Elghobashy, M.; Gama, R.; Sulaiman, R.A. Investigation and Causes of Spontaneous (Non-Diabetic) Hypoglycaemia in Adults: Pitfalls to Avoid. Diagnostics2023, 13, 3275.
Elghobashy, M.; Gama, R.; Sulaiman, R.A. Investigation and Causes of Spontaneous (Non-Diabetic) Hypoglycaemia in Adults: Pitfalls to Avoid. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 3275.
Elghobashy, M.; Gama, R.; Sulaiman, R.A. Investigation and Causes of Spontaneous (Non-Diabetic) Hypoglycaemia in Adults: Pitfalls to Avoid. Diagnostics2023, 13, 3275.
Elghobashy, M.; Gama, R.; Sulaiman, R.A. Investigation and Causes of Spontaneous (Non-Diabetic) Hypoglycaemia in Adults: Pitfalls to Avoid. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 3275.
Abstract
Although adult spontaneous (non-diabetic) hypoglycaemia is rare, its recognition is important for the preventative or curative treatment of the underlying cause. Establishing Whipple’s triad; low blood glucose, neuroglycopaenia and resolution of neuroglycopaenia on increasing blood glucose levels to normal or above, is essential to verify hypoglycaemia.
Awareness that hypoglycaemia may occur in severely ill patients is important for its prevention. Further investigation in such cases is unnecessary unless another cause of hypoglycaemia is suspected.
Patients are often asymptomatic and normoglycaemic at review. History of medication, self-medication, access to hypoglycaemic drugs, alcohol and comorbidity may provide aetiological clues. The investigation involves obtaining blood samples during symptoms for laboratory glucose measurement or provoking fasting or postprandial hypoglycaemia as directed by symptoms. If confirmed, insulin, c-peptide, proinsulin, beta-hydroxybutyrate are analysed in hypoglycaemic samples. These will classify hypoglycaemia due to non-ketotic hyperinsulinaemia, non-ketotic hypoinsulinaemia and ketotic hypoinsulinaemia and direct investigations to identify the underlying cause.
There are, however, many pitfalls, which may mislabel healthy individuals as “hypoglycaemic” or misdiagnose treatable or preventable causes of spontaneous hypoglycaemia. Clinical acumen and appropriate investigations will mostly identify hypoglycaemia and its cause.
Medicine and Pharmacology, Endocrinology and Metabolism
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