Abstract: We present a unified, field-based explanation for the formation, alignment, and expansion behavior of cosmic filaments and voids. Building upon the Resonance-Suppression (RS) framework, we propose that large-scale cosmic structure emerges from coherent harmonic scaffolding modulated by suppression fields—quantum-scale filters that regulate energy distribution, wave reinforcement, and space time connectivity. Unlike standard ΛCDM models, which depend on dark matter particles and inflationary perturbation seeds, the RS model derives filament and void geometry directly from wave interference principles, requiring no exotic matter. This approach provides a falsifiable alternative that predicts quantized filament spacing, void boundary coherence, and harmonic clustering, with strong alignment to observational datasets. Through a combination of field derivations and observational tests, we show that filament thickness, void asymmetry, and AGN clustering patterns all emerge naturally from resonance envelopes without fine-tuning. Filaments represent stabilized resonance nodes, while voids arise from off-resonance suppression basins. Our model outperforms classical alternatives in both predictive power and falsifiability, and aligns closely with recent filament alignment studies, CMB-lensing cross-correlations, and gravitational wave echo predictions. This paper follows a structured approach: we first derive the RS field’s gravitational role, define its mathematical formalism, and then validate it across key cosmological observables. Finally, we offer a falsifiable predictions list and a full parameter formulation for future testing. Our findings suggest that the cosmic web may be less a chaotic byproduct and more a harmonic expression of a deeply ordered spacetime field.

Abstract: In the Lorentz transformation, light is chosen as the observation medium to derive the coordinate relationship for spacetime conversion, which is then applied in the theory of special relativity. However, this approach overlooks the impact of the characteristics of the selected observation medium on spacetime conversion, leading to limitations in the understanding of spacetime effects. This paper proposes a new Extended Lorentz Transformation theory and methodology. The analysis results lead to an important conclusion: spacetime effects are essentially subjective measurement errors caused by the observation method and are independent of the reference frame and the motion state of the object. The speed of the observation medium is the fundamental cause of measurement errors. The higher the speed, the smaller the error. When the speed is infinite, the spacetime effects vanish, and the measurement error becomes zero. Acoustic waves are used as the observation medium for verification. The results show that even when the object's motion speed is relatively low, significant space-time effects can still occur, leading to substantial measurement errors. Compared with light under the same conditions, there are significant differences in spacetime effects, indicating that the light observation medium is merely a special case of human subjective choice for observing the motion of objects, and the observation results do not have universal applicability. The conclusion regarding spacetime effects in Einstein's special relativity does not hold. To further expand the scope of applicability of relativity, this paper derives the formula for calculating space-time effects in non-uniformly speed reference frames.

Abstract:

Hawking’s cosmology logically leads to an observed multiverse. This article argues it is a superposition of at least three 3-dimensional universes in a 4-dimensional space, of which two dimensions overlap with our universe. Nothing that could disturb the superposition exists outside it. This explains why dark matter causes a linear decrease in gravity with distance to visible mass at large radii in galaxies. To support this, the visible matter distribution in the disks and bulges, calculated by the SPARC team, and the observed rotation velocities have been used. Lelli and Mistele showed that the common way to project dark matter halos around galaxies cannot be valid. Since General Relativity would need these halos too, it must be modified with additional terms, or an added wire-like mass must be modelled in galaxies with the Levi-Civita metric. Bekenstein and the paper in hand respectively do this. Using TeVeS, the decay of the contribution of dark matter to gravity with the expansion of space is confirmed. This explains the rapid development of large galaxies in the early universe as reported by Labbé. A new prediction method for rotation velocities that works at all radii in galaxies is offered. It is 21 to 28 % more accurate than MOND and TeVeS. It gives a logical explanation of the meaning of Milgrom's contant and the Tully-Fisher relationship does directly follow from the hypothesis.

Abstract: Modern theories of particle physics have revealed that the electric charge can be fractional such as that of quarks [1]. For this reason, we can imagine an analogous scenario for the magnetic charge. Extending the concepts of magnetic potential theory we can introduce a fractional magnetic charge, the metapole. Some important properties of this fractional magnetic charge are described together with an outline of some fundamental consequences of its possible existence.

Abstract: Space weather originates from the Sun’s dynamic activity, driven by processes such as solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and the continuous stream of charged particles known as the solar wind. This essay explores the fundamental mechanisms behind these solar phenomena and their role in shaping the space environment across the solar system. It details how the Sun’s magnetic field and energetic emissions interact with planetary atmospheres, magnetospheres, and surfaces, influencing planetary evolution and atmospheric retention. Additionally, the study examines the variations in space weather effects across different planetary bodies, from magnetically shielded planets like Earth to atmosphereless bodies such as the Moon or a comet. Analyzing these interactions, the essay provides a comprehensive understanding of the Sun’s influence in structuring the heliospheric environment and its implications for planetary systems.

Abstract: Implied by the terminologies “Harang Reversal” and “Harang Discontinuity”, there are two significant features of the Harang region. (i) The reversal of auroral electrojet along with the underlying plasma convection flow and electric (E) fields and (ii) the discontinuity between the electrojets/convection flows/E fields. Even the earliest studies reported the discontinuity observed in the meridional E field. Conversely, some of the previous studies state that convection flow- and E field-reversals do not involve any physical discontinuity. We investigate these two features (i-ii) observed in five topside-ionosphere Harang scenarios. Each scenario occurred during a sequence of events, which led to the onset of substorm expansion phase, when the Harang region was newly formed. Results show (1) the newly-formed Harang region between the dusk and dawn convection cells, where one convection cell wraps around the other, (2) the zonal drift- and E field-reversals, (3) the discontinuity between the dusk and dawn convection flows and also between the reversing E field components, and (4) the earthward electromagnetic energy deposition locally minimizing or diminishing within the discontinuity and peaking within the reversing zonal drift and E fields. Thus, the convection flow- and E field-reversals observed involved the development of discontinuity.

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This study examines the mineral composition of volcanic samples similar to lunar materials, focusing on olivine and pyroxene. Using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) from 400 to 1000 nm, we created data cubes to analyze reflectance characteristics of samples from Italy’s Vulcano region, categorizing them into nine regions of interest (ROIs) and analysing spectral data for each. We applied various unsupervised clustering algorithms, including K-Means, Hierarchical Clustering, Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM), and Spectral Clustering, to classify the spectral profiles. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed distinct spectral signatures associated with specific minerals, facilitating precise identification. Clustering performance varied by region, with K-Means achieving the highest silhouette score of 0.47, whereas GMM performed poorly with a score of only 0.25. Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) aided in identifying similarities among clusters across different methods and reference spectra for olivine and pyroxene. Hierarchical clustering emerged as the most reliable technique, achieving a 94% similarity with the olivine spectrum in one sample, whereas GMM exhibited notable variability. Overall, the analysis indicated that both Hierarchical and K-Means methods yielded lower errors in total measurements, with K-Means demonstrating superior performance in estimated dispersion and clustering. Additionally, GMM showed a higher root mean square error (RMSE) compared to the other models. The RMSE analysis confirmed K-Means as the most consistent algorithm across all samples, suggesting a predominance of olivine in the Vulcano region relative to pyroxene. This predominance is likely linked to historical formation conditions similar to volcanic processes on the Moon, where olivine-rich compositions are common in ancient lava flows and impact melt rocks. These findings provide a deeper context for mineral distribution and formation processes in volcanic landscapes.

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The paper presents a simulation physical model of laser thruster under vacuum back pressure environment. Through the finite difference method and the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) calculation method, based on the actual laser thruster structure and working mode, the changes of the flow field distribution in the laser thruster plume under different vacuum back pressure conditions are obtained. The influence of different vacuum back pressure conditions on the plume density field and velocity field of the thruster was verified through physical experiments, and the evolution process of the plume flow field during laser ablation of polyamide glycidyl ether (GAP) solid target material was analyzed in detail. The simulation results are in good agreement with the test results, and the deviation between the simulated data and the test data from 0 to 3000ns is less than 10.4%. It presents a foundation for the prediction model of laser thruster under vacuum environment, and provides an important reference for ground test and in-orbit application of satellite laser propulsion system.

Abstract:

The curvature of space-time is replaced by the variable energy density of the time-invariant superfluid space, where the variable energy density of space carries gravity. The gravity vector points in the direction from a higher energy density to a lower energy density. When light moves in the direction of the gravity vector, it causes a blue shift. When light moves in the opposite direction, it causes a redshift. The Doppler effect in an expanding space has not been experimentally confirmed. The cosmological redshift originates from the gravitational redshift. Universal space does not expand.

Abstract:

Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) are a manifestation of space weather events at ground level. GICs have the potential to cause power failures in electric grids. The GIC index is a proxy of the ground geoelectric field, derived solely from geomagnetic field data. Information theory can be used to shed light on the dynamics of complex systems, such as the coupled solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere-ground system. We perform Block entropy analysis of the GIC activity indices at middle latitude European observatories around the St. Patrick’s Day March 2015 intense magnetic storm and Mother’s Day (or Gannon) May 2024 superintense storm. We find that the GIC indices values are generally higher for the May 2024 storm, indicating elevated risk levels. Furthermore, the entropy values of the SYM-H and GIC indices are higher in the time interval before the storms than during the storms, indicating the transition from a system with lower organization to a system with higher organization. The results show promise for space weather applications.

Abstract: Solar eclipses present a valuable opportunity for controlled in-situ ionosphere studies. This work explores the response of the upper atmosphere’s F-layer during the total eclipse of April 8, 2024, which was primarily visible across North and South America. Employing a multi-instrument approach, we analyze the impact on the ionosphere’s Total Electron Content (TEC) and Very Low Frequency (VLF) signals over a three-day period encompassing the eclipse (April 7 to 9, 2024). Ground-based observations leverage data from ten strategically positioned International GNSS Service (IGS)/Global Positioning System (GPS) stations and four VLF stations situated along the eclipse path. We compute vertical TEC (VTEC) alongside temporal variations in VLF signal amplitude and phase to elucidate the ionosphere’s response. Notably, IGS station data reveal a decrease in VTEC during the partial and total solar eclipse phases, signifying a reduction in ionization. While VLF data also exhibit a general decrease, they display more prominent fluctuations. Space-based observations incorporate data from Swarm and COSMIC2 satellites as they traversed the eclipse path. Additionally, a spatiotemporal analysis utilizes data from the Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) database and the DLR’s (The German Aerospace Center’s) database. All space-based observations consistently demonstrate a significant depletion in VTEC during the eclipse. We further investigate the correlation between the percentage change in VTEC and the degree of solar obscuration, revealing a positive relationship. The consistent findings obtained from this comprehensive observational campaign bolster our understanding of the physical mechanisms governing ionospheric variability during solar eclipses. The observed depletion in VTEC align with the established principle that reduced solar radiation leads to decreased ionization within the ionosphere. Finally, geomagnetic data analysis confirms that external disturbances did not significantly influence our observations.

Abstract: We present preliminary work leading to feasibility study for the construction of a shield of a space probe to cosmic radiation as based on magnetic deviation by mean of neodymium permanent magnets. The choice of permanent magnets is the main novelty of our project. The first aim is to protect the health of astronauts inhabiting the space probe by the almost unidirectional ‘wind’ of charged particles emitted by the Sun. To reach this aim we will exploit an extensive theoretical and simulation work after which we will create a prototype to be tested on earth and, later, mounted on cube sats to test in space.

Abstract: To explore the application of neural networks to estimate geomagnetic field disturbances, this study pays particular attention to K-index classification. The primary goal remains to provide a robust and efficient method for classifying the different levels of geomagnetic activity via neural networks. Data preprocessing, model architecture optimization, and classification performance evaluation are involved in this study at large. It proposes a new neural network method that attends to specific complexities of geomagnetic data and compares its merits against conventional methods. Neural networks, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models in particular, revealed much better performance than traditional techniques with attained classification accuracy reaching 98%. The findings suggest that there is a promise for the applications of neural networks within geomagnetic studies and this will pave the way towards Artificial Intelligence models for forecasting or for the further inclusion of this approach to its articulation in discussions surrounding space weather research.

Abstract: Time is what we measure with clocks. With clocks, we measure the duration of material change tuning in space. Material change runs in space only, time, as duration enters existence when measured. Time is an emergent physical reality that enters existence when measured by the observer. No measurement means no time. The motion does not require time. Motion requires only space and the physical object that moves in space, which is time-invariant. There is no physical past; there is no physical future. Past and future exist only in the human mind. Humans, we experience time-invariant space as NOW. The entire universe exists and develops into NOW.

Abstract: Extraterrestrial impacts, ranging from minor asteroids to larger bodies, induce varying degrees of atmospheric perturbation, with potential consequences ranging from localized disruptions to global events. This study investigates the ionospheric disturbances caused by a meteoroid impact over the Caribbean Sea on June 22, 2019. Detected by U.S. government sensors and the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM), the event released approximately 6 kilotons of energy, marking the most energetic meteoroid impact recorded by both databases. We used data from the UNAVCO network of GNSS stations, alongside energy estimates derived from GLM light curves and USG sensors, to identify significant variations in Total Electron Content (TEC) associated with the meteoroid's atmospheric passage. Advanced detrending techniques, including the Savitzky-Golay filter, were employed to enhance wave-like features within the TEC time series, confirming their correlation with the meteoroid event. Additionally, the analysis confirms minimal solar activity during the event, ruling out solar terminator effects as a major contributor to the observed disturbances. This study underscores the need for continued research into ionospheric perturbations from meteoroid impacts, with future work focusing on modeling TID propagation velocity and refining detection techniques using tools such as the Rate of TEC Index (ROTI).

Abstract: It is well understood that near midnight, the Harang Discontinuity separates the auroral duskside eastward electrojet (EEJ) and dawnside westward electrojet (WEJ) and associated plasma flows driven by enhanced magnetospheric convections via Magnetosphere-Ionosphere (M-I) coupling. There are conflicting reports regarding the significance of Region1 (R1) and R2 currents and the enhancement of Sub-Auroral Polarization Streams (SAPS) in the Harang region. We investigate the M-I conjugate Harang and SAPS phenomena using multipoint satellite observations. Results show the inner-magnetosphere (1) Harang region at midnight between the plasmapause and the closed/open field line boundary and (2) strong SAPS electric field (EX≈30 mV/m; in magnitude) in a fast-time voltage generator (VGFT) near the plasmapause, and the topside-ionosphere (3) Harang Discontinuity with R1 and R2 currents flown along, and (4) enhanced SAPS flow (~1,800 m/s) in the underlying VGFT system requiring no R2 currents. From these (1-4) findings we conclude (i) the significance of both R1 and R2 currents in the observed M-I conjugate Harang phenomenon’s development, (ii) the different development of the reversing EEJ-WEJ compared to the regular auroral EEJ and WEJ in the topside-ionosphere R1-R2 system, and (iii) the R2 currents’ absence in the enhanced SAPS flow newly formed in the VGFT system.

Abstract:

In the aerospace industry, composites based on polymer or metal matrices and fillers made from granite, marble, lime and other rock powders are used. These fillers are similar in composition to cement and glass used for immobilization of radioactive waste (RW). In this paper, it is proposed to grind cemented or vitrified radioactive waste into micro or nanopowder and introduce this powder into a polymer or metal matrix to obtain a composite with improved physical characteristics, which can be used as a structural element or equipment element of automated space stations, satellites or rovers. In this way, it is possible to dispose of a huge amount of accumulated radioactive waste into space as a payload.

Abstract: This study explores the intricate relationship between spectral irradiance variations and polar cap mean vertical total electron content (MVTEC) climatology, using ground-based GNSS measure-ments from the Thule station in the Arctic. The analysis focuses on understanding how different solar and magnetospheric processes drive changes in MVTEC patterns over a 2-year period. Three primary factors are identified as key drivers of MVTEC variations: (1) Russell-McPherron Effect: During equinoxes, enhanced energy transfer from the solar wind to the magnetosphere, governed by the Russell-McPherron effect, leads to increased MVTEC variability. This phenomenon arises due to the changing orientation of the solar magnetospheric coordinate system relative to the solar equatorial system, which affects the efficiency of energy deposition in the magnetosphere. As a result, higher ionospheric disturbances are observed during these periods, highlighting the sea-sonal influence of geomagnetic activity on polar cap TEC patterns. (2) Solar Irradiance Variations: The study identifies a strong correlation between fluctuations in solar EUV and F10.7, both proxies for solar irradiance, and the 27-day oscillations in MVTEC, especially during the summer months. These periodic variations are closely tied to the rotational behavior of the sun, suggesting a direct link between solar activity and ionospheric dynamics. The findings emphasize how solar spectral irradiance influences the ionization levels in the polar cap region, with implications for under-standing seasonal and short-term changes in the high-latitude ionosphere. (3) E-Layer Conductivity: Seasonal changes in the E-layer's conductivity also play a crucial role in modulating MVTEC variability. During summer, the presence of a conductive E-layer enhances cross-field plasma diffusion, leading to faster plasma decay and reduced MVTEC fluctuations. In contrast, the winter months are characterized by an insulating E-layer, which slows down plasma decay and allows F-layer structures to persist longer, resulting in increased MVTEC variability. This seasonal dis-parity underscores the importance of the E-layer's physical properties in shaping high-latitude ionospheric behavior. The findings of this study underscore the complex interplay between solar wind activity, solar irradiance, and ionospheric dynamics in shaping the observed patterns of polar cap MVTEC. By revealing the combined effects of solar and geomagnetic processes, this research contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of high-latitude ionospheric variability. Further investigation is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms behind these interactions, particularly in terms of their implications for space weather forecasting and the operation of navigation systems in polar regions. Enhanced models that incorporate these insights can improve the prediction and mitigation of space weather effects on satellite-based technologies and communication systems.

Abstract: Ariel (Atmospheric Remote-sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey) is the ESA Cosmic Vision M4 mission, selected in March 2018 and officially adopted in November 2020 whose launch is sched-uled by 2029. It aims at characterizing the atmospheres of hundreds of exoplanets orbiting nearby stars by low-resolution primary and secondary transit spectroscopy. The Ariel spacecraft's opera-tional orbit is baselined as a large amplitude, eclipse-free halo orbit around the second Lagrangian (L2) point, a virtual point located at about 1.5 million km from the Earth in anti-Sun direction, as it offers the possibility of long uninterrupted observations in a fairly stable radiative and ther-mo-mechanical environment. A direct escape injection with a single passage through the Van Allen radiation belts is foreseen. During both the injection trajectory and the final orbit around L2, Ariel will be immersed in and interact with Sun radiation and the plasma environment. These interac-tions usually result in the accumulation of net electrostatic charge on the external surfaces of the spacecraft, leading to a potentially hazardous configuration for the nominal operation and sur-vivability of the Ariel platform and its payload, as it may induce harmful electrostatic discharges (ESDs). This work presents the latest results collected from surface charging analyses conducted using the SPIS tool of the European SPINE community along the GEO insertion orbit segment and operational orbit.

Abstract: This paper focuses on the long-standing issue of galactic rotation, i.e. the discrepancy between observed rotation rates and predictions based on Newtonian gravity. While Newton's law holds within the solar system, it fails to explain the higher-than-expected rotation speeds of galaxies, particularly at greater distances from their centers. This study finds that Newton's gravitational formula applies only when gravitational lensing has a negligible impact. We examine the gravitational force on objects farther from the galactic center, where the lensing effect of a supermassive black hole becomes significant. This lensing causes the actual gravitational force to exceed Newtonian predictions, with the discrepancy increasing with distance. This effect offers an alternative explanation for the galactic rotation curve without the need for dark matter. Our findings suggest that Newton's formula requires revision to account for gravitational lensing, a key factor in understanding galactic dynamics and its broader cosmic implications.