Version 1
: Received: 12 January 2024 / Approved: 15 January 2024 / Online: 16 January 2024 (09:42:41 CET)
How to cite:
Massah, O.; Arab, A.M.; Farhoudian, A.; Noroozi, M.; Hashemirad, F. Is Opium Smoking A Cause of Sway Back Posture and Spinal Musculoskeletal Disorders? What is the Relation?. Preprints2024, 2024011163. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202401.1163.v1
Massah, O.; Arab, A.M.; Farhoudian, A.; Noroozi, M.; Hashemirad, F. Is Opium Smoking A Cause of Sway Back Posture and Spinal Musculoskeletal Disorders? What is the Relation?. Preprints 2024, 2024011163. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202401.1163.v1
Massah, O.; Arab, A.M.; Farhoudian, A.; Noroozi, M.; Hashemirad, F. Is Opium Smoking A Cause of Sway Back Posture and Spinal Musculoskeletal Disorders? What is the Relation?. Preprints2024, 2024011163. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202401.1163.v1
APA Style
Massah, O., Arab, A.M., Farhoudian, A., Noroozi, M., & Hashemirad, F. (2024). Is Opium Smoking A Cause of Sway Back Posture and Spinal Musculoskeletal Disorders? What is the Relation?. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202401.1163.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
Massah, O., Mehdi Noroozi and Fahimeh Hashemirad. 2024 "Is Opium Smoking A Cause of Sway Back Posture and Spinal Musculoskeletal Disorders? What is the Relation?" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202401.1163.v1
Abstract
Opioid use disorder has increased in the world in recent years and Iran ranks first in terms of opium smoking in the world. In fact, opium smoking by traditional methods, in addition to dependence on morphine, is a behavioral addiction in Iran. The body position during opium smoking is usually non-standard and non-ergonomic. Over time, changes in muscle tissue, tendons and ligaments, and the connective tissue go from elasticity to neuromuscular plasticity. This study aims to compare sway back posture and musculoskeletal problems between opium smokers and non-drug users. In this comparative and cross-sectional study, 80 opium smokers were compared with 74 non-drug users in terms of sway angle (sway back posture), and musculoskeletal complaints (NORDIC questionnaire) and the association of possible risk factors was investigated. Data were analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Correlation Coefficient and paired-t tests using SPSS version 23. There were significant differences between two groups in terms of sway back posture (P=0.007), and neck (<0.001), upper back (<0.001) and lower back (0.006) musculoskeletal complaints. Homelessness, the lifetime duration of opium smoking (in months), and the duration of daily opium smoking (in minutes) had significant correlation with sway back posture and musculoskeletal complaints. Homelessness was the strongest predictor and had strongest correlation. Overall, an increase in the duration of sitting in non-ergonomic positions could lead to increase in sway angle and sway back posture and increase in musculoskeletal complaints of neck, upper back and lower back due to the non-neutral posture of opium smoking. It seems that plasticity and structural and functional adaptations of the posture occurs due to opium smoking and further studies are recommended.
Keywords
opioids; opium smoking; substance use disorder; behavioral addiction; drug use disorder; sway back posture; musculoskeletal disorders; Nordic; Iran
Subject
Medicine and Pharmacology, Psychiatry and Mental Health
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
