Abstract: Epitalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) developed from the amino-acid composition of epithalamin, a pineal-derived polypeptide preparation. Although historically related, the two preparations are chemically distinct and their evidence should not be considered interchangeable. This narrative review examines the mechanistic, preclinical, and human evidence for epitalon, with epithalamin studies considered separately as historical context. The strongest mechanistic evidence for epitalon involves telomerase activation and telomere elongation in human cell lines. These findings were independently replicated in 2025, with telomere extension occurring through hTERT/telomerase upregulation in normal cells and alternative lengthening of telomeres in cancer cell lines.[1] Preclinical studies have also reported age-dependent neuroendocrine effects, antioxidant-associated activity, and tissue-protective effects. In female mice, epitalon did not increase mean lifespan but increased maximum lifespan by 12.3%.[2] Human epitalon evidence remains limited to small physiological or biomarker studies and an older report in retinitis pigmentosa; no adequately powered randomized trial has established therapeutic efficacy.[1,3,4] Historical epithalamin studies have reported neuroendocrine, antioxidant, cardiovascular, and longevity-associated outcomes, but these findings cannot be directly extrapolated to epitalon. Human pharmacokinetic, dose-ranging, and dedicated prospective safety studies remain unavailable, while telomere-maintenance effects raise theoretical but unresolved questions regarding long-term oncologic safety. FDA reviewed epitalon free base and acetate through the 2026 PCAC compounding process, which does not constitute therapeutic approval. [5] Overall, epitalon demonstrates biologically relevant activity but remains clinically unproven. Independent replication, pharmaceutical characterization, pharmacokinetic and safety studies, disease-specific preclinical models, and appropriately designed human trials are needed before its role in regenerative or longevity medicine can be established.

Abstract: Yellow fever (YF) remains a significant public health threat globally. Despite the absence of confirmed outbreaks since the 1992-1993 outbreak, Kenya is classified as a medium-to-high risk country. In January 2022, clusters of acute febrile illness and unexplained deaths were reported in Isiolo County. An integrated epidemiological and entomological investigation was conducted to confirm transmission, characterize risk factors, determine the geographic extent, and assess the risk of spread to the neighboring northeastern counties. Samples from suspected YF cases were tested using molecular and serological methods following WHO guidelines. Concurrent entomological surveys assessed vector species, densities, and breeding habitats to estimate transmission risk and guide vector control. N=194 serum samples (Isiolo and Garissa, n=166 [85.6%]; Wajir, Marsabit and Meru, n=20 [14.4%]) from suspected cases were tested. Serological testing identified 11 presumptive YFV IgM-positive cases (Isiolo, n=7; Garissa, n=1; Meru=2, Nairobi=1). Three of the positive cases from Isiolo (n=2), and Garissa (n=1) were confirmed by PRNT. Entomological surveys identified Aedes aegypti, Ae. furcifer, and Ae. simpsoni, all recognized YFV vectors. This investigation demonstrated active YFV transmission and elevated risk in the affected areas; highlighting the significance of integrated surveillance, vector control, and vaccination efforts to prevent future outbreaks.

Abstract: Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a rare, life-threatening complication of sickle cell disease (SCD), often underrecognized due to overlap with acute chest syndrome, sepsis, and thrombotic microangiopathies. We report a 37-year-old man with sickle cell disease who presented with an acute vaso-occlusive crisis and rapidly deteriorated with respiratory failure, cardiovascular collapse, and neurological dysfunction. Common etiologies including pulmonary embolism, infection, and stroke were excluded. Laboratory evidence of hemolysis, cytopenias, elevated ferritin, and acute cor pulmonale suggested systemic FES secondary to bone marrow necrosis. The patient underwent urgent red cell exchange transfusion, followed by therapeutic plasma exchange and corticosteroids, resulting in significant clinical and hemodynamic recovery. This case highlights the importance of early recognition and aggressive multimodal therapy in SCD-FES.

Abstract: The increasing complexity of general aviation flight training poses significant challenges to tower controllers, who must reconcile safety separation standards with training efficiency under diverse and often unexpected conflict scenarios. This study proposes a BERT-BiLSTM-XGBoost multimodal feature fusion ensemble learning model that automatically matches optimal allocation schemes based on predicted conflict characteristics, thereby providing real-time decision support for tower controllers. The framework operates in three stages. First, a BERT model extracts high-level semantic features from textual data—including aircraft status descriptions, controller characteristics, pilot profiles, and airspace constraints—by leveraging bidirectional contextual encoding. Second, a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) network captures temporal dynamic features from sequential aircraft operation data. Third, the extracted semantic and temporal feature vectors are fused and fed into an XGBoost classifier, which performs the final allocation scheme matching. The XGBoost algorithm additionally provides feature importance scores, supporting the traceability requirements of tower control decision-making. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves a matching accuracy of 97.2%, substantially outperforming baseline methods including Naive Bayes, linear SVM, and LightGBM. Moreover, the model reduces controller decision-making time by 75–80% in simulated tower control tests, validating its practical utility as an effective decision-support tool for general aviation tower operations.

Abstract: The Florida citrus industry has collapsed by >90% in two decades, driven primarily by Huanglongbing disease transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). While physical barriers such as citrus under protective screens systems effectively exclude ACP, their high capital costs (\(43,560/acre) yield payback periods >29 years, making them economically unviable for most growers. This study investigates vertical agrivoltaic shield walls as a self-funding biosecurity solution that combines ACP exclusion with sustainable electricity generation. A case study is presented evaluating a representative small-family farm-sized (35 acres) citrus grove. Structural designs compliant with Building Code and ASCE 7-22 were developed, and two deployment scenarios were simulated in Vero Beach, Florida: perimeter-only fencing (622.6 kW-DC, Case 1) and perimeter plus interior wind shields (954.8 kW-DC, Case 2). Techno-economic analysis under FPL tariffs shows 25-year bill savings of \)1.27M (Case 1) and $1.97M (Case 2) under net metering, invariant across sub-cases. Under the owner-developed deployment, both cases achieve positive ROI on energy economics alone (Case 1: 20.34%, Case 2: 29.51%), while wholesale export under COG-1 is uniformly uneconomic. GIS-based statewide scaling indicates that fence-mounted PV on Florida citrus groves alone could provide 11.9 GW of capacity generating 15.4 TWh annually. This would produce 6% of Florida's electricity consumption or raised to 25.5% if extended to the rest of the state’s farmlands producing 65.03 TWh without sacrificing any growing area. The economic results are promising as they indicate agrivoltaic shield walls can simultaneously combat HLB, diversify farm revenue, and accelerate sustainable and renewable energy generation.

Abstract: Multimodal molecular profiles are often assumed to improve cancer drug-response prediction simply by adding information. We developed an evidence-bounded DepMap workflow to test that assumption across expression, copy-number, and mutation features. The declared evaluation universe contained 15 compounds from GDSC1, GDSC2, and CTD². Models used fold-local feature selection and Ridge regression, with drug-held-out and leave-one-dataset-out validation. In full-universe drug-held-out validation across five repeated splits, fusion had mean RMSE 0.2322 versus 0.2328 for expression alone (mean fusion-minus-expression RMSE −0.0006; seed-level SD 0.0013). Fusion improved in three of five splits and was slightly worse in two. In cross-study validation, fusion was slightly worse in all three held-out datasets: CTD² 0.3238 versus 0.3231, GDSC1 0.2339 versus 0.2322, and GDSC2 0.2387 versus 0.2347. Structured missingness and weak-to-moderate row-level modality correlations accompanied dataset-sensitive performance. These findings support evaluating multimodal models by incremental value, transferability, and failure modes rather than assuming that more omics is always better.

Abstract: This paper presents a design methodology for the automatic control system of an airship, accounting for atmospheric disturbances and parametric modeling uncertainties. The derived design model is a linear stochastic system with multiplicative noise incorporating both the airship’s uncertain dynamics and the wind model. First, an H_∞ state feedback control law is derived for the stochastic system to ensure robust stability and trajectory tracking performance. Subsequently, a robust Kalman filter is designed to estimate the turbulence model states based on available measurements. It is demonstrated that the optimal gain of this robust filter depends on the solution to a coupled system of specific Riccati and Lyapunov equations. Numerical results highlight a significant improvement in robustness and tracking performance when the control law incorporates wind gust velocity estimation.

Abstract: Marine cable winch systems used in offshore operations are exposed to substantial tension fluctuations produced by vessel heave motion and irregular ocean-wave disturbances. These fluctuations can compromise operational stability and may contribute to undesirable slack–re-tension cycles, mechanical loading, fatigue, and reduced reliability. Conventional proportional-integral (PI) controllers remain attractive because of their simplicity and dependable steady-state behavior, but fixed-gain feedback control may be less effective when operating conditions and disturbance patterns vary. This study investigates a reinforcement-learning approach based on Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) combined with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent memory for adaptive marine winch tension control. The controller is trained entirely in a Unity ML-Agents simulation environment containing a nonlinear drum-winch plant and a stochastic JONSWAP irregular-wave disturbance model. The agent uses a nine-dimensional observation vector comprising normalized tension, setpoint, tracking error, drum angular velocity, rope length, motor torque, dominant wave-phase sine and cosine components, and tension rate of change. A continuous normalized motor-torque command is generated at 60 ms decision intervals. Training employs a graduated curriculum over an 8-20 kN setpoint range, with an initial fixed 8 kN phase followed by randomized setpoints. The final reported model is evaluated against a manually tuned PI controller using randomized JONSWAP realizations. Across the combined operating range, the PPO-LSTM controller achieves a mean tension error of 1.724 kN compared with 1.780 kN for the PI controller, corresponding to a 3.1% improvement that is not statistically significant at the 0.05 level. More importantly, the reinforcement-learning controller reduces error standard deviation by 17.3% overall, with reductions of 26.3% and 39.2% in the 12-15 kN and 15-20 kN ranges, respectively. At the 95th percentile of errors, the overall reduction is 6.4%. The results indicate that the main benefit of the recurrent RL architecture is improved consistency and robustness rather than a large reduction in average tracking error. The study also identifies curriculum bias at low setpoints, increased slack incidence in the 8-12 kN range, catastrophic forgetting during targeted high-setpoint fine-tuning, and the simulation-to-reality gap as important limitations. The expanded discussion therefore emphasizes both the potential and the engineering constraints of PPO-LSTM control for marine winch applications.

Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, oxidative stress, and amyloid-beta accumulation. Natural products with antioxidant and stress-response-modulating properties are increasingly being investigated as candidate neuroprotective agents. In this study, we evaluated the effects of Rhodiola rosea L. extract, salidroside, and rosavin in Caenorhabditis elegans models of AD. Phenotypic, behavioral, biochemical, and molecular assays were used to assess locomotion, egg-laying, chemotaxis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), gene expression, and amyloid-like aggregation. The extract and its related compounds improved locomotor performance, partially rescued reproductive and sensory defects, reduced ROS accumulation, modulated stress-response genes including skn-1/nrf2, daf-2, and sod-1, and decreased thioflavin-S-positive aggregates. Together, these findings support the neuroprotective potential of R. rosea extract and its key marker compounds suggesting the involvement of conserved antioxidant pathways.

Abstract: Wood-fired ovens used in pizzerias represent a potential source of air pollution, particularly in urban areas where they are most concentrated. The combination of wood combustion and cooking operations is a distinctive feature of these appliances and results in a unique emission profile. Local emission inventories indicate that restaurants and pizzerias with wood-fired ovens have a non-negligible contribution to the emission of several air pollutants, especially particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This study presents an integrated framework combining data-driven source identification, experimentally measured emission factors, atmospheric dispersion modelling, and air-quality observations to assess the impact of wood-fired pizza ovens in the urban context of Milan (Italy). To validate and strengthen the robustness of the modelling framework, analogous simulations were also performed for road traffic and heating systems, representing the major urban emission sources, and compared with measurements from the ARPA Lombardia monitoring network. Results showed that wood-fired oven emissions are concentrated in the city center and can contribute appreciably to local primary particulate matter concentrations (0.085 – 3.34 µg m⁻³ PM₁₀). While their contribution to NO_x concentrations is limited (0.0044 - 1.75 µg m⁻³), simulations indicated a measurable influence on biomass-burning tracers, including levoglucosan (19.70 - 34.28%) and benzo(a)pyrene (34.95 - 37.47%). Overall, wood-fired pizza ovens are not a dominant source of urban air pollution but represent a relevant local contributor to particulate matter and combustion-related tracers.

Abstract: This study investigated three pumpkin seed polysaccharide fractions (PSP-1-1, PSP-1-2, and PSP-1-3) with molecular weights of 29,797 Da, 11,209 Da, and 4,346 Da, respectively, all containing both α- and β-glycosidic linkages. Structural analysis revealed arabinose, galactose, and glucose as predominant residues in PSP-1-1, while PSP-1-2 and PSP-1-3 additionally contained xylose, with all fractions sharing common structural units. All three fractions dose-dependently promoted GLP-1 secretion from L cells and upregulated sweet taste receptor pathway genes. The pooled fraction PSP-1s exhibited synergistic effects with higher gene expression than individual fractions and was therefore selected for in vivo studies. In diabetic mice, PSP-1s alleviated weight loss, reduced hyperphagia and polydipsia, lowered blood glucose, improved glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia, repaired pancreatic islets, and decreased GSP, insulin, and HOMA-IR while increasing QUICKI in a dose-dependent manner. PSP-1s enhanced GLP-1 secretion, elevated colonic SCFAs concentrations, and restructured gut microbiota by enriching beneficial SCFA-producing bacteria. Collectively, PSP-1s exerts hypoglycemic effects through dual mechanisms: remodeling gut microbiota to increase SCFA-stimulated GLP-1 secretion, and directly activating sweet taste receptors on L cells to enhance GLP-1 release, ultimately regulating blood glucose via the gut-brain GLP-1 signaling axis. These findings highlight PSP-1s as a promising candidate for type 2 diabetes management.

Abstract: Contemporary systemic-risk governance is organized around a family of concepts, risk, Knightian uncertainty, deep uncertainty, complexity, systemic risk, and polycrisis, each built to isolate one dimension of a disorderly world. We argue that the family has a gap at its center: none of its members names the standing condition in which multiple uncertainties interact and evolve continuously, including in the quiet periods before any recognizable crisis. We call that condition Polyuncertainty and define it through five necessary attributes, multiplicity, interdependence, dynamic evolution, cascading effects, and limited governability, and five generative mechanisms. The contribution is deliberately conceptual. We propose no new estimator and claim no priority over the mature apparatus for systemic risk in finance or compound risk in climate science; the claim is that a bounded organizing concept, positioned against its neighbors and equipped with boundary conditions and testable propositions, can improve problem definition and set a cumulative research agenda across governance capability, measurement, and domain application. Five recent episodes in which losses spread through structure rather than the initiating hazard motivate the concept, and a transparent agent-based simulation, offered as a proof of concept, shows that the five mechanisms generate a disproportionate-cascade signature single-hazard assessment misses, and that slack, coordination, and the timing of coordination move it as the framework predicts.

Abstract: Financial inclusion has expanded rapidly, yet rising access does not necessarily translate into convergence in digital financial use. Using five Global Findex waves (2011–2024) and individual-level 2024 microdata, this study distinguishes account access from effective digital financial participation. Balanced-economy trends show account ownership rising from 53.0% in 2011 to 80.6% in 2024, while gender and income access gaps narrow. In contrast, income gaps in digital use remain large, and the richest–poorest gap in digital merchant payments increases from 15.4 to 18.7 percentage points between 2021 and 2024. Analysis of 62,480 phone-owning adults across 74 economies uses Findex-weighted logit models with economy fixed effects and economy-clustered inference. Internet use, basic messaging capability, and secure autonomous device control are independently associated with 6.9, 7.7, and 8.3 percentage-point higher probabilities of digital merchant payment. Digital mechanisms attenuate but do not eliminate education, income, rural, and gender gaps. Results are robust to wild-cluster bootstrap, CR2/Satterthwaite correction, alternative weighting, LMIC-only estimation, alternative security definitions, and leave-one-region-out tests. The findings indicate that expanding access alone is insufficient: effective digital participation remains stratified by capability, device control, and socioeconomic resources.

Abstract: This paper examines the mathematical model governing the behavior of a buoyant fluid column rising through a less buoyant ambient fluid within a confined region bounded by two vertical walls. The study represents a bounded-domain extension of the compositional plume model previously developed by Eltayeb and Loper [9 – 11] for an unconfined environment. The system is characterized by five dimensionless parameters: (i) the Grashoff number, representing the ratio of buoyancy forces generated by concentration differences between the plume and the surrounding fluid to viscous forces; (ii) the Prandtl number, defined as the ratio of viscosity to thermal diffusivity; (iii) the plume thickness; (iv) the separation distance between the two vertical walls; and (v) the dimensionless distance between the plume and the nearest wall, with all length scales normalized using the salt-finger length scale. The principal aim of the study is to assess how the presence of boundaries modifies the solutions obtained for an unbounded ambient fluid. The analysis shows that the basic-state solution does not depend on either the Grashoff or Prandtl numbers. Unlike the unbounded case, where symmetry is preserved, the presence of sidewalls generally breaks this symmetry unless the plume is positioned exactly midway between the two boundaries. In an unbounded domain, the plume is always unstable and exhibits two independent modes of instability: the varicose (V) mode and the sinuous (S) mode. The introduction of sidewalls significantly changes the stability characteristics of the flow. A strongly unstable region emerges when a thin plume is located near a boundary. In other areas of the parameter space, the instability growth rate remains comparable to that of the unbounded configuration but decreases as the distance between the walls becomes smaller. Instability continues to appear in two distinct classes of solutions related to the classical varicose and sinuous modes, although these modes are modified by the plume’s position relative to the nearest sidewall.

Abstract: Lithium-ion battery degradation limits the performance, safety, cost, and service life of consumer electronics, electric vehicles, industrial systems, and grid-energy storage. This review synthesizes the electrochemical, mechanical, thermal, and transport processes that govern battery ageing and links them to health assessment, lifetime prediction, and battery-management decisions. A mechanism-to-decision framework is used to distinguish degradation mechanisms, degradation modes, and cell-level outcomes. The review examines solid-electrolyte-interphase growth, lithium plating, particle fracture, cathode reconstruction, transition-metal dissolution, electrolyte decomposition, separator damage, and electrode cross-talk. These processes contribute to lithium loss, active-material loss, electrolyte depletion, stoichiometric imbalance, impedance growth, capacity fade, and power fade. The effects of temperature, state of charge, depth of discharge, current rate, ageing history, chemistry, and cell design are assessed, with emphasis on coupled mechanisms, spatial non-uniformity, path dependence, and knee-point ageing. The review also discusses state-of-health estimation, remaining-useful-life prediction, mitigation strategies, and digital-twin approaches. Capacity alone is insufficient because similarly aged cells may differ in resistance, safety margin, and future lifetime. Future research should prioritize realistic pack-level datasets, uncertainty-aware prediction, standardized testing, operando diagnostics, transferable models, and decision-oriented battery management.

Abstract: Wildfire detection and characterization from space critically depend on accurate thermal infrared measurements across a wide dynamic range. OroraTech’s SAFIRE payloads feature mid-wave infrared (MWIR) and long-wave infrared (LWIR) bands optimized for this purpose, yet the volume and power constraints of many CubeSat platforms preclude the use of onboard calibration sources. This reflects a broader limitation of current Earth observation systems: the absence of robust calibration and validation methodologies at high brightness temperatures relevant to active fires. We evaluate the potential of using thermophysical models (TPM) of the Moon as a vicarious calibration reference for calibration transfer between instruments. The Moon reaches surface temperatures of up to 400 K, offering a stable target in the thermal domain that is visible from many different orbits. Previous research has established the use of TPMs for Moon observations in the infrared; however, uncertainties in surface properties remain, particularly in the mid-wave infrared. We investigate these effects using SAFIRE observations of the lunar surface acquired over a wide range of lunar phase angles (from waxing -81.5° to waning +122.2°). We constrain the TPMs using observations from the Sentinel-3 Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) fire channels and uncover a 5.2 % inter-sensor disagreement in the MWIR between Sentinel-3A and Sentinel-3B at high brightness temperatures, corresponding to ~2.2 K at 400 K. Applying the same methodology to observations of our SAFIRE payloads bounds the calibration transfer error at 5.8 % in the MWIR and 4.2 % in the LWIR for lunar phase angles within ±45°. These results establish lunar vicarious calibration as a viable approach in the thermal domain for high-temperature applications, providing a pathway toward improved fire radiative power retrievals and enhanced global wildfire monitoring.

Abstract: Background: We have efficiently combined arthroscopic lateral retinacular release with medial reefing for proximal realignment of the patella in patients with patellar dislocation. We therefore conducted this study to assess long-term outcomes of our technique. Methods: The current study was conducted in a total of 67 patients who were surgically treated at our medical institution between February 2012 and March 2024. The patients were evaluated for whether there were significant differences in the patellar tilt angle, congruence angle, tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance (TT-TG), Insall-Salvati index, Lysholm knee scores and Kujala score between preoperatively and postoperatively. Results: A total of 47 patients (n = 47; 25 men and 22 women) (48 knees) were finally included in the current study; their mean age was 30.7 ± 11.3 (range, 15-63) years old and they were followed up during a mean period of 36.9 ± 25.5 (range, 24-120) months. Preoperatively, the Q-angle and sulcus angle were measured as 14.0° ± 2.7° and 134.4° ± 1.5°, respectively. Preoperatively, the patellar tilt angle, congruence angle, Insall-Salvati index, TT-TG distance, Lysholm knee scores and Kujala scores were measured as 21.6° ± 4.7°, 16.9° ± 14.2°, 0.9 ± 0.1, 17.5 ± 1.9 mm, 45.7 ± 6.4 points and 58.7 ± 8.7, respectively. Postoperatively, these measurements were 10.9° ± 1.4°, 1.0° ± 3.7°, 1.1 ± 0.1, 12.9 ± 1.6 mm, 87.9 ± 4.3 points and 89.7 ± 3.7 points in the corresponding order. These difference reached statistical significance (p < 0.05). Postoperatively, there was only one case (2.1%) of recurrence at postoperative 2 months, but this was corrected by revision arthroscopic repair. Moreover, there was one case of hematoma, but this was managed with aspiration. Furthermore, there were two cases of a loss of flexion of < 135°. Two months later, this was treated with manipulation. But there were no other postoperative complications such as patellar fracture or infection. Conclusion: Arthroscopic lateral retinacular release combined with medial reefing for proximal realignment of the patella is an effective, safe modality in patients with acute or subacute patellar dislocation.

Abstract: Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. is valued for skin repair. Salt (NaCl) treatment is an inexpensive way to alter its active molecules, but its effect on bioactivity across germplasm is unknown. Thirty-nine Thai accessions were grown with or without 100 mM NaCl for 10 days, and methanol leaf extracts were screened against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans using a growth ratio (GR), growth with the NaCl ex-tract relative to the untreated extract. The most responsive accession, PHE, was profiled by untargeted LC-HRMS and assessed in a 24 h kinetic growth assay and in Ha-CaT keratinocyte viability and wound-healing assays. NaCl extracts reduced bacterial growth to 0.88 (E. coli) and 0.90 (S. aureus) of the untreated level, with wide variation among accessions. In PHE, nicotinamide was the most strongly induced metabolite (9.3-fold) and reached one tenth of the plant-derived signal. The NaCl extract inhibited E. coli by 88% versus 36% for the untreated extract, was non-cytotoxic, stimulated keratinocyte proliferation and raised wound closure to 84% of the positive control, matched by nicotinamide alone (83%). Salt elicitation therefore confers antimicrobial and wound-healing activity on C. asiatica, with nicotinamide largely explaining the latter and contributing with other constituents to the former.

Abstract: Sclerotium rot, caused by Agroathelia rolfsii, is one of the main soilborne diseases that limit plant growth and tomato yield. This study evaluated the efficacy of Amazonian Trichoderma species to control sclerotium rot, and promote plant growth under field conditions, in Manaus, Brazil. We used six species (isolates) of Trichoderma based on their previously assessed performance in field trials. The incidence of sclerotium rot, tomato fruit yield and the production of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and siderophores were evaluated. The isolates reduced the incidence of sclerotium rot by up to 75% and also increased fruit yield. T. rugulosum had the best performance, as it greatly reduced sclerotium rot incidence and improved fruit yield. Although no differences were found in biomass allocation to plant organs, T. endophyticum, T. agriamazonicum, and T. asperelloides showed high production of IAA. The results highlight the potential of Amazonian Trichoderma isolates as bio fungicides to be used in sustainable cultivation of tomato. Furthermore, we show the potential of Amazonian species of Trichoderma to both reduce the incidence of sclerotium rot, and to increase the production of bioactive compounds that stimulate plant growth. By reducing the use of synthetic agrochemicals, the use of Trichoderma promotes healthier and more sustainable agricultural practices.

Abstract: Modin and Verdier observed favorable long-time energy behavior for nonholonomic leapfrog in a rotating constrained-spring example that their reversibility argument did not explain. We investigate a foundational question: which polynomial conservation laws follow from the reflected update independently of the driver? For planar rank-one constraints and 0 < h < 2, we prove that the modified quadratic energy generates all common polynomial invariants, except at h = \( \sqrt{2} \), where an independent quartic generator appears. At this step, a change of variables turns the update into an exchange of squared lengths. This mechanism extends to arbitrary orthogonal-projector sequences in any dimension. The classification identifies the conservation shared by the update family; the original passenger-energy observation remains a separate question.