Abstract: (1)Background: Burn injuries lead to long-term physical, psychological, and functional sequelae, with socioeconomic, clinical, and health system factors contributing to inequities in outcomes. Chronic neuropathic pain, fragmented care, and limited access to rehabilitation remain persistent challenges, particularly among vulnerable populations. (2) Methods: A scoping review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect for studies published between 2010 and 2026 in English, Spanish, or Portuguese. Thirty-one studies were included, encompassing quantitative, qualitative, mixed-methods research, literature reviews, guidelines, and reports addressing continuity of care and follow-up after skin grafting in burn patients of any cause or age. Data were extracted independently and synthesized using descriptive and narrative approaches. (3) Results: The incidence of chronic neuropathic pain was 6%, often refractory and associated with smoking and substance use, with gabapentin and ascorbic acid showing significant pain reduction. Structured follow-up programs improved quality of life and psychosocial outcomes but did not reduce readmissions. Indigenous populations experienced greater severity and complications, while approximately half of the patients were at risk of post-traumatic stress disorder linked to body image dissatisfaction. Telemedicine reduced access barriers, yet delays in specialized care contributed to contractures and pathological scarring. Early rehabilitation mitigated functional disability, though gaps persist in pain management, psychosocial support, and continuity of care. (4) Conclusions: Post-burn recovery is a multidimensional process requiring structured follow-up, early rehabilitation, telemedicine, and culturally adapted interventions to promote equity and patient-centered outcomes. Keywords: Burns; Chronic neuropathic pain; Postoperative follow-up; Rehabilitation; Health inequities; Pa-tient-centered outcomes.

Abstract: Aging causes exhaustion of stem cells (SCs), loss of regenerative potential, and thereby makes them susceptible to age-related diseases (ARDs), known as cellular senescence. Senescent stem cells (SenSCs) secrete Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotypes (SASPs) that synergistically exacerbate inflammation. Alongside this, they secrete Senescence-Derived extracellular vesicles (SenEVs) that carry a diverse array of molecules that transmit senescence-inducing signals to distant cells and tissues throughout the body, intensifying the detrimental effects of ageing and fostering a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment (PTME). In this review, we comprehensively assess these EVs, their distinct microRNA (miRNA) landscape, protein cargo, including extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling enzymes and inflammatory cytokines, lipid profiles, and metabolomic signatures. Critically, we elucidate how SenEVs drive systemic ageing through paracrine transmission of senescence, impairing tissue regeneration by propagating oxidative stress, disrupting stem cell niches, and contributing to organ-specific ageing. Furthermore, we discussed their role as pro-cancer factors by remodeling the tumor microenvironment (TME), as they carry oncogenic miR-21 and miR-34a, which promote immune evasion and facilitate metastatic spread. Given their pervasive influence, SenEVs offer significant therapeutic opportunities, ranging from biomarkers of biological ageing to strategies to block harmful EVs and to engineer therapeutic EVs for targeted delivery. Future directions on SenEV research should focus on standardization, single-cell EV biology, organ-specific EV mapping, multi-omics integration, and AI-driven research. This integrated perspective underscores the profound clinical and global relevance of SenEVs as innovative targets for combating cancer and ARDs.

Abstract: To investigate the critical extinction criterion for fire extinguishment through acoustic oscillation and achieve the transition from empirical qualitative studies to quantitative and precise applications for acoustic fire extinguishment, this study, based on the flame-fuel cycle model proposed by Friedman, A.N., conducts modifications and extensions of several critical parameters. By modifying the Quintiere-Spalding B-number model for gaseous fuels and premixed combustion, and carrying out multi-factor extinction experiments considering combustion type, flame size, and fuel properties, a generalized acoustic extinction criterion model applicable to gaseous fuels is established, breaking through the serious limitation that the original theory was only applicable to liquid fuels with similar Prandtl numbers. Through logarithmic fitting of methane, propane and butane diffusion flames, the flame height exponent α = 0.6868 is quantitatively determined, and the flame type terms for methane and propane gas premixed flames at an equivalence ratio ϕ ≈ 1 are found to be kM = 3.7975 and kP = 2.8123, respectively. The critical extinction criterion for gaseous fuel flames is finally obtained as Θ′ A = 0.0817. Meanwhile, comprehensive universal validation of the above parameters is performed. Finally, the study reveals the dual effect of acoustic frequency on flame extinction and the phenomena of flame necking and fracture under acoustic field interference, and discovers an abnormal increase in the critical particle velocity for acoustic extinction in the relatively high-frequency regime above 90 Hz. This research provides theoretical support for the engineering application of acoustic fire extinguishing technology and the in-depth exploration of the mechanism of sound-induced flame extinction.

Abstract: This work presents the study results of the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of aboveground organs of the East Kazakhstan population of Salicornia europaea L. The chemical composition of the plant sample was studied using a complex of modern analyt-ical methods, including HPLC, GC-MS, IR-Fourier spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. It was found that the content of flavonoids was 2.40 ± 0.02 mg QE/g of dry raw materials, and the content of polyphenols was 6.73 ± 0.03 mg GAE/g. The antioxidant activity (ABTS test) reached 7.85±0.04 mg TE/g. The concentration of fat-soluble and water-soluble vita-mins was: C - 1.27 ± 0.12 mg/100 g, A - 1.16 ± 0.11 mg/100 g and E - 3.89 ± 0.38 mg/100 g. The IR characterization of plant raw materials and ash was carried out, the indicators of the elemental composition (TC, TOC, TIC, TN, TS) were determined. The totality of the data obtained indicates the phytochemical potential of Salicornia europaea L., which grows in the territory of Eastern Kazakhstan, and substantiates the prospects of its use in the develop-ment of cosmetic and cosmeceutical products.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Advanced heart failure is associated with reduced functional capacity and impaired quality of live. Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are increasingly used as a long-term treatment option in patients with end-stage heart failure. Despite improvements in hemodynamic function after LVAD implantation, many patients continue to experience limitations in daily functioning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between physical activity and functional status in patients with LVAD support. Methods: The study included 262 adult participants divided into four groups according to LVAD support and declared physical activity. Functional status and quality of life were assessed using the Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) and the Minesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ). Results: Significant differences were observed between the analyzed groups in both SF-36 and MLHFQ scores. Physically active patients with LVAD achieved the most favorable results, indicating better functional status and lower symptom burden, whereas inactive individuals demonstrated poorer outcomes. Significant correlations were found between physical activity and selected aspects of daily functioning, including walking, climbing stairs, household activities, and carrying groceries. Higher levels of physical activity were associated with better quality of life and fewer functional limitations. Conclusions: Physical activity may positively influence functional status and quality of life in patients with LVAD support. The findings suggest that regular physical activity should be considered an important component of rehabilitation and long-term management in patients with advanced heart failure treated with LVAD therapy.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is charac-terized by epithelial remodeling, impaired mucociliary clearance, and altered nitric oxide (NO) metabolism. However, the cell type–specific mechanisms of NO production and the functional roles of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms in sinonasal epithelial cells remain unclear. This study investigated NO production dynamics in air–liquid in-terface (ALI) cultures of human sinonasal epithelial cells. Methods: Human sinonasal epithelial cells were differentiated under ALI conditions. Expression of inducible NOS (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. Intracellular NO production was evaluated using the NO-sensitive fluorescent probe DAF-FM com-bined with laser scanning confocal microscopy. Cell type–specific NO production was examined in ciliated and non-ciliated epithelial cells using the NOS inhibitors L-NAME and 1400W. Results: CRSwNP tissues demonstrated significantly increased iNOS ex-pression and elevated iNOS/eNOS ratios compared with controls, whereas eNOS ex-pression showed no significant difference. ALI cultures successfully reproduced dif-ferentiated sinonasal epithelium containing ciliated and basal cells. DAF-FM fluores-cence revealed significantly greater NO production in ciliated epithelial cells than in non-ciliated cells. Non-selective NOS inhibition by L-NAME markedly suppressed NO production in both cell types, whereas selective iNOS inhibition by 1400W reduced but did not abolish NO production in ciliated cells. Conclusions: NO production mecha-nisms differ according to sinonasal epithelial cell subtype. Ciliated epithelial cells maintain both eNOS- and iNOS-dependent NO production, whereas non-ciliated cells predominantly rely on iNOS-derived NO. Dysregulated spatial NO signaling associated with ciliated cell loss may contribute to epithelial dysfunction and chronic inflammation in CRSwNP.

Abstract: Floods triggered by intense precipitation represent one of the most significant natural hazards affecting Mediterranean regions, where complex terrain, rapid hydrological response and increasing urbanization can amplify flood impacts. This study presents a flood hazard assessment for two representative Eastern Mediterranean catchments: the Koiliaris River Basin in Crete-Greece and the Pediaios River Basin in wider Nicosia region in Cyprus. A composite Flood Hazard Index was developed by integrating three indicators representing key drivers of flood generation: the Topographic Wetness In-dex describing terrain-driven water accumulation, the Curve Number representing runoff potential, and the R20 precipitation frequency index. Spatial datasets including EU-DEM elevation data, CORINE land cover, European soil databases and precipita-tion information from the Copernicus CERRA reanalysis were used to derive the indi-cators. Each indicator was classified using the Natural Breaks method and combined through a weighted multi-criteria approach based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process. The resulting maps identify high-susceptibility areas mainly along river corridors and low-lying zones with high runoff and accumulation potential. Higher hazard levels occur in downstream areas of Koiliaris and urbanized zones of the Pediaios basin, par-ticularly around Nicosia. Historical flood events were also analyzed to validate the index and examine links between rainfall intensity and impact severity.

Abstract: Hantaviruses are emerging zoonotic pathogens that represent a significant global threat due to their expanding geographic distribution, broad host range, and potential to cause severe disease in humans. These viruses are primarily transmitted via aerosolized excreta from infected rodents, although insectivores and bats have also been identified as potential reservoirs. Human infections can lead to two main clinical syndromes: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), which is predominantly reported in Europe and Asia, and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), primarily occurring in the Americas. Several factors contribute to the rising incidence and spread of hantavirus infections worldwide, including climate change, environmental disturbances, urbanization, habitat alteration, and increased human-animal interactions. This mini-review synthesizes current understanding of hantavirus epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, highlighting their growing importance within the One Health framework.

Abstract: Both temperature and solar radiation cause variations in photovoltaic output power. Nev-ertheless, each variation has a maximum power point, which represents the photovoltaic output's maximum efficiency. Photovoltaic power must be managed at the highest point in order to achieve optimal efficiency. This can be accomplished by employing a converter to regulate the photovoltaic output voltage at the maximum power. This study proposes a quadratic boost converter (QBC) to control photovoltaic output power by using the Deep Recurrent Neural Network (DRNN) algorithm. The goal of DRNN is to decrease ripple at the maximum point and speed up time to reach the maximum power point. QBC is de-signed to obtain a higher DC output voltage than a regular boost converter, so it can elim-inate the use of a step-up transformer if the photovoltaic is connected to an inverter. The proposed method is applied to a 50 Wp solar panel with an Arduino microcontroller as the controller device. The experimental results demonstrate that the DRNN algo-rithm-based QBC has effectively controlled the solar panel output power at the maximum point with a smoother ripple and a faster response. QBC has also been able to produce higher voltage output according to its characteristics.

Abstract: In the era of data-driven decision-making, the pursuit of competitive excellence in professional football has evolved beyond instinct and tradition. This research explores the question: What makes a football team successful? — by adopting a team-centric machine learning approach grounded in performance analytics. Using a comprehensive dataset of Premier League player statistics from 1992 to 2019, the study aims to develop predictive models that can identify the key performance indicators (KPIs) that drive team success over time. Chapter I establishes the research background, problem statement, and objectives, emphasizing the growing relevance of artificial intelligence in modern football analysis. Chapter II presents a critical review of existing literature on sports analytics and machine learning, highlighting methodological gaps in explainable, team-focused success modelling. Chapter III details a structured methodology based on the CRISP-DM framework, encompassing data preprocessing, feature engineering, performance tier formulation, feature selection strategies, and supervised learning model development. Three supervised classification models-Logistic Regression, Random Forest, and Gradient Boosting—were implemented and evaluated using metrics including Accuracy, F1-Score, ROC-AUC, and confusion matrices. Ensemble learning techniques, including voting and stacking, were further explored to enhance predictive robustness. Model stability was assessed through 5-fold stratified cross-validation, and paired t-tests on cross-validated F1-scores indicated no statistically significant performance differences between models (p > 0.05). Gradient Boosting demonstrated consistently strong performance (mean F1-score ≈ 1.00), low variance across folds, and superior interpretability, supporting its selection as the primary base learner within the final ensemble framework. To address model transparency, SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) was applied at both team and player levels, enabling granular interpretation of feature contributions to success predictions. The findings reveal that attacking efficiency, defensive stability, and disciplinary control consistently influence successful team outcomes. Beyond predictive accuracy, the study proposes practical decision-support extensions, like performance tiering, highlighting the real-world applicability of the framework. This project ultimately aims not only to predict success but to uncover why certain teams win—offering insights that could inform coaching, scouting, and strategy. The outcome is a step forward in applying AI to assist the beautiful game to further evolve.

Abstract: Monopile offshore wind turbines are vulnerable to excessive vibration under coupled wind, wave, and seismic loading because of their slender and flexible structural characteristics. This study investigates a single-sided vibro-impact nonlinear energy sink (SSVI NES) installed inside the nacelle of a 5 MW monopile offshore wind turbine. A reduced-order ten-degree-of-freedom dynamic model is established using the Euler–Lagrange formulation, and turbulent wind, irregular wave, and seismic inputs are generated using TurbSim, the Kaimal and JONSWAP spectra, the Morison equation, and 15 PEER ground motions. The proposed controller is compared with an optimized tuned mass damper (TMD) under nominal and frequency-detuned conditions. The results show that the SSVI NES achieves vibration reduction comparable to that of the optimized TMD under the design condition while requiring a smaller absorber stroke. More importantly, it retains its control effectiveness more stably under frequency detuning, indicating improved robustness against structural-frequency variations. These findings suggest that the SSVI NES is a promising passive solution for enhancing the operational safety and multi-hazard resilience of monopile offshore wind turbines.

Abstract:

Corydalis ophiocarpa is a medicinally valuable plant, noted for its abundant alkaloid content. Despite its significance, the mitochondrial genome of this plant has not been characterized, which impedes both the phylogenetic understanding within the Corydalis genus and the comprehension of its full genetic potential. In this research, we have successfully assembled the complete mitogenome of C. ophiocarpa by employing a hybrid method that integrates Oxford Nanopore long reads with Illumina short reads. The assembled genome forms a circular structure of 600,064 bp, with a GC content of 46.49%, and includes 63 genes, comprising 40 unique protein-coding genes (PCGs), 20 tRNAs, and three rRNAs. Through assembly and coverage analysis, we identified a 6,383 bp forward repeat associated with a contig having approximately double the depth, indicating a repeat-mediated multipartite structure where the main circle may coexist with two smaller subgenomic forms. We discovered 775 C-to-U RNA editing sites across the 40 PCGs, with 95.4% being non-synonymous and favoring hydrophobic amino acid substitutions, particularly in Complex I subunits. Furthermore, we identified sixteen mt plastid DNA fragments constituting 2.43% of the mitogenome, a proportion more than double that found in the closely related C. saxicola. Phylogenetic analysis confirms that C. ophiocarpa is most closely related to C. saxicola, with C. pauciovulata as another close relative. This study presents the first complete mitogenome of C. ophiocarpa, providing a genomic basis for investigating the relationships between mt genome structure, post-transcriptional regulation, and energy-intensive specialized metabolism in the Corydalis genus.

Abstract: The emergence of the eukaryotic cell is regarded as a pivotal transition in the history of life on Earth. However, mounting evidence suggests eukaryogenesis was a specific, accidental event sparked by a syntrophic symbiosis between an Asgard archaeon and a bacterial endosymbiont. This prompts a fundamental counterfactual question: what if this symbiosis never occurred? The prevailing assumption is that life would remain perpetually microbial, constrained by the bioenergetic limits of prokaryotic cells. This article challenges that view by exploring the evolutionary potential of a unique group of bacteria: giant sulfur bacteria. These bacteria, driven by powerful selection pressure to bridge spatially separated pools of hydrogen sulfide and oxygen, have independently evolved remarkable sizes and different forms of complexity, including a form of eukaryote-like compartmentalization in Thiomargarita magnifica. Through the analysis of their novel bioenergetic solutions and conceptual modelling of an alternative evolutionary history, I propose that in an eukaryote-free world, giant sulfur bacteria represent a plausible starting point for the de novo evolution of complex, multicellular life. This thought experiment, albeit extremely speculative, offers new understanding of mechanisms of gaining complexity and could be useful for the analysis of the actual eukaryogenesis event, as well for the modelling of life complexity in astrobiological settings.

Abstract: This article considers several aspects of creating a combined bioreactor heating system without the use of external power grid power sources. It's known to intensify anaerobic digestion of organic waste, the bioreactor temperature is maintained within a specified range. A bioreactor heating system based on a "water jacket" , that heated by combustion of coal-water fuel has been developed. A technology for preparing and burning coal-water fuel using a radial circulation injection device is offered. Calculations are performed to determine the optimal temperature regime for the combustion process. The results obtained can contribute to the optimization of waste management technologies and ensure environmental sustainability by reducing carbon dioxide emissions and waste accumulation.

Abstract: The "spin-up" problem—where convection-permitting models require hours to develop realistic clouds from large-scale initial fields—critically limits short-term severe weather forecasting. Cloud analysis offers a potential solution by directly incorporating hydrome-teor information from remote sensing observations. In this study, we leverage multi-source remote sensing data, including three-dimensional mosaic radar reflectivity, hourly aver-aged FY-2G satellite black-body temperature (TBB), and FY-2G total cloud water products, within a stepwise cloud-analysis initialization scheme. The scheme is implemented in a convective-scale ensemble forecasting system (CMA-Meso, 3 km resolution) for a heavy rainfall event. For each ensemble member, three-dimensional hydrometeor increments are independently generated from these remote sensing retrievals and gradually introduced over the first ten time steps, ensuring smooth coordination with the model's dynam-ic-thermal framework. Results demonstrate that the remote sensing-driven cloud analysis substantially enhances ensemble system performance across multiple dimensions: (i) spin-up time is significant-ly reduced, with precipitation forecasts exhibiting reasonable structure from the initial forecast hour; (ii) deterministic forecast accuracy improves systematically, with reduced RMSE for geopotential height, temperature, and wind fields across all levels; (iii) proba-bilistic forecasting skill is enhanced, evidenced by improved CRPS and AROC for surface elements and precipitation thresholds; (iv) ensemble reliability is optimized, with spread better matching forecast errors. Mechanistic analysis reveals that these improvements stem from physically coordinated hydrometeor-latent heat initial perturbations and sub-sequent cloud-radiation feedbacks that continuously regulate thermal-dynamic structures. This study establishes that assimilating diverse remote sensing data via cloud analysis is an effective approach for addressing spin-up challenges in convective-scale ensemble prediction.

Abstract: Anxiety symptomatology and excess weight are associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. Olive Leaf Extract (OLE) contains polyphenols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that have shown anxiolytic like effects in experimental models; however, evidence in humans remains limited. This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot trial evaluated the effects of OLE supplementation on anxiety symptomatology, inflammatory markers, and metabolic parameters in women with excess weight and mild to moderate anxiety symptoms. Participants received OLE (750 mg/day) or placebo for 12 weeks. Anxiety symptomatology was assessed using HAM-A, BAI, and STAI, while inflammatory and metabolic parameters were evaluated at baseline and post intervention. OLE supplementation was associated with a significant reduction in HAM-A scores, particularly psychic anxiety symptoms, together with lower TNF-α levels compared with placebo at the end of the intervention. No significant differences were observed in body composition, caloric intake, IL-6, hs-CRP, cortisol, or most metabolic parameters. Correlation analyses revealed positive associations between inflammatory markers, fat mass, and anxiety related measures. These findings provide preliminary evidence suggesting that OLE supplementation may exert beneficial effects on psychic anxiety symptomatology and inflammatory activity in women with excess weight. However, larger randomized clinical trials are necessary to confirm these observations and clarify the underlying mechanisms.

Abstract: The aim of the study was to examine the effect of respiratory muscle strength parameters obtained from endurance athletes on aerobic capacity levels. A total of 70 endurance athletes, 23 females and 47 males, voluntarily participated with the study. Respiratory muscle strength of the athletes were measured with a digital spirometer. Max VO₂ was assessed using the cardiopulmonary exercise testing system (Cosmed K5). As a result of the research; MIP and MEP values were determined to be related to PETCO₂ value at maximum load in female endurance athletes. In male endurance athletes, MEP values were determined to be related to PETCO₂ values at maximum load, PETO₂ values at maximum load, MaxVO₂ values, VO₂ values at RCP, and VO₂ values at VT. Additionally, in male endurance athletes, the MIP value was determined to be related to the VCO₂ value at RCP and the VTidal value at maximum load. Other Max VO₂ sub parameters examined were not associated with respiratory muscle strength. Research results reveal that there are relationships between maximal oxygen consumption which is the most important indicator of aerobic performance and its sub-parameters and respiratory muscles.

Abstract: We present a new cosmology model---the Eternal Universe Model (hereafter, EU-model)---that emerges from a subtle but consequential modification of the standard Friedmann--Lemaitre--Robertson--Walker (FLRW) framework. At first glance, the EU-model resembles the familiar ∧CDM concordance model; its departure, however, is philosophically and physically decisive: we relinquish the assumption of temporal homogeneity. Specifically, we allow the rate at which time progresses---encoded in the 00-component [g₀₀ = a²_t (r) c²₀ ] of the spacetime metric tensor---to vary systematically with radial position throughout the infinite expanse of the Universe. This single and seemingly banal alteration in the temporal architecture of spacetime gives rise to a remarkably new and rich cosmology. It introduces the continuous creation of matter and energy; it permits the variation of Fundamental Natural Constants (FNCs); it accommodates non-ponderable negative matter as a natural substrate for antimatter; and it endows the Universe with a fixed, absolute spatial centre from which all motion may be referenced. Furthermore, this framework offers natural explanations for the Hubble tension and the Cosmological Axis of Evil. The Universe that emerges is temporally and spatially infinite, globally unchanging, and truly eternal---with no beginning and no end.

Abstract: The dynamics of organic matter, nitrogen status, and biological activity in soils in southern Kazakhstan under various land-use systems were studied. A key feature of the research is the comprehensive comparison of humus status, nitrogen state, and biological activity of virgin and arable dark Kastanozem, Gleyic Calcisol, and Haplic Calcisol, as well as identification of their correlation with signs of functional depletion of organic component. The assessment was conducted using set of agrochemical and biological methods, including determination of humus content, available nitrogen forms, C/N ratio, microbial population, and enzymatic activity. It has been determined that the highest humus content is typical for dark chestnut soils under natural vegetation, while plowing of them is accompanied by decrease in humus content due to increased mineralization processes. Gleyic Calcisol - are characterized by more stable humus state, in some cases with increased organic matter content under arable conditions. Minimum humus values were found in Haplic Calcisol, due to arid conditions and limited supply of organic residues. It is shown that arable soils are characterized by a decreased C/N ratio and increased rates of organic matter transformation. Soil biological activity is linked to mineralization processes, as confirmed by microbial population dynamics and enzymatic activity. Additional assessment using digital tools reveals signs of functional depletion of organic component in agrocenoses. The obtained results indicate the need to consider biological indicators when assessing soil conditions and developing sustainable land management systems in arid climates.

Abstract: The Fermi Paradox (“Where is everybody?”) refers to the apparent contradiction between the visualisable abundance of extraterrestrial civilizations and the continued absence of confirmed detections. This work explores whether finite communicative lifetimes, combined with Galactic distance scales and the finite speed of light, can substantially suppress the probability of causal overlap between technological civilizations. Using a simplified stationary Galactic model (v = 0) within a Minkowski spacetime framework, technological civilizations are represented as finite world-line segments generating expanding “Information Shells” through electromagnetic signal propagation. Within this interpretation, successful detectability requires overlap between the communicative intervals of different civilizations in both space and time. For representative communicative lifetimes of order L ~ 10³ years, the effective causal reach of detectable signals remains small compared with typical interstellar separations expected in sparse-civilization scenarios. Using a heuristic overlap model, we estimate that for N = 100 contemporaneous civilizations distributed throughout the Milky Way, the effective causal-overlap probability remains below 1% . The analysis further considers long-term engineering limitations on autonomous probes and persistent signalling systems, including radiation damage, impact erosion, and power degradation, collectively described here as a “Hardware Filter.” In addition, the work distinguishes between the total biological lifetime of a civilization and its externally detectable communicative phase, suggesting that advanced civilizations may evolve toward increasingly low-leakage or radio-quiet technological states. Within this framework, the apparent “Great Silence” may emerge naturally from finite communicative windows, spacetime separation, and engineering constraints even if intelligent life itself is not intrinsically rare.