Preprint Article Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Reduced Levels of Lacrimal Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) in Patients with Focal Epilepsy and Focal Epilepsy with Comorbid Depression: A Biomarker Candidate?

Alexander A. Shpak
ORCID logo ,
Flora K. Rider
,
Tatiana A. Druzhkova
,
Marina Y. Zhanina
,
Sofya B. Popova
ORCID logo ,
Alla B. Guekht
,
Natalia V. Gulyaeva
* ORCID logo
Version 1 : Received: 20 October 2023 / Approved: 23 October 2023 / Online: 24 October 2023 (10:16:57 CEST)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Shpak, A.A.; Rider, F.K.; Druzhkova, T.A.; Zhanina, M.Y.; Popova, S.B.; Guekht, A.B.; Gulyaeva, N.V. Reduced Levels of Lacrimal Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) in Patients with Focal Epilepsy and Focal Epilepsy with Comorbid Depression: A Biomarker Candidate. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 16818. Shpak, A.A.; Rider, F.K.; Druzhkova, T.A.; Zhanina, M.Y.; Popova, S.B.; Guekht, A.B.; Gulyaeva, N.V. Reduced Levels of Lacrimal Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) in Patients with Focal Epilepsy and Focal Epilepsy with Comorbid Depression: A Biomarker Candidate. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 16818.

Abstract

Our previous studies showed that in patients with brain diseases neurotrophic factors in lacrimal fluid (LF) may change more prominently than in blood serum (BS). Since glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is involved in control of neuronal networks in epileptic brain, we aimed to assess GDNF levels in LF and BS as well as BDNF, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical and inflammation indices in BS of patients with focal epilepsy (PWFE), epilepsy and comorbid depression (PWFE+MDD) compared with major depressive disorder (PWMDD) and healthy controls (HC). GDNF levels in BS were similar in patients and HC and higher in PWFE taking valproates. GDNF levels in LF were significantly lower in all patient groups compared to controls, and independent of drugs used. LF and BS GDNF concentrations positively correlated in HC, but not patient groups. BDNF level was lower in BS of patients compared with HC and higher in PWFE+MDD taking valproates. Logistic regression models demonstrated that GDNF decrease in LF may be an important predictor of focal epilepsy. Probability of focal epilepsy can be evaluated using GDNF in LF and BDNF in BS; MDD - GDNF in LF, cortisol and TNF-α in BS; epilepsy with MDD - GDNF in LF, TNF-α and BDNF in BS.

Keywords

glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor; brain derived neurotrophic factor; cortisol; tumor necrosis factor-α; lacrimal fluid; blood serum; focal epilepsy; major depressive disorder; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis

Subject

Medicine and Pharmacology, Neuroscience and Neurology

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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