-BERT achieves 0.7317 accuracy on Ohsumed text classification, outperforming baseline HyperGAT by 2.69%; (ii) the full Hyper-GAT-BERT-RAS achieves 0.7991 accuracy and 0.7956 F1-score, with RAS contributing the most to performance gains (4.34% accuracy drop when removed); (iii) GPT-4 augmentation improves Quadratic Weighted Kappa from 0.584 to 0.880 and minority-class (scores 2–3) F1 by 15.3%. These improvements translate into more reliable scoring of diverse student answers, reduced teacher grading burden, and enhanced feasibility of AI-assisted forma-tive assessment in real classrooms. Ablation and error analyses confirm the contribution of each component. The framework advances ASAG by synergizing graph-based relational modeling, pretrained language understanding, and knowledge-guided scoring.

Abstract: This study examined the mediating role of negative stress in the relationship between Psychological Capital (PsyCap) a higher-order construct comprising hope, self-efficacy, resilience, and optimism and psychological distress indicators among Ecuadorian uni-versity students. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 1,732 students (55% women; M = 20.44, SD = 2.29), using validated self-report measures. Structural equa-tion modeling showed a good model fit (CFI = 0.947; TLI = 0.942; RMSEA = 0.055; SRMR = 0.040) Results indicated that PsyCap was negatively associated with negative stress (β = −0.261), which in turn showed strong positive effects on anxiety–depression symptoms (β = 0.782) and psychological inflexibility (β = 0.781). Direct effects of PsyCap on both outcomes were significant but comparatively small (β = −0.115 and β = −0.086, respec-tively), whereas indirect effects through stress were substantial and significant (β = −0.204), supporting a partial mediation model. The model explained 67.2% of the vari-ance in anxiety–depression and 65.2% in psychological inflexibility. These findings suggest that PsyCap operates primarily as a protective factor through its capacity to reduce negative stress, which subsequently influences downstream psy-chological outcomes. The results highlight the importance of stress-focused mecha-nisms in understanding how positive psychological resources impact mental health. From an applied perspective, the findings underscore the relevance of implementing strengths-based interventions in higher education that enhance PsyCap components while simultaneously targeting stress reduction. Such inter-ventions may contribute to decreasing psychological distress and improving students’ adaptive functioning and well-being. This study provides robust evidence from the Latin American context, advancing the understanding of transdiagnostic mechanisms linking positive resources and mental health in university populations.

Abstract: Apathy is an increasingly recognized neuropsychiatric syndrome and predictor of cognitive decline, distinct from depression. Although type 2 diabetes mellitus is a well-established risk factor for cognitive impairment, longitudinal evidence examining whether apathy links diabetes risk to adverse cognitive outcomes remains limited. We used data from 4,571 U.S. adults aged ≥60 years without baseline memory problems enrolled in the U.S.Health and Retirement Study. Diabetes risk was measured using glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), treated continuously. Apathy was derived from four CES-D items reflecting diminished positive affect and motivation. Outcomes included incident self-reported Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) and incident cognitive impairment. Accelerated time-to-failure Weibull models were used to estimate associations between HbA1c and time to each outcome. Mediation was tested using a product-of-coefficients approach incorporating survey weights. Higher HbA1c was associated with shorter time to ADRD (coefficient −0.09; 95% CI −0.16, −0.02) and cognitive impairment (−0.16; 95% CI −0.23, −0.09), as well as greater apathy (β = 0.01; 95% CI 0.007, 0.03). After including apathy in Weibull models, associations with ADRD (−0.07; 95% CI −0.14, −0.006; p = 0.032) and cognitive impairment (−0.14; 95% CI −0.21, −0.07; p < 0.001) were changed but remained significant. Indirect effects through apathy were statistically significant for both outcomes, indicating partial mediation. Overall, elevated diabetes risk was associated with accelerated onset of ADRD and cognitive impairment, with apathy partially mediating these relationships, highlighting apathy as a potential target for behavioral interventions in individuals with diabetes.

Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to support writing, translation, reasoning, and consequential decision-making under the assumption that they improve judgment by expanding access to information and reducing human error. This article argues that such optimism overlooks a central psychological problem: LLMs do not engage neutral users, but motivated reasoners. In common patterns of use, people approach these systems with prior beliefs, directional goals, and a desire to reduce cognitive effort. They ask leading questions, search in preferred directions, and often stop once a fluent and coherent answer appears. Under these conditions, LLMs may function less as external correctives than as smart mirrors that reflect users’ assumptions back to them with the authority of machine objectivity. Drawing on research in judgment and decision-making, motivated reasoning, automation bias, processing fluency, and human–AI interaction, the article develops the concept of artificial confidence: an inflated sense of certainty sustained by the structure of the interaction rather than by the quality of the evidence. The paper concludes by outlining a research agenda for identifying when human–AI interaction improves judgment and when it amplifies bias and overreliance, erodes epistemic responsibility, and creates challenges for governance, oversight, and decision-making protocols in AI-augmented systems.

Abstract: This article compares urban planning dealing with historic buildings in Berlin and Stockholm. It examines some cases of preservation, demolition and reconstruction of historic buildings. Different historic approaches in urban planning are subsumed under the slogans “architecture as wellbeing” and “the automotive city”. The policy cycle serves as a framework for a qualitative content analysis of debates on urban planning in both city councils. It results in the application of the slogan” architecture as wellbeing” could both result in demolition of historic buildings and their replacement with modern ones (the Hansa Quarter in Berlin and the demolitions in Nedre Norrmalm/Klara in Stockholm), and in restorations and reconstructions (from the 1970s on). The intention to build a modern city in the 1950s and 1960s could both result in a loosened city, as realized in the Hansa Quarter, in Vällingby and in most of the argumentation in Stockholm’s City Council in favour of hygienic housing and underground traffic, and in a densened automotive city, as it actually was implemented in Stockholm’s center. Today, while Berlin has opted for reconstruction in several cases, Stockholm is preserving the status quo achieved by the large-scale demolitions of the 1950s and 1960s.

Abstract: Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) exercise veto power on most empirical research in the social and behavioural sciences. Although widely regarded as essential safeguards in behavioural research, their overall impact on knowledge production has been seldom scrutinized, much less systematically examined. Rather than evaluating IRBs in terms of their stated aims, this article considers them as institutions based on process characteristics: that is, as decision making units facing bureaucratic incentives to impose costs on others. From this political economic perspective, ethics review functions not as a neutral guardrail, but as an active agent influencing the selection pressures within the scientific ecosystems they regulate. This article examines the following key mechanisms through which IRBs affect knowledge production: (1) cost inflation and quality dilution that reduces both the supply of and demand for the knowledge produced by research; (2) selection effects operating on researcher characteristics and on the bureaucratization of decision-making processes in a direction detrimental to the quality and integrity of research production; and (3) non-random distortions of methods, topics, and rates of independent replication are all expected to contribute to a reduction in the practical significance and societal benefit of affected academic institutions. These impacts escalate because of asymmetric accountability and motivated mission expansion in a system where overreach more often self-reinforces than becomes restrained by corrective feedback. This points to empirical predictions and highlights the need to quantify the real costs of unchecked IRB expansion.

Abstract: Background: Direct annual national series on AI adoption in higher education are not consistently available for Uzbekistan, yet the diffusion of AI-enabled learning depends on measurable digital and economic preconditions. Methods: Using annual data for 2000–2023, this study models tertiary enrollment as a macro-level proxy for the expansion of AI-ready higher education, with internet use, mobile subscriptions, and real GDP per capita as explanatory factors in a trend-augmented ARDL/UECM framework. Trend-aware unit-root testing, lag selection, bounds testing, and residual diagnostics are implemented as one closed empirical sequence. Results: The preferred ARDL(1,3,1,1) specification supports cointegration, a significant error-correction mechanism, a positive long-run role for mobile access, and a negative internet coefficient after controlling for mobile inclusion, income, and structural trend. Conclusions: AI readiness in higher education should be interpreted as a conversion problem rather than a simple connectivity problem.

Abstract: Most theories of emotion assume that emotional experiences arise from the interaction between bodily states, cognitive processes, and the surrounding environment. Despite this convergence, a central empirical problem remains insufficiently explained: similar physiological states can give rise to markedly different emotional experiences depending on context.Existing approaches provide partial accounts of this variability. Biological models characterise the role of bodily signals, predictive and constructivist frameworks emphasise inference and conceptual knowledge, and socio-cultural theories highlight the influence of norms and shared meaning. However, these perspectives often fail to distinguish between two levels of top-down organisation: conceptual knowledge, which provides the categories used to interpret affective states, and socio-cultural constraints, which regulate which interpretations become plausible and stable in a given context.In this article, we propose a tri-directional framework in which emotion emerges from the ongoing interaction between bodily signals, predictive processes, and socio-cultural constraints. Within this perspective, emotional experience is conceptualised as a process of constrained selection under uncertainty: bodily signals generate ambiguous affective input, predictive processes organise candidate interpretations, and socio-cultural constraints bias their stabilisation.A central implication of this framework concerns the role of stress. Rather than producing a uniform increase or decrease in emotional responding, stress is conceptualised as a constraint on regulatory dynamics that reduces the range of accessible interpretations and amplifies the system’s dominant mode of stabilisation. This leads to the prediction that, under stress, emotional responses will diverge rather than converge depending on contextual and socio-cultural factors.By integrating biological, inferential, and socio-cultural perspectives within a unified framework, this approach provides a more precise account of emotional variability and generates testable predictions regarding the dynamics of emotion under conditions of uncertainty.

Abstract: Active mobility in peri-urban areas is influenced by sprawl, limited public transportation, and reliance on private vehicles. This study redefines active mobility in peri-urban and low-density contexts from a territorial perspective informed by the Veneto Region and reframes micro-hubs as socially oriented, network-integrated elements rather than scaled-down urban hubs. This study adopts a qualitative, theory-driven methodology combining a multidisciplinary review of the active mobility concept with thematic analysis to identify mobility hub characteristics, followed by analytical synthesis, the classification of mobility hub types, and a set of social indicators for analyzing their performance. These methods are used to develop a framework for understanding mi-cro-hubs as socio-spatial components of active mobility networks. Results indicate that a network of minor roads and micro-hubs can support shifts toward active mobility when aligned with daily mobility patterns and supported by multi-level governance. The study outlines the socio-spatial roles of micro-hubs and defines them as nodes that link local networks and everyday mobility systems, distinguishing three roles: network, welfare, and civic. Socio-spatially integrated micro-hubs can be effective in reducing car dependence while providing transferable policy-oriented actions for similar peri-urban and low-density areas.

Abstract: Inclusion has become a central concept in disability policy, education, and welfare state reform, yet its practical implementation remains ambivalent. While inclusion is promoted as a rights-based ideal grounded in equality, it can also function as an administrative label that obscures persistent exclusion. Drawing on critical disability studies, this article analyses inclusion as a contested, power-laden concept and develops a three-stage framework—access, participation, and agency—to distinguish formal inclusion from substantive belonging and influence. The framework is applied to key domains of disabled people’s lives—education, housing, service systems, working life, crises, and digitalised everyday life—showing how ableist norms, managerial governance, and institutional logics can reproduce exclusion within ‘inclusive’ reforms, including forms of transformed institutionalisation. The article argues that meaningful inclusion requires dismantling ableist norms, addressing structural power relations, resourcing supports, and strengthening disabled people’s agency in decision-making.

Abstract: Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in physiological resilience and increased susceptibility to chronic diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. Emerging evidence indicates that low-dose stressors (collectively termed hormetic stimuli) activate adaptive cellular responses that enhance stress resistance, promote repair mechanisms, and ultimately extend healthspan. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on hormesis in the context of aging, with a focus on key molecular pathways including nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2), sirtuins, autophagy, and mitohormesis. We examine how lifestyle interventions (physical exercise, caloric restriction, mild thermal stress) and emerging pharmacological agents induce beneficial adaptive responses, while critically evaluating their translational potential in clinical and public health settings. Special emphasis is placed on the role of hormesis in counteracting neurodegeneration, the utility of autophagy and systemic aging biomarkers (epigenetic clocks, inflammaging scores) for precision dosing, and the limitations imposed by inter-individual variability, age-related decline in adaptive capacity, and risks of overexposure. Understanding the delicate balance between beneficial and detrimental stress responses is essential for leveraging hormesis as a robust strategy to counteract aging and age-related diseases. We further propose a multilevel framework integrating molecular mechanisms with clinical outcomes, positioning hormesis as a key determinant of adaptive resilience in aging.

Abstract: Intercultural education in Mapuche contexts is shaped by persistent tensions between dominant school knowledge and Indigenous educational practices. However, there is limited comparative empirical evidence on how these tensions are distributed across educational actors. This study aimed to compare socio-educational and cultural am-bivalence between students and teachers across multiple dimensions. A cross-sectional quantitative design was conducted with 546 participants (284 students and 262 teach-ers) from primary and secondary schools in southern Chile. Ambivalence was assessed using the Socio-Educational and Cultural Ambivalence Scale (EASC). A two-step cluster analysis identified ambivalence profiles, followed by a 2×2 factorial MANOVA (role × ethnicity). Results revealed three distinct ambivalence profiles (low, medium, high), with significant differences across all dimensions (p < .001). Multivariate anal-yses showed significant effects of role (Pillai's trace = .230, F(6,537) = 26.67, p < .001, η²p = .230) and ethnicity (Pillai's trace = .108, F(6,537) = 10.86, p < .001, η²p = .108), with no significant multivariate interaction (p = .104). Teachers reported higher levels of am-bivalence than students in five of six dimensions, while Mapuche participants scored higher than non-Mapuche participants across most dimensions. These findings indicate that ambivalence is a structural condition of the educational system, unevenly distrib-uted according to actors' positions and intensified in roles involving pedagogical me-diation. Implications point to the need for structural transformations in intercultural education, particularly in teacher education.

Abstract: This study examines whether and how the perceived effectiveness of GenAI-assisted itinerary recommendations influences tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior in heritage tourism. Drawing on the Stimulus–Organism–Response framework, the study conceptualizes the perceived effectiveness of GenAI-assisted itinerary recommendations as the stimulus, cultural identity as the organism, and tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior as the response. Data were collected from 479 Chinese domestic tourists who had used GenAI tools for itinerary planning when visiting three UNESCO World Heritage sites in Henan Province, China. The data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that the perceived effectiveness of GenAI-assisted itinerary recommendations significantly enhances cultural identity, and cultural identity, in turn, significantly promotes tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior. The indirect effect is also significant, confirming the mediating role of cultural identity. These findings suggest that the importance of GenAI-assisted itinerary recommendations in heritage tourism lies not only in improving trip planning, but also in shaping how tourists engage with the cultural meaning of the destination. This study extends GenAI tourism research beyond adoption-related outcomes, identifies cultural identity as a heritage-specific explanatory mechanism, and refines the application of the Stimulus–Organism–Response framework in AI-enabled heritage tourism contexts.