Stokes, C.; White, E.F.; Toddes, S.; Bens, N.; Kulkarni, P.; Ferris, C.F. Whole CNS 3D Cryo-Fluorescence Tomography Shows CSF Clearance along Nasal Lymphatics, Spinal Nerves, and Lumbar/Sacral Lymph Nodes. J. Imaging2023, 9, 45.
Stokes, C.; White, E.F.; Toddes, S.; Bens, N.; Kulkarni, P.; Ferris, C.F. Whole CNS 3D Cryo-Fluorescence Tomography Shows CSF Clearance along Nasal Lymphatics, Spinal Nerves, and Lumbar/Sacral Lymph Nodes. J. Imaging 2023, 9, 45.
Stokes, C.; White, E.F.; Toddes, S.; Bens, N.; Kulkarni, P.; Ferris, C.F. Whole CNS 3D Cryo-Fluorescence Tomography Shows CSF Clearance along Nasal Lymphatics, Spinal Nerves, and Lumbar/Sacral Lymph Nodes. J. Imaging2023, 9, 45.
Stokes, C.; White, E.F.; Toddes, S.; Bens, N.; Kulkarni, P.; Ferris, C.F. Whole CNS 3D Cryo-Fluorescence Tomography Shows CSF Clearance along Nasal Lymphatics, Spinal Nerves, and Lumbar/Sacral Lymph Nodes. J. Imaging 2023, 9, 45.
Abstract
Unwanted proteins and metabolic waste in cerebral spinal fluid are cleared from the brain by meningeal and nasal lymphatics, and perineural sheath of cranial nerves; however, the distribution and clearance of CSF along the subarachnoid space of the entire spinal cord is not fully understood. It was hypothesized that the anatomical resolution of Cryo-Fluorescence Tomography (CFT) could provide the visual evidence of clearance across the spinal cord at each level of the vertebral column. To that end, isoflurane anesthetized mice were infused into the lateral cerebroventricle with 5.0 µl of quantum dots [QdotR 605 ITKTM amino (PEG)] over two mins. Mice were allowed to recover (ca 2-3 min) and remained awake and ambulatory for 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after which they were euthanized, and the entire intact body frozen at -800. The entire mouse was sectioned and imaged to produce an isotropic voxel resolution of 35 µm. Both white light and fluorescent images were captured after each slice to produce high resolution three-dimensional volumes for each mouse. CFT highlighted the circulation of tracer throughout the ventricular system and central canal of the spinal cord and the entire subarachnoid space of the CNS. Signal could be visualized in the nasal cavity, deep cervical lymph nodes, thoracic lymph nodes and more superficial submandibular lymph nodes as early as 15 min post infusion. Fluorescent signal could be visualized along the dorsal root ganglia and down the proximal extension of the spinal nerves of the thoracic and lumbar segments at 30 min. There was significant accumulation of tracer in the lumbar and sacral lymph nodes between 15- 60 min. The dense fluorescent signal in the thoracic vertebrae noted at 5- and 15-mins post infusion was significantly reduced by 30 min. Indeed, all signal in the spinal cord was ostensibly absent by 120 min except for trace amounts in the coccyx. The brain still had some residual signal at 120 min. These data show that Qdots with a hydrodynamic diameter of 16-20 nm rapidly clear from the brain of awake mice. These data also clearly demonstrate the rapid distribution and efflux of trace along a major length of the vertebral column and the potential contribution of the spinal cord in the clearance of brain waste.
Medicine and Pharmacology, Neuroscience and Neurology
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