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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0203.v1

Face Masks Against COVID-19: An Evidence Review

Jeremy Howard, Austin Huang, Zhiyuan Li, Zeynep Tufekci, Vladimir Zdimal, Helene-Mari van der Westhuizen, Arne von Delft, Amy Price, Lex Fridman, Lei-Han Tang, Viola Tang, Gregory L. Watson, Christina E. Bax, Reshama Shaikh, Frederik Questier, Danny Hernandez, Larry F. Chu, Christina M. Ramirez, Anne W. Rimoin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; masks; pandemic

Online: 12 April 2020 (17:41:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0226.v1

Potential Inhibitor of COVID-19 Main Protease (M^pro) From Several Medicinal Plant Compounds by Molecular Docking Study

Siti Khaerunnisa, Hendra Kurniawan, Rizki Awaluddin, Suhartati Suhartati, Soetjipto Soetjipto

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-2019; Mpro; 6LU7; medicinal plant compounds; docking

Online: 13 March 2020 (03:19:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0025.v1

COVID-19 Outpatients – Early Risk-Stratified Treatment with Zinc Plus Low Dose Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin: A Retrospective Case Series Study

Martin Scholz, Roland Derwand, Vladimir Zelenko

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; outpatients; treatment; zinc; hydroxychloroquine; azithromycin

Online: 3 July 2020 (08:52:22 CEST)

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Objective: To describe outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the outpatient setting after early treatment with zinc, low dose hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin (the triple therapy) dependent on risk stratification. Design: Retrospective case series study. Setting: General practice. Participants: 141 COVID-19 patients with laboratory confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in the year 2020. Main Outcome Measures: Risk-stratified treatment decision, rate of hospitalization and all-cause death. Results: Of 335 positively PCR-tested COVID-19 patients, 127 were treated with the triple therapy. 104 of 127 met the defined risk stratification criteria and were included in the analysis. In addition, 37 treated and eligible patients who were confirmed by IgG tests were included in the treatment group (total N=141). 208 of the 335 patients did not meet the risk stratification criteria and were not treated. After 4 days (median, IQR 3-6, available for N=66/141) of onset of symptoms, 141 patients (median age 58 years, IQR 40-67; 73% male) got a prescription for the triple therapy for 5 days. Independent public reference data from 377 confirmed COVID-19 patients of the same community were used as untreated control. 4 of 141 treated patients (2.8%) were hospitalized, which was significantly less (p<0.001) compared with 58 of 377 untreated patients (15.4%) (odds ratio 0.16, 95% CI 0.06-0.5). Therefore, the odds of hospitalization of treated patients were 84% less than in the untreated group. One patient (0.7%) died in the treatment group versus 13 patients (3.5%) in the untreated group (odds ratio 0.2, 95% CI 0.03-1.5; p=0.16). There were no cardiac side effects. Conclusions: Risk stratification-based treatment of COVID-19 outpatients as early as possible after symptom onset with the used triple therapy, including the combination of zinc with low dose hydroxychloroquine, was associated with significantly less hospitalizations and 5 times less all-cause deaths.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0315.v1

In Search of Preventative Strategies: Novel Anti-Inflammatory High-CBD Cannabis Sativa Extracts Modulate ACE2 Expression in COVID-19 Gateway Tissues

Bo Wang, Anna Kovalchuk, Dongping Li, Yaroslav Ilnytskyy, Igor Kovalchuk, Olga Kovalchuk

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV2; ACE2 receptor; medical cannabis; CBD

Online: 19 April 2020 (02:45:50 CEST)

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With the rapidly growing pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the new and challenging to treat zoonotic SARS-CoV2 coronavirus, there is an urgent need for new therapies and prevention strategies that can help curtail disease spread and reduce mortality. Inhibition of viral entry and thereby spread constitute plausible therapeutic avenues. Similar to other respiratory pathogens, SARS-CoV2 is transmitted through respiratory droplets, with potential for aerosol and contact spread. It uses receptor-mediated entry into the human host via angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) that is expressed in lung tissue, as well as oral and nasal mucosa, kidney, testes, and the gastrointestinal tract. Modulation of ACE2 levels in these gateway tissues may prove a plausible strategy for decreasing disease susceptibility. Cannabis sativa, especially one high in the anti-inflammatory cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD), has been proposed to modulate gene expression and inflammation and harbour anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Working under the Health Canada research license, we have developed over 800 new Cannabis sativa lines and extracts and hypothesized that high-CBD C. sativa extracts may be used to modulate ACE2 expression in COVID-19 target tissues. Screening C. sativa extracts using artificial human 3D models of oral, airway, and intestinal tissues, we identified 13 high CBD C. sativa extracts that modulate ACE2 gene expression and ACE2 protein levels. Our initial data suggest that some C. sativa extract down-regulate serine protease TMPRSS2, another critical protein required for SARS-CoV2 entry into host cells. While our most effective extracts require further large-scale validation, our study is crucial for the future analysis of the effects of medical cannabis on COVID-19. The extracts of our most successful and novel high CBD C. sativa lines, pending further investigation, may become a useful and safe addition to the treatment of COVID-19 as an adjunct therapy. They can be used to develop easy-to-use preventative treatments in the form of mouthwash and throat gargle products for both clinical and at-home use. Such products ought to be tested for their potential to decrease viral entry via the oral mucosa. Given the current dire and rapidly evolving epidemiological situation, every possible therapeutic opportunity and avenue must be considered.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0433.v1

Designing of Fermenter and its utilization in food industries

Vishwajeet Gaikwad, Anil Panghal , Shubham Jadhav, Poorva Sharma, Akshay Bagal, Akshay Jadhav, Navnidhi Chhikara

Subject: Engineering, Chemical Engineering Keywords: fermentation; bioreactor; heat transfer; mass transfer

Online: 24 August 2018 (11:34:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0412.v1

Raspberry PI for Kill Mosquitoes by Laser

Ildar Rakhmatulin

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Insect Science Keywords: laser for mosquito control; deep learning for mosquito control; insect detection; mosquito neutralization; pest detection; insect recognition; Raspberry Pi3; Raspberry Pi4; OpenCV for small object detect

Online: 21 January 2021 (09:27:07 CET)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0491.v1

Strengths and Weaknesses of Semi-Structured Interviews in Qualitative Research: A Critical Essay

Charles Kakilla

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Accounting And Taxation Keywords: Semi-structured Interview; SSI; In-depth interview; Strength and Weakness

Online: 21 June 2021 (08:52:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0258.v1

Asians and Other Races Express Similar Levels of and Share the Same Genetic Polymorphisms of the SARS-CoV-2 Cell-Entry Receptor

Ying Chen, Kejia Shan, Wenfeng Qian

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; cell-entry receptor; ACE2 expression; The Cancer Genome Atlas; susceptibility; demographic factors; race

Online: 18 February 2020 (06:40:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0051.v1

Tobacco-Use Disparity in Gene Expression of ACE2, the Receptor of 2019-nCov

Guoshuai Cai

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Wuhan 2019-nCov; ACE2; expression; susceptibility; race; age; gender; smoking

Online: 5 February 2020 (02:56:53 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0095.v1

Comparison of Aerodynamics Characteristics of NACA 0015 & NACA 4415

Robiul Islam Rubel, Md. K. Uddin, Md. Zahidul Islam, Md. Rokunuzzaman

Subject: Physical Sciences, Fluids And Plasmas Physics Keywords: aerofoil; CFD; lift and drag force; pressure and velocity contour

Online: 22 October 2016 (11:08:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0366.v1

Does Islam Practice Tolerance? Some Notes from Quranic Perspective

Abur Hamdi Usman

Subject: Social Sciences, Religion Keywords: Tolerance; Religion; Islam; Society; Diversity

Online: 19 July 2018 (15:43:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0129.v1

Analyzing COVID-19 Challenges in Bangladesh

Jayasree Nath, Abdullah Fahim Chowdhury, Amit Kumar Nath

Subject: Social Sciences, Other Keywords: COVID-19; Pandemic; Impact; Bangladesh

Online: 7 July 2020 (16:26:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0484.v1

Characterization of Sex with Animals in Córdoba, Colombia. An Exploratory Study

Óscar Adolfo Medina-Pérez, Liliana Marcela García-Vega, Jean Paulina Villard Plaza, Juan Carlos Ortiz Valencia

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: Bestiality; Colombia; sexual behavior; sexuality; Zoophilia

Online: 25 September 2018 (11:49:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201711.0166.v1

SWOT Analysis for Architectural and Structural Solutions Interaction Assessment in High-Rise Buildings Design

Jolanta Tamošaitienė, Ernestas Gaudutis

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: high-rise buildings; architecture; structural solutions; interaction; SWOT analysis

Online: 26 November 2017 (12:45:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0008.v1

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Mesh Independency Study of A Straight Blade Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine

Siddharth Suhas Kulkarni, Craig Chapman, Hanifa Shah

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: horizontal axis tidal turbine; Computational Fluid Dynamics; mesh independency; NACA 0018

Online: 2 August 2016 (04:45:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0246.v1

Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Life of Higher Education Students: A Global Perspective

Aleksander Aristovnik, Damijana Keržič, Dejan Ravšelj, Nina Tomaževič, Lan Umek

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: COVID-19; university student; sociodemographic factors, satisfaction; perception; online learning; mental health; habits; institutions; continents

Online: 10 August 2020 (15:21:04 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0151.v1

Cardiovascular Effects of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents

Suyanee Mansanguan, Prakaykaew Charunwatthana, Watcharapong Piyaphanee, Wilanee Dechkhajorn, Akkapon Poolcharoen, Chayasin Mansanguan

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine; COVID-19 vaccine; cardiovascular effects; myocarditis; adolescents; Thailand

Online: 8 August 2022 (10:40:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0214.v1

Revealing the Potency of Citrus and Galangal Constituents to Halt SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Rohmad Yudi Utomo, Muthi' Ikawati, Edy Meiyanto

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: SARS-Cov-2; Citrus sp.; Galangal; Curcuma sp.; Sappan wood

Online: 12 March 2020 (13:59:40 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0137.v1

Kinetic Modelling at the Basis of Process Simulation for Heterogeneous Catalytic Process Design

Antonio Tripodi, Matteo Compagnoni, Rocco Martinazzo, Gianguido Ramis, Ilenia Rossetti

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Chemical Engineering Keywords: process simulation; kinetic modelling; ammonia; methanol; bioethanol; steam reforming; ethylene

Online: 21 April 2017 (10:00:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0138.v1

Preservation of the Environment according to the Quran and the Analysis of Environmental Issues in Malaysia

Noor Shakirah Mat Akhir, Imaaduddin Abdul Halim

Subject: Arts And Humanities, Religious Studies Keywords: preservation; environment; quran; issues; Malaysia

Online: 20 October 2017 (10:11:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0131.v1

Energy Consumption Prediction Using Machine Learning; A Review

Amir Mosavi, Abdullah Bahmani

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: energy consumption; prediction; machine learning models; deep learning models; 21 artificial intelligence (AI); computational intelligence (CI); forecasting; soft computing (SC)

Online: 11 March 2019 (10:09:33 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0203.v2

Face Masks Against COVID-19: An Evidence Review

Jeremy Howard, Austin Huang, Zhiyuan Li, Zeynep Tufekci, Vladimir Zdimal, Helene-Mari van der Westhuizen, Arne von Delft, Amy Price, Lex Fridman, Lei-Han Tang, Viola Tang, Gregory L. Watson, Christina E. Bax, Reshama Shaikh, Frederik Questier, Danny Hernandez, Larry F. Chu, Christina M. Ramirez, Anne W. Rimoin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; masks; pandemic

Online: 13 May 2020 (13:16:04 CEST)

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The science around the use of masks by the general public to impede COVID-19 transmission is advancing rapidly. Policymakers need guidance on how masks should be used by the general population to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Here,we develop an analytical framework to examine an overlooked aspect of mask usage: masks as source-control targeting egress from the wearer with benefits at the population-level, rather than as PPE used for ingress control for health-care workers with focus on individual outcomes. We consider and synthesize the relevant literature to inform multiple areas: 1) transmission characteristics of COVID-19, 2) filtering characteristics and efficacy of masks, 3) estimated population impacts of widespread community mask use, and 4) sociological considerations for policies concerning mask-wearing. A primary route of transmission of COVID-19 is likely via respiratory droplets, and is known to be transmissible from presymptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Reducing disease spread requires two things: first, limit contacts of infected individuals via physical distancing and other measures, and second, reduce the transmission probability per contact. The preponderance of evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces the transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected droplets in both laboratory and clinical contexts. Public mask wearing is most effective at reducing spread of the virus when compliance is high. The decreased transmissibility could substantially reduce the death toll and economic impact while the cost of the intervention is low. Given the current shortages of medical masks we recommend the adoption of public cloth mask wearing, as an effective form of source control for now, in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and contact tracing strategies. We recommend that public officials and governments strongly encourage the use of widespread face masks in public, including the use of appropriate regulation.

Working Paper HYPOTHESIS

Potential Natural Compounds for Preventing 2019-nCoV Infection

Hansen Chen, Qiaohui Du

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacy Keywords: 2019-nCov; Baicalin; Scutellarin; Hesperetin; Nicotianamine; Glycyrrhizin

Online: 30 January 2020 (03:06:07 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0601.v1

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Classification, Applications and Challenges: A Review

Gaurav Singhal, Babankumar Bansod, Lini Mathew

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Drone, Remote Sensing, control station, Multispectral, Aviation, Regulations

Online: 27 November 2018 (12:08:39 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0388.v1

Agricultural Economic Production of Philippine Calamansi Industry: A Basis for Production Local Development Plan

Ma. Florisa Quijano, Gerald Quijano, Rowell Diaz

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Accounting And Taxation Keywords: production; calamansi; Philippine Lime; development plan; Nueva Ecija; economics

Online: 17 February 2021 (12:29:09 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0070.v1

The Role of Temperature in COVID-19 Disease Severity and Transmission Rates

Dominique Kang, Clifford Ellgen

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Covid; covid-19; sars-cov-2; temperature; heat; body temperature; air temperature; viral decay; viral stability; transmission; severity

Online: 5 May 2020 (10:47:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0422.v1

Advantages and Disadvantages of Warehouse Centralization - Hospital Case

Jorge Simões, Jorge Cartaxo, Ruben Loureiro, Bruno Santos, Silvio Silva

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Business And Management Keywords: Logistics; Logistical Centralization; Logistical Decentralization

Online: 23 August 2018 (23:37:23 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0275.v1

Chloroquine as a Potential Treatment and Prevention Measure for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus: A Review

John Kearney

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Antimalarial; Chemoprophylaxis; Chloroquine; Coronavirus; COVID-19; Global Health; Hydroxychloroquine; Public Health; SARS-CoV-2; Virus

Online: 17 March 2020 (09:17:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0457.v1

Timoshenko Beam Theory Exact Solution For Bending, Second-Order Analysis, and Stability

Valentin Fogang

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: Timoshenko beam; Moment shear force curvature equation; Closed-form solutions; Stability; Second-order element stiffness matrix

Online: 17 November 2020 (14:55:23 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0013.v1

Challenges and Possibilities of Online Education during Covid-19

Alaul Alam

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: online education; corona crisis; challenges; possibilities

Online: 3 June 2020 (08:25:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0350.v1

Is there a Link between the 2021 COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake in Europe and 2022 Excess All-Cause Mortality?

Jarle Aarstad, Olav Andreas Kvitastein

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; vaccination; all-cause mortality; excess mortality; causal inferences; ecological fallacy; individualistic fallacy

Online: 21 February 2023 (03:49:52 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0235.v1

Vitamin D Supplementation Could Prevent and Treat Influenza, Coronavirus, and Pneumonia Infections

William B. Grant, Henry Lahore, Sharon L. McDonnell, Carole A. Baggerly, Christine B. French, Jennifer L. Aliano, Harjit Pal Bhattoa

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dietetics And Nutrition Keywords: ascorbic acid; cahtelicidin; coronavirus; COVID-19; cytokine storm; influenza, pneumonia; prevention; respiratory tract infection; UVB; vitamin C; Vitamn D; solar radiation; treatment; observational; trial

Online: 15 March 2020 (01:47:19 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0379.v1

Population Growth and Environmental Changes: Conclusions Drawn from the Contradictory Experiences of Developing Countries

Barana Badesso, Senbetie Lachore, Aklilu Madalcho

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Climate change, Developing countries, Environmental change, Forest, Population growth

Online: 21 August 2018 (14:00:04 CEST)

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Preprint TECHNICAL NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0539.v1

Regression Models with Stochastic Regressors: An Expository note

Sulaxana Bharali, Jiten Hazarika

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Probability And Statistics Keywords: Non-normality, Classical Linear Regression Model, Modified Maximum Likelihood Estimation.

Online: 27 September 2018 (10:04:26 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Individual Variation of the SARS-CoV2 Receptor ACE2 Gene Expression and Regulation

Jiawei Chen, Quanlong Jiang, Xian Xia, Kangping Liu, Zhengqing Yu, Wanyu Tao, Wenxuan Gong, Jing-Dong J. Han

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID19; ACE2; SARS-CoV2

Online: 12 March 2020 (03:15:15 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0013.v1

The Effect of Capital Structure on Firms’ Profitability (Evidenced from Ethiopian)

Tariku Negasa

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Finance Keywords: capital structure, total debt ratio, profitability, return on assets, firms, Ethiopia

Online: 8 July 2016 (10:42:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0444.v1

Rapid Prototyping of Reusable 3D-Printed N95 Equivalent Respirators at the George Washington University

Destie Provenzano, Yuan James Rao, Konstantin Mitic, Sofian N. Obaid, Dominique Pierce, James Huckenpahler, Jeffrey Berger, Sharad Goyal, Murray H. Loew

Subject: Engineering, Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; novel coronavirus; 3D printing; N95; respirator; mask

Online: 31 March 2020 (04:44:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0008.v1

Calculation of Resonant Frequency for a Microstrip Antenna with Vertical Slots Using Applying Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System

Mahmood Abbasi Layegh, Changiz Ghobadi, Javad Nourinia

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: : microstrip antenna, vertical slots , adaptive network-based fuzzy Inference system , resonant frequency, artificial neural networks

Online: 2 October 2017 (09:16:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0333.v1

Identification of Potent COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) Inhibitors from Natural Polyphenols: An in Silico Strategy Unveils a Hope against CORONA

Sevki Adem, Volkan Eyupoglu, Iqra Sarfraz, Azhar Rasul, Muhammad Ali

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; molecular docking; flavonoids

Online: 23 March 2020 (04:30:47 CET)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0023.v1

Kinins and Cytokines in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Pathophysiological Approach

Frank van de Veerdonk, Mihai G. Netea, Marcel van Deuren, Jos W.M. van der Meer, Quirijn de Mast, Roger J. Bruggemann, Hans van der Hoeven

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; bradykinin; ACE2; pulmonary angioedema; ARDS; icatibant

Online: 3 April 2020 (04:13:43 CEST)

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Most striking observations in COVID-19 patients are the hints on pulmonary edema (also seen on CT scans as ground glass opacities), dry cough, fluid restrictions to prevent more severe hypoxia, the huge PEEP that is needed while lungs are compliant, and the fact that anti-inflammatory therapies are not powerful enough to counter the severity of the disease. We propose that the severity of the disease and many deaths are due to a local vascular problem due to activation of B1 receptors on endothelial cells in the lungs. SARS-CoV-2 enters the cell via ACE2, a cell membrane bound molecule with enzymatic activity that next to its role in RAS is needed to inactivate des-Arg⁹ bradykinin, the potent ligand of the bradykinin receptor type 1 (B1). In contrast to bradykinin receptor 2 (B2), the B1 receptor on endothelial cells is upregulated by proinflammatory cytokines. Without ACE2 acting as a guardian to inactivate the ligands of B1, the lung environment is prone for local vascular leakage leading to angioedema. Angioedema is likely a feature already early in disease, and might explain the typical CT scans and the feeling of people that they drown. In some patients, this is followed by a clinical worsening of disease around day 9 due to the formation antibodies directed against the spike (S)-antigen of the corona-virus that binds to ACE2 that could contribute to disease by enhancement of local immune cell influx and proinflammatory cytokines leading to damage. In parallel, inflammation induces more B1 expression, and possibly via antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infection leading to continued ACE2 dysfunction in the lung because of persistence of the virus. In this viewpoint we propose that a bradykinin-dependent local lung angioedema via B1 and B2 receptors is an important feature of COVID-19, resulting in a very high number of ICU admissions. We propose that blocking the B1 and B2 receptors might have an ameliorating effect on disease caused by COVID-19. This kinin-dependent pulmonary edema is resistant to corticosteroids or adrenaline and should be targeted as long as the virus is present. In addition, this pathway might indirectly be responsive to anti-inflammatory agents or neutralizing strategies for the anti-S-antibody induced effects, but by itself is likely to be insufficient to reverse all the pulmonary edema. Moreover, we provide a suggestion of how to ventilate in the ICU in the context of this hypothesis.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0458.v1

COVID-19 and Bangladesh: Socio-Economic Analysis Towards the Future Correspondence

Momotaj Begum, Md. Shaikh Farid, Swarup Barua, Mohammad Jahangir Alam

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Economics Keywords: COVID-19; socio-economic; impact; Bangladesh

Online: 25 April 2020 (10:31:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0073.v1

Self-Supervised Contextual Keyword and Keyphrase Retrieval with Self-Labelling

Prafull Sharma, Yingbo Li

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: contextual keyword extraction; BERT; word embedding; LSTM; transformers; Deep Learning

Online: 6 August 2019 (09:17:36 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0881.v1

Concerns regarding Transfusions of Blood Products Derived from Genetic Vaccine Recipients and Proposals for Specific Measures

Jun Ueda, Hideyuki Motohashi, Yuriko Hirai, Kenji Yamamoto, Yasufumi Murakami, Masanori Fukushima, Akinori Fujisawa

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Transplantation Keywords: COVID-19 vaccine; genetic vaccine; blood product; blood transfusion; spike protein; post-vaccination syndrome; harm–benefit assessment; prion; spikeopathy; inspection standard; diagnostic criteria

Online: 15 March 2024 (08:54:06 CET)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0124.v1

Does Zinc Supplementation Enhance the Clinical Efficacy of Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine to Win Todays Battle Against COVID-19?

Martin Scholz, Roland Derwand

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Therapy; Chloroquine; Hydroxychloroquine; Zinc

Online: 8 April 2020 (10:54:33 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0003.v1

Non-Dental Drugs A Dentist Should Know: A Review

Khadeeja Saleem, Paras Ahmad, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari, Mohammad Amjad Kamal, Jawaad Ahmed Asif, Tahir Yusuf Noorani

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dentistry And Oral Surgery Keywords: Anti-platelets; Anti-rheumatic drugs; Bisphosphonates; Oral anticoagulants; Oral contraceptives; Vitamin K antagonist

Online: 2 May 2020 (11:50:24 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0306.v1

Anemia: Considerations for the Dental Practitioner

Georges Aoun, Pamela Aoun, Abbass El-Outa

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dentistry And Oral Surgery Keywords: Anemia; dental; management; oral manifestations

Online: 18 January 2021 (09:09:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0240.v1

Factors that Determine and Influences Foreign Exchange Rates

Rabeya Akter

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Economics Keywords: Foreign exchange rate, economy, inflation

Online: 8 June 2021 (15:59:19 CEST)

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Working Paper HYPOTHESIS

The First, Comprehensive Immunological Model of COVID-19: Implications for Prevention, Diagnosis, and Public Health Measures

Paolo Matricardi, Roberto Dal Negro, Roberto Nisini

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: antibodies; COVID-19; glycans; immunoglobulin M; SARS-CoV-2; pneumonia; prediction; protection

Online: 24 April 2020 (10:25:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0599.v1

Crisis Self-Efficacy and Work Commitment of Education Workers among Public Schools during COVID-19 Pandemic

Erick Baloran, Jenny Hernan

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: crisis self-efficacy; work commitment; education workers; public schools; COVID-19 pandemic

Online: 24 July 2020 (14:47:56 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0330.v2

COVID-19: Rethinking the Lockdown Groupthink

Ari Joffe

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; Public Health; Lockdowns; Cost-benefit analysis; Groupthink

Online: 4 November 2020 (10:14:33 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0086.v1

Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization Based Fusion for Underwater Image Enhancement

JINXIANG MA, Xinnan Fan, Simon X. Yang, Xuewu Zhang, Xifang Zhu

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: image enhancement; image fusion; color space; edge detector; underwater image

Online: 14 March 2017 (17:52:48 CET)

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In order to improve contrast and restore color for underwater image captured by camera sensors without suffering from insufficient details and color cast, a fusion algorithm for image enhancement in different color spaces based on contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) is proposed in this article. The original color image is first converted from RGB color space to two different special color spaces: YIQ and HSI. The color space conversion from RGB to YIQ is a linear transformation, while the RGB to HSI conversion is nonlinear. Then, the algorithm separately operates CLAHE in YIQ and HSI color spaces to obtain two different enhancement images. The luminance component (Y) in the YIQ color space and the intensity component (I) in the HSI color space are enhanced with CLAHE algorithm. The CLAHE has two key parameters: Block Size and Clip Limit, which mainly control the quality of CLAHE enhancement image. After that, the YIQ and HSI enhancement images are respectively converted backward to RGB color. When the three components of red, green, and blue are not coherent in the YIQ-RGB or HSI-RGB images, the three components will have to be harmonized with the CLAHE algorithm in RGB space. Finally, with 4 direction Sobel edge detector in the bounded general logarithm ratio operation, a self-adaptive weight selection nonlinear image enhancement is carried out to fuse YIQ-RGB and HSI-RGB images together to achieve the final fused image. The enhancement fusion algorithm has two key factors: average of Sobel edge detector and fusion coefficient, and these two factors determine the effects of enhancement fusion algorithm. A series of evaluate metrics such as mean, contrast, entropy, colorfulness metric (CM), mean square error (MSE) and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) are used to assess the proposed enhancement algorithm. The experiments results showed that the proposed algorithm provides more detail enhancement and higher values of colorfulness restoration as compared to other existing image enhancement algorithms. The proposed algorithm can suppress effectively noise interference, improve the image quality for underwater image availably.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0422.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Prion-Like Domains in Spike Proteins Enable Higher Affinity to ACE2

George Tetz, Victor Tetz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS; SARS-CoV-2 Prion-like domain

Online: 29 March 2020 (06:16:20 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201705.0090.v1

A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development

Fuad Un-Noor, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Lucian Mihet-Popa, Mohammad Nurunnabi Mollah, Eklas Hossain

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: Electric Vehicle; internal combustion engine; greenhouse gas; optimization techniques; Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV); Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV); Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV); Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV).

Online: 10 May 2017 (17:44:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0101.v1

A Review of Constitutional Principles Regarding Taxation: Ethiopian and Turkish Perspective

Yonas Girma Adimassu, Suleyman Ustun

Subject: Social Sciences, Law Keywords: tax taxation power; principles of tax; tax adjudication; constitutional tax rules; Ethiopian constitution; Turkish Constitution

Online: 18 April 2017 (02:41:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201705.0123.v1

Abuse of Mobile Devices by Making Reverse Proxy Server

Dogukan Aydinli, Emre Koroglu, Volkan Erol

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Computer Science Keywords: Mobile device threats; mobile device malware; reverse proxy server; cyber security; android security; ios security; abuse of local area network; DNS spoofing; DNS hijacking

Online: 16 May 2017 (13:23:18 CEST)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0083.v1

Depression Measurement Instruments: An Overview of the Top Depression Rating Scales

John H. Morgan

Subject: Social Sciences, Sociology Keywords: depression; measurement scale; ratings; literature review

Online: 16 December 2016 (07:57:02 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0198.v1

Assessment of Range Land Degradation, Major Causes, Impacts, and Alternative Rehabilitation Techniques in Yabello Rangelands Southern Ethiopia

Yeneayehu Fenetahun, Xinwen Xu, Yongdong Wang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior And Systematics Keywords: Yabello rangeland; degradation; rehabilitation techniques; encroachment

Online: 11 July 2018 (11:56:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201712.0150.v1

Probability Distribution of Philippine Daily Rainfall Data

Vanessa Althea B. Bermudez, Ariel Bettina B. Abilgos, Diane Carmeliza N. Cuaresma, Jomar F. Rabajante

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: Philippines; rainfall; precipitation; Gamma distribution; probability; weather risk

Online: 21 December 2017 (04:43:17 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0159.v1

SeXX and COVID-19: Tussle between the Two

Ashlesh Patil, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Vishwajit Deshmukh, Bharat Sontakke, Satyendra C. Tripathi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Sex; COVID-19; SARS Cov-2; ACE2; innate immunity; adaptive immunity

Online: 14 June 2020 (03:18:35 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0393.v1

Sentinel-1 SLC Preprocessing Workflow for Polarimetric Applications: A Generic Practice for Generating Dual-pol Covariance Matrix Elements in SNAP S-1 Toolbox

Dipankar Mandal, Divya Sekhar Vaka, Narayana Rao Bhogapurapu, V. S. K. Vanama, Vineet Kumar, Yalamanchili S. Rao, Avik Bhattacharya

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Remote Sensing Keywords: Sentinel-1; PolSAR; synthetic aperture radar; earth observation; SNAP

Online: 30 November 2019 (11:39:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0010.v1

The Choice of the Time Horizon during Estimation of the Unconditional Stock Beta

Dimitrios Dadakas, Christos Karpetis, Athanasios Fassas, Erotokritos Varelas

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Finance Keywords: Stock Beta, Endogenous Structural Breaks, Time Horizon

Online: 8 July 2016 (08:35:15 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0204.v1

Is COVID-19 an Endothelial Disease? Clinical and Basic Evidence

Celestino Sardu, Jessica Gambardella, Marco Bruno Morelli, Xujun Wang, Raffaele Marfella, Gaetano Santulli

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: Covid-19; coronavirus; cardiovascular disease; thrombosis; hypertension; endothelial dysfunction

Online: 13 April 2020 (02:23:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0455.v1

Eucalyptol (1,8 cineole) from Eucalyptus Essential Oil a Potential Inhibitor of COVID 19 Corona Virus Infection by Molecular Docking Studies

Arun Dev Sharma, inderjeet kaur

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; Essential oil; Eucalyptol; Molecular docking

Online: 31 March 2020 (10:16:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0179.v1

A Simulation on Potential Secondary Spread of Novel Coronavirus in an Exported Country Using a Stochastic Epidemic SEIR Model

Kentaro Iwata, Chisato Miyakoshi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: novel coronavirus; SEIR model; outside China

Online: 14 February 2020 (02:34:55 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0330.v1

COVID-19: Rethinking the Lockdown Groupthink

Ari Joffe

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; Public Health; Lockdowns; Cost-benefit analysis

Online: 15 October 2020 (16:02:58 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0457.v1

AI-Driven Cybersecurity: An Overview, Security Intelligence Modeling and Research Directions

Iqbal H. Sarker

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Security Systems Keywords: Cybersecurity; artificial intelligence; machine learning; cyber data analytics; cyber-attacks; anomaly; intrusion detection; security intelligence

Online: 25 January 2021 (09:19:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201708.0033.v1

Characterization of Petroleum Sludge from Refinery Industry Biological Wastewater Treatment Unit

Abubakar M. Ali, Mohd A. Abu-Hassan, Raja R.K. Ibrahim, Muhammad A. A. Zaini, Bala I. Abdulkarim, Ali S. Hussein, Sheila M. Su, Muhd Azril I. Mohd Halim

Subject: Engineering, Chemical Engineering Keywords: petroleum sludge; characterization; total organic carbon; metal concentration

Online: 8 August 2017 (13:24:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0062.v1

Educational Transformation in Post-Independence Africa: A Historical Assessment of the Africanization Project

Roland N. Ndille

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: africanization; transformation; education; reform; challenges; prospects

Online: 3 August 2018 (05:34:55 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0242.v1

Potential Therapeutic Agents for COVID-19 Based on the Analysis of Protease and RNA Polymerase Docking

Yu-Chuan Chang, Yi-An Tung, Ko-Han Lee, Ting-Fu Chen, Yu-Chun Hsiao, Hung-Ching Chang, Tsung-Ting Hsieh, Chan-Hung Su, Su-Shia Wang, Jheng-Ying Yu, Shang-shung Shih, Yu-Hsiang Lin, Yin-Hung Lin, Yi-Chin Ethan Tu, Chun-Wei Tung, Chien-Yu Chen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-19; molecular docking; HIV protease inhibitor; nucleotide analogues

Online: 17 February 2020 (07:28:31 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0486.v2

Intuitive Representation of Computable Knowledge

Steven Vercruysse, Martin Kuiper

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Information Systems Keywords: knowledge representation; curation; biocuration; semantics; systems biology; ontology; user interface; VSM

Online: 29 July 2020 (17:29:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0112.v1

Assessment of Sugar Content from Different Soft Drinks Sold in Nigeria

Abass Ohilebo, Blessing Odudu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: glucose; soft drinks; sugar content; health

Online: 7 July 2020 (08:11:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0187.v1

Technical Potential of Salt Caverns for Hydrogen Storage in Europe

Dilara Caglayan, Nikolaus Weber, Heidi Ursula Heinrichs, Jochen Linßen, Martin Robinius, Peter A. Kukla, Detlef Stolten

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: Salt caverns; salt structures; technical storage potential; hydrogen storage

Online: 16 October 2019 (11:40:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201706.0029.v1

Teaching and Learning Issues in Mathematics in the Context of Nepal

Ram Krishna Panthi, Shashidhar Belbase

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: teaching and learning ıssues in mathematics; social ıssues in mathematics education; cultural ıssues in mathematics education; political ıssues in mathematics education; technological ıssues in mathematics education

Online: 5 June 2017 (06:13:28 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0124.v1

Design and Construction of NACA-4415 Airfoil with Various Shaped Surface Modifications

Rubiat Mustak

Subject: Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Keywords: airfoil; dimple; drag; lift

Online: 19 April 2017 (11:53:38 CEST)

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A fluid flowing over an object has a tendency to drag the object along it^’s flow direction. An object passing through a fluid which is stationary there is a tendency to slow the object down. For a stationary object in a fluid which is flowing there is a tendency to move the object in the fluid flowing direction .These tendencies of flowing fluid is known as drag. While moving through air airplanes also subjected to several drags. Airplanes subjected to pressure drag or form drag due to flow separation which is based on the pressure difference between the upstream and downstream surfaces of the object. Airplanes also subjected to Skin friction drag which results from the viscous shear of the fluid flowing over the object surface. In order to overcome these drags airplane wings cross section airfoils are designed very carefully. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, or NACA, developed and tested "families" of airfoils. Some of the most successful of these were the NACA four-digit and five-digit series. The necessary coordinates for designing NACA airfoil profiles are available in online. UIUC also provide coordinates for designing NACA airfoil profiles. But the present work describes the way of designing NACA four digit airfoils without taking any coordinates from available sources like google or any other search engines. Using C programming with the help of NACA provided equations a generalized source code is designed .Which will provide coordinates for designing any NACA four digit airfoil profiles .With the help of this obtained profile the wing model is also constructed using solid works. Using solid works model the real model was constructed using wood. The chord of regular surface airfoil is 21 cm and the span is also 21 cm. The airfoil profile taken for the model construction is NACA-4415 which is a four digit cambered airfoil.The present work also show some figures of an airfoil by applying certain surface modifications in form of dimples.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0057.v1

Early Hydroxychloroquine Is Associated with an Increase of Survival in COVID-19 Patients: An Observational Study

Francisco Javier Membrillo de Novales, Germán Ramírez-Olivencia, Miriam Estébanez, Begoña de Dios, María Dolores Herrero, Tatiana Mata, Alberto M. Borobia, Carlos Gutiérrez, María Simón, Ana Ochoa, Yolanda Martínez, Alejandro Aguirre, Francisco de Asís Alcántara, Pablo Fernández-González, Elena López, Sergio Campos, María Navarro, Lucía Elena Ballester

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; treatment; drug; survival; antiviral; hydroxychloroquine

Online: 5 May 2020 (03:32:22 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0103.v1

Safe Laboratory Practices in the Light of Covid-19 Pandemic: Way Forward in a Resource Limited Setting

Kevin Odega, Ehijie Iyamah, Ephraim Ibadin, Festus Idomeh, Deborah odega

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; Medical Laboratory; Resource-limited setting, Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)

Online: 7 April 2020 (12:11:35 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0336.v1

Readymade Garments Sector and COVID-19 in Bangladesh

Md. Lutfor Rahman Shimanta, Hridoy Gope, Israt Jahan Sumaiya

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Health Policy And Services Keywords: Readymade Garments; Covid-19; Worker; Employment; Economy; Bangladesh

Online: 28 June 2020 (10:07:58 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0061.v1

Generation and Applications of Plasma (An Academic Review)

Faizan Mehmood, Tariq Kamal, Umair Ashraf

Subject: Physical Sciences, Fluids And Plasmas Physics Keywords: Plasma Generation Techniques, Applications of Plasma; Fusion technology; Plasma ion implantation and Deposition.

Online: 3 October 2018 (15:54:34 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201702.0045.v1

Biodiversity of Bangladesh

Sharif A. Mukul, Shekhar R. Biswas, A. Z. M. Manzoor Rashid

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior And Systematics Keywords: biodiversity loss; conservation; deforestation; Bangladesh

Online: 14 February 2017 (03:08:37 CET)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0040.v1

The Challenging Shift to a Circular Economy: The Relevance of Social Ecology in Effective Transition

Saleem H. Ali

Subject: Social Sciences, Geography, Planning And Development Keywords: circular economy; social ecology; consumerism; dialectical naturalism; mining

Online: 12 September 2016 (09:55:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0194.v1

LC-MS/MS Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Phenolic Compounds and Pentacyclic Triterpenes in Antifungal Extracts of Terminalia brownii (Fresen)

Enass Y. A. Salih, Pia Fyhrquist, Ashraf M. A. Abdalla, Abdelazim Y. Abdelgadir, Markku Kanninen, Marketta Sipi, Olavi Luukkanen, Mustafa K. M. Fahmi, Mai H. Elamin, Hiba A. Ali

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Medicinal Chemistry Keywords: Africa; Terminalia brownii; antifungal extracts; Aspergillus, Nattrassia, Fusarium; triterpenoids; flavonoids; ellagitannins; stilbenes

Online: 31 October 2017 (09:54:35 CET)

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Decoctions, macerations and fumigations of the stem bark and wood of Terminalia brownii Fresen. are used in traditional medicine for fungal infections and as pesticides on field crops and in traditional granaries in Sudan. In addition, T. brownii is commonly used for protecting wooden houses and furniture. Therefore, using agar disc diffusion and macrodilution methods, eight extracts of various polarities from the stem wood and bark were screened for their growth inhibitory effects against filamentous fungi commonly causing fruit, vegetable and grain decay, as well as infections in the immunocompromised host. Ethyl acetate extracts of the stem wood and bark gave the best antifungal activities, with MIC values of 250 µg/ml against Nattrassia mangiferae and Fusarium verticillioides, and 500 µg/ml against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Aqueous extracts gave almost as potent effects as the ethyl acetate extracts against the Aspergillus and Fusarium strains, and were slightly more active than the ethyl acetate extracts against Nattrassia mangiferae. Thin layer chromatography, RP-HPLC-DAD and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), were employed to identify the chemical constituents in the ethyl acetate fractions of the stem bark and wood. The stem bark and wood were found to have a similar qualitative composition of polyphenols and triterpenoids, but differed quantitatively from each other. The stilbene derivatives, cis- (3) and trans- (4) resveratrol-3-O-β-galloylglucoside, were identified for the first time in T. brownii. Moreover, methyl-(S)-flavogallonate (5), quercetin-7-β-O-di-glucoside (8), quercetin-7-O-galloyl-glucoside (10), naringenin-4`-methoxy-7-pyranoside (7), 5,6-dihydroxy-3`,4`,7-tri-methoxy flavone (12), gallagic acid dilactone (terminalin) (6), a corilagin derivative (9) and two oleanane type triterpenoids (1) and (2) were characterized. Our results justify the traditional uses of macerations and decoctions of T. brownii stem wood and bark for crop and wood protection and demonstrate that standardized extracts could have uses for the eco-friendly control of plant pathogenic fungi in African agroforestry systems. Likewise, our results justify the traditional uses of these preparations for the treatment of skin infections caused by filamentous fungi.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0702.v1

Acceptability of Vaccination Against COVID-19 Among Selected Residents of the Cities of Caloocan, Malabon, and Navotas, Philippines

Angelito Palma Bautista Jr., Doris Gelvoligaya Bleza, Dianne Morta Balibrea, Cynthia Equiza

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Accounting And Taxation Keywords: COVID-19; vaccine acceptance; vaccine willingness; vaccine hesitancy; quantitative; online survey; Philippines

Online: 27 April 2021 (10:12:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201802.0151.v1

The Use of Anisaldehyde Sulfuric Acid as an Alternative Spray Reagent in TLC Analysis Reveals Three Classes of Compounds in the Genus Usnea Adans. (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota)

Alice da Cruz Lima Gerlach, Alice Gadea, Rosa Mara Borges da Silveira, Philippe Clerc, Françoise Lohézic-le Dévéhat

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Plant Sciences Keywords: color tests; thin layer chromatography; chemotaxonomy; secondary metabolites; solvent system

Online: 24 February 2018 (08:28:11 CET)

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Preprint TECHNICAL NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0259.v1

Deterministic and Probabilistic Engineering Cost Estimating Approaches for Complex Urban Drainage Infrastructure Capital Improvement (CIP) Programs

Thewodros K. Geberemariam

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: risk management; deterministic; probabilistic; engineering cost estimating; uncertainty; cost estimating methods; urban drainage infrastructure; Capital Improvement (CIP) Programs

Online: 12 November 2018 (04:27:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0159.v2

Investment and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis for Tanzania

Manamba Epaphra, John Massawe

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Economics Keywords: public investment; domestic private investment; FDI; crowding out effect; economic growth

Online: 30 August 2016 (04:03:38 CEST)

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This paper analyzes the causal effect between domestic private investment, public investment, foreign direct investment and economic growth in Tanzania during the 1970-2014 period. The modified neo-classical growth model is used to estimate the ieffect of investment on economic growth. Also, the economic growth models based on Phetsavong and Ichihashi (2012) [1], and Le and Suruga (2005) [2]are used to estimate the crowding out effect of public investment on domestic private investment on one hand and foreign direct investment on the other hand. In the same way, the crowding out effect of foreign direct investment on domestic private investment is estimated. A correlation test is applied to check the correlation among independent variables, and the results show that there is very low correlation suggesting that multicollinearity is not a serious problem. Moreover, the diagnostic tests including RESET regression errors specification test, Breusch-Godfrey serial correlation LM test, Jacque-Bera-normality test and white heteroskedasticity test reveal that the model has no signs of misspecification and that, the residuals are serially uncorrelated, normally distributed and homoskedastic. Broadly, the empirical results show that the domestic private investment and foreign direct investment play an important role in economic growth in Tanzania. Besides, a revealed negative, albeit weak, association between public and private investment suggests that the positive effect of domestic private investment on economic growth becomes smaller when public investment-to-GDP ratio exceeds 8-10 percent. Similarly, foreign direct investment tends to marginally reduce the impact of domestic private investment on growth. These results suggest that public investment and foreign direct investment need to be considered carefully in order to avoid a reduced positive impact of domestic private investment on growth. Domestic saving may be promoted to encourage domestic investment for economic growth.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0056.v1

Using RAxML-NG in Practice

Alexey M. Kozlov, Alexandros Stamatakis

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Computer Science Keywords: phylogenetic inference; maximum likelihood; parallel processing; HPC

Online: 6 May 2019 (11:12:20 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

An Overview of Imaging Lidar Sensors for Autonomous Vehicles

Santiago Royo, Maria Ballesta

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: lidar, ladar, time of flight, 3D imaging, point cloud, MEMS, scanners, photodetectors, lasers, autonomous vehicles, self-driving car

Online: 8 August 2019 (12:23:48 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0027.v1

Impact of COVID-19 on Education in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abdullahi Aborode, Olaitan Anifowoshe, Tolorunju Ifeoluwapo Ayodele, Akinjo Rebecca Iretiayo, Ogunjemilua Oluwafemi David

Subject: Arts And Humanities, Humanities Keywords: COVID-19; Deadly disease; Education; Resolution; Africa; Sub-Sahara

Online: 3 July 2020 (08:57:38 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0203.v3

Face Masks Against COVID-19: An Evidence Review

Jeremy Howard, Austin Huang, Zhiyuan Li, Zeynep Tufekci, Vladimir Zdimal, Helene-Mari van der Westhuizen, Arne von Delft, Amy Price, Lex Fridman, Lei-Han Tang, Viola Tang, Gregory L. Watson, Christina E. Bax, Reshama Shaikh, Frederik Questier, Danny Hernandez, Larry F. Chu, Christina M. Ramirez, Anne W. Rimoin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; masks; pandemic

Online: 12 July 2020 (16:11:50 CEST)

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The science around the use of masks by the general public to impede COVID-19 transmission is advancing rapidly. Policymakers need guidance on how masks should be used by the general population to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. In this narrative review, we develop an analytical framework to examine mask usage, considering and synthesizing the relevant literature to inform multiple areas: population impact; transmission characteristics; source control; PPE; sociological considerations; and implementation considerations. A primary route of transmission of COVID-19 is via respiratory droplets, and is known to be transmissible from presymptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Reducing disease spread requires two things: first, limit contacts of infected individuals via physical distancing and other measures, and second, reduce the transmission probability per contact. The preponderance of evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces the transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected droplets in both laboratory and clinical contexts. Public mask wearing is most effective at reducing spread of the virus when compliance is high. The decreased transmissibility could substantially reduce the death toll and economic impact while the cost of the intervention is low. Given the current shortages of medical masks we recommend the adoption of public cloth mask wearing, as an effective form of source control, in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and contact tracing strategies. Because many respiratory droplets become smaller due to evaporation, we recommend increasing focus on a previously overlooked aspect of mask usage: mask-wearing by infectious people ("source control") with benefits at the population-level, rather than mask-wearing by susceptible people, such as health-care workers, with focus on individual outcomes. We recommend that public officials and governments strongly encourage the use of widespread face masks in public, including the use of appropriate regulation.

Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0279.v1

Repositioning Chloroquine as Ideal Antiviral Prophylactic against COVID-19 - Time is Now

Raymond Chang, Wei-Zen Sun

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: chloroquine; COVID-19; SARS-CoV2; antiviral; viral prophylaxis

Online: 17 March 2020 (15:57:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0010.v1

Serial Killers Profiling and Target Victims: Is There a Connection?

Mohammad B. Mustafa

Subject: Social Sciences, Safety Research Keywords: serial killer; criminal profiling; victims; criminal psychology

Online: 2 January 2018 (10:10:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0323.v1

New Spectrophotometric Method for the Assessment of Catalase Enzyme Activity in Biological Tissues

Thulfeqar A. Hamza, Mahmoud Hussein Hadwan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: catalase activity; hydrogen peroxide; hydroquinone; anilinium sulfate; ammonium molybdate

Online: 29 October 2019 (04:04:50 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0028.v1

Determination of Knock-Down Time and Level of Toxicity of Panyawan (Tinospora rumphii L.) Leaf Extract against American Cockroach (Periplaneta americana)

Joseph Dave Pregoner, Li Deve Flores, Germae Sison, EJ Tampepe, Simon Peter Ombing, Andrian Dominguiano, Sophia Bangal, Angelika Casado, Regina Annabelle Villanueva

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Animal Science, Veterinary Science And Zoology Keywords: Panyawan (Tinospora rumphii); Knock-down time; Experimental; Davao City

Online: 3 May 2020 (07:27:40 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0152.v1

List of Deep Learning Models

Amir Mosavi, Sina Faizollahzadeh ardabili, Annamária R. Várkonyi-Kóczy

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: deep learning; machine learning model; convolutional neural networks (CNN); recurrent neural networks (RNN); denoising autoencoder (DAE); deep belief networks (DBNs); long short-term memory (LSTM); review; survey; state of the art

Online: 13 August 2019 (09:32:09 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0548.v1

Why Does COVID-19 Disproportionately Affect the Elderly?

Amber L. Mueller, Maeve S. McNamara, David A. Sinclair

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; aging; immunosenescence; inflammaging; inflammation; cytokine storm; epigenetics; biological clock; sirtuin; glycome

Online: 30 April 2020 (22:38:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0022.v1

Mixing Time—Experimental Determination and Applications to the Modelling of Crystallisation Phenomena

Dragan D. Nikolić, Giuseppe Cogoni, Patrick Frawley

Subject: Engineering, Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Keywords: mixing time; LIF; CFD; SPH; stirred tank

Online: 3 November 2016 (09:22:18 CET)

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Performing optimisation and scale-up studies of crystallisation systems requires accurate and computationally efficient mathematical models. The assumption of the ideal mixing conditions in batch reactors typically produce inaccurate results while the computational expense of CFD models is still prohibitively high. Therefore, in this work, a new intermediary approach is proposed that takes into account the non-ideal mixing conditions in the reactor and requires less computational resources than full CFD simulations. Starting with the Danckwerts concept of the intensity of segregation, an analogy between its application to chemical reactions and the kinetics of the crystallisation phenomena (such as nucleation and growth) has been made. As a result, the modified kinetics expressions have been derived which incorporate the effect of non-idealities present in stirred reactors. This way, based on the experimental measurements of the mixing time using the Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) technique, computationally more efficient mathematical models can be developed in two ways: (1) the accurate semi-empirical correlations are available for standard mixing configurations with the most often used types of impellers, (2) CFD simulations can be utilised for estimation of the mixing time; in this case it is necessary to simulate only the mixing process. The benefits offered by the LIF experimental technique have been demonstrated and some frequent problems in its application analysed. The mixing time results for configurations with and without baffles for three types of impellers and four different rotational speeds have been presented. The false shorter mixing times in the non-baffled configurations have been observed and this phenomena explained by the existence of two segregated zones in the reactor and confirmed by additional experiments. The precise measurements in these cases have been shown as difficult using the LIF technique, particularly for higher rpms. The experimental data has been compared to the preliminary simulation results obtained from the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method and the standard k-ε turbulence model with the modest success. The shortcomings of the SPH model have been recognized and the directions for the future work discussed.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0330.v1

Male Sterility and Somatic Hybridization in Plant Breeding

Laura Garcia, Alejandro Edera, Carlos Marfil, Maria Sanchez-Puerta

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Plant Sciences Keywords: incompatibility; male sterility; mitochondria; somatic hybrid; recombination

Online: 29 July 2019 (05:21:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0322.v1

A Century of Futurist Architecture: From Theory to Reality

Farhan Asim, Venu Shree

Subject: Engineering, Architecture, Building And Construction Keywords: Futuristic Architecture; Neo-futurism; Deconstructivism; Modernism; Antonio Sant’ Elia

Online: 27 December 2018 (11:31:13 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0001.v1

Coronavirus Disease 2019 – COVID-19

Kuldeep Dhama, Khan Sharun, Ruchi Tiwari, Shubhankar Sircar, Sudipta Bhat, Yashpal Singh Malik, Karam Pal Singh, Wanpen Chaicumpa, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: emerging coronavirus; 2019-nCoV; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; diagnosis; vaccines; therapy; one health

Online: 1 March 2020 (02:48:13 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0122.v1

Accelerated Reported Battery Capacity Loss in 30 kWh Variants of the Nissan Leaf

Daniel Myall, Dima Ivanov, Walter Larason, Mark Nixon, Henrik Moller

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: electric vehicle; Nissan Leaf; lithium-ion battery; capacity loss; battery degradation

Online: 15 March 2018 (07:19:52 CET)

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