Preprint Article Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Description of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) phenological events according to the extended BBCH scale

Julie Robin
,
Anthony Bernard
ORCID logo ,
Lisa Albouy
,
Sibylle Papillon
,
Eloise Tranchand
,
Marie-Neige Hebrard
,
Jean-Baptiste Philibert
,
Marine Barbedette
,
Sadia Schafleitner
,
Benedicte Wenden
,
Teresa Barreneche
,
Marine Blouin-Delmas
ORCID logo ,
Fabrice Lheureux
,
Julien Toillon
* ORCID logo
Version 1 : Received: 29 March 2024 / Approved: 29 March 2024 / Online: 29 March 2024 (10:14:23 CET)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Robin, J.; Bernard, A.; Albouy, L.; Papillon, S.; Tranchand, E.; Hebrard, M.-N.; Philibert, J.-B.; Barbedette, M.; Schafleitner, S.; Wenden, B.; Barreneche, T.; Delmas, M.; Lheureux, F.; Toillon, J. Description of Phenological Events of Persian Walnut (Juglans regia L.) according to the Extended BBCH Scale and Historical Scales. Horticulturae 2024, 10, 402. Robin, J.; Bernard, A.; Albouy, L.; Papillon, S.; Tranchand, E.; Hebrard, M.-N.; Philibert, J.-B.; Barbedette, M.; Schafleitner, S.; Wenden, B.; Barreneche, T.; Delmas, M.; Lheureux, F.; Toillon, J. Description of Phenological Events of Persian Walnut (Juglans regia L.) according to the Extended BBCH Scale and Historical Scales. Horticulturae 2024, 10, 402.

Abstract

Walnut trees are grown worldwide for their edible fruits of high nutritional value. To address climate change, researchers have studied walnut phenology to create cultivars adapted to warmer climates. The standardisation of walnut phenological observations is needed and the Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie (BBCH) scale is the most accurate and internationally accepted for this purpose. Here, the principal growth stages (PGS) of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) are described using stages from a previously available alphanumerical scale. This standardised phenological scale describes Persian walnut growth from the dormant vegetative state through reproductive budding to senescence. This phenological scale is expected to increase the efficiency of walnut phenological monitoring. Fifty-seven stages were used to describe the life cycle of Persian walnut in this BBCH scale. Of these 57 stages, 3 stages are dedicated to seed germination (PGS-0), 4 stages to bud development (PGS-0), 7 stages to leaf development (PGS-1), 4 stages to stem elongation (PGS-3), 8 stages to inflorescence emergence (PGS-5), 5 stages to male flowering (PGS-6), 5 stages to female flowering (PGS-6), 5 stages to fruit development (PGS-7), 12 stages to fruit ripening (PGS-8) and 4 stages to leaf senescence (PGS-9).

Keywords

English walnut; phenology; phenophase; growth stages; climate change; global warming

Subject

Biology and Life Sciences, Horticulture

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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