Abstract:

The development of modern breakthroughs in drug solubility enhancement and targeted delivery rely on liposomal drug delivery systems. The study covers simple methods of liposomal encapsulation because these procedures increase exposure levels resulting in superior therapeutic outcomes. The article shows pharmaceutical science uses liposomal applications to treat cancer and antimicrobial diseases in its clinical pharmacological applications. Liposomal encapsulation enhances the composition of curcumin and Tribulus terrestris as well as other herbal medicine components by increasing their absorption rate in the human body.Scientists investigate regulatory control approaches for creating liposomal pharmacological agents as they study new developments of this modern therapeutic discipline. Liposomal delivery faces ongoing challenges but the author Kauffman expects this technology will develop through partnerships between nanotechnology and personalized medicine systems. Through research the authors emphasize that pharmaceutical advancement for future medicinal delivery platforms needs liposomal formulation technology development

Abstract:

The faster rate in the advancement of drug delivery technology has transformed the practice of modern medicine with greater bioavailability, therapeutic effect, and patient compliance. Low solubility, high clearance, and non-targeted delivery have contributed extensively to conventional drug delivery modes. While overcoming these shortcomings, new drug delivery carriers like liposomes, nanoparticles, and polymer systems are at the forefront as delivery carriers of controlled and targeted therapy.The article addresses the promise, innovation in stimulus-sensitive and ligand-targeted platforms, and translation to industry and clinic for nanoparticle and liposomal drug delivery. Follow-on more recent FDA approvals of other nanomedicine therapeutics show promise and efficacy in infectious disease, management of chronic disease, and cancer. Continuing to revolutionize the era of personalized medicine are the advancement in AI-enabled drug design, nature-inspired delivery platforms, and gene therapy-based carriers.While such monumental leaps have already been made, safety, scale-up, and regulatory challenges must be overcome first before such treatments become the norm around the world. With the synergy of disruptive technologies and best-practice formulation approaches, second-generation drug delivery systems have a generation-defining task to revolutionize therapeutics with more efficient, safer, and patient-more-friendly therapeutics.

Abstract:

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of solid dispersion (SD) formulation factors on improvement of the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile of clopidogrel after peroral administration using an in vitro-in silico approach. A clopidogrel-specific, physiologically based biopharmaceutical model (PBBM) was developed and validated to predict absorption and distribution of clopidogrel after peroral administration of the tested formulations. Clopidogrel solid dispersions were prepared using two polymers (poloxamer 407 and copovidone) and a drug-to-polymer ratio of 1:5 and 1:9. The results of the in vitro dissolution test under pH-media change conditions showed that the type and ratio of polymers notably influenced the release of clopidogrel from the SDs. It can be observed that an increase in the polymer content in the SDs leads to a decrease in the release of clopidogrel from the SDs. The predictive power of the constructed clopidogrel-specific PBBM was demonstrated by comparing the simulation results with pharmacokinetic data from the literature. The in vitro dissolution data were used as inputs for the PBBM to predict the pharmacokinetic profiles of clopidogrel after peroral administration of SDs. SDs with copovidone (1:5) and poloxamer (1:9) showed the potential to achieve the highest drug absorption and bioavailability with an improvement of over 100% compared to an immediate-release (IR) tablet. The sample with poloxamer (1:9) may have the potential to reduce inter-individual variability in clopidogrel pharmacokinetics due to absorption in the cecum and colon and associated lower first-pass metabolism in the liver. This suggests that distal intestine may be the targeted delivery site for clopidogrel, leading to improved absorption and bioavailability of the drug. This study has shown that an in vitro-in silico approach could be a useful tool for the development and optimization of clopidogrel formulations, helping in decision-making regarding the composition of the formulation to achieve the desired pharmacokinetic profile.

Abstract:

Liposomal drug delivery systems have been used as an innovation tool in nanomedicine to show improved drug stability, release control, and targeted therapy. The review provided in this chapter reviews the evolutionary history of liposomes, constitutional structure, and classification. Mechanistic attributes of drug release, stealth liposomes, and functionalized carriers reflect innovations that deliver the best in therapeutic efficacy. Their use in cancer therapy, crossing the blood-brain barrier, infection, and gene therapy are a few examples of their utility in contemporary medicine. Liposomes are more biocompatible and provide controlled drug release compared to polymeric nanoparticles but are difficult for stability and large-scale production. Scanning and regulation are also obstacles to commercialization. But there is hope in the following positive trends: AI-aided liposomal design, hybrid nanocarriers, and theranostic use, which shall be the next-generation drug delivery systems. This review presents an overall impression of the development, challenge, and future trend of liposomes, which is engaged in the construction of precision medicine.

Abstract:

Nanotechnology has changed the treatment of cancer by providing drug delivery systems with targeted release of drugs that maximizes the therapeutic index and minimizes system toxicity. The application of nanomedicine to cancer therapy, including nanoparticle-based drug delivery, target therapy, and topics for future investigations, is addressed in this review. Polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes provide more solubility, stability, and control of drug release than the limitation of traditional chemotherapy. Active and passive targeting strategies have also optimized the drug concentration within the tumor for optimal selectivity of treatment.Intelligent drug carriers such as stimulus-responsive nanoparticles have controlled release drug systems for the avoidance of off-target effects. Theranostic nanoparticles allowed real-time monitoring and imaging of therapy and advanced personalized medicine protocols. Recent breakthroughs in combination therapy using nanocarriers have been demonstrated to be more efficient in avoiding drug resistance and better patient outcome. New developments in nanoscale imaging also enabled cancer to be diagnosed at its earliest stage and the initial treatment process to commence.These breakthroughs come with, though, equally formidable hurdles to cross before one can access the clinic from nanomedicine. Challenges of long-term toxicity, biocompatibility, and acceptability in the eye of regulatory agencies are hurdles in use of nanomedicines on an extrapolatable level. Manufacturable-on-demand protocols and extensive clinical trials need first to validate nanoparticle-based treatments work as hoped and are safe.With ongoing research, nanomedicine holds vast future potential for advancing precision oncology to unprecedented levels. With advanced formulation techniques, regulatory needs, and clinical evidence attained, nanotechnology can revolutionize cancer therapy by delivering more potent, safer, and highly individualized treatment regimens.

Abstract: Background: Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that is difficult to cure. Magnolia sieboldii essential oils (MSEOs) have been shown to have antidepressant effects, but there are few studies on treating insomnia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of MSEOs and to elucidate the molecular and neurophysiological mechanisms by which they alleviate insomnia. Methods: The main components of MSEOs extracted by steam distillation were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). To establish a p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) -induced insomnia model in mice, the levels of GAD65, GABAARα1, 5HT-2A, and 5HT-1A were detected by immunohistochemistry and ELISA. The normal neurons in the mouse brain were counted by Nissl staining. The relative mRNA expression levels of related genes in mice were detected by RT- qPCR. Results: A total of 69 components were identified by MSEOs, and the main components were β-elemene (19.94%), (Z)-β-ocimene (14.87%), and Germacrene D (7.05%). Different concentrations of MSEOs can successfully prolong the total sleep time and shorten the sleep latency of mice. GAD65, GABAARα1, 5HT-2A, and 5HT-1A levels still increased to varying degrees after treatment with different concentrations of MSEOs. Moreover, MSEOs could attenuate PCPA-induced neuronal death. At the same time, MSEOs enhanced the mRNA expression of 5HT-1A, 5HT-2A, GABAARα1, and GABAARγ2. Conclusions: MSEOs effectively improved sleep by prolonging total sleep time and shortening latency, potentially through upregulating GAD65, GABAARα1, 5HT-1A, and 5HT-2A levels, protecting neurons, and enhancing mRNA expression of GABAARα1, GABAARγ2, 5HT-1A, and 5HT-2A, suggesting their potential as a therapeutic for insomnia.

Abstract: Pharmacovigilance (PV) plays a crucial role in ensuring drug safety by monitoring adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and assessing the risk-benefit profiles of pharmaceutical products. Traditional PV methods rely heavily on manual reporting and analysis, which are often time-consuming, prone to human error, and limited in scalability. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), including machine learning (ML) and natural language processing (NLP), has the potential to transform PV by automating case intake, improving signal detection, and enabling real-time safety monitoring. AI-driven models can efficiently analyze large datasets from electronic health records (EHRs), regulatory databases, and social media platforms to identify potential safety concerns. Despite its advantages, AI in PV faces challenges such as data privacy concerns, regulatory compliance, and algorithmic bias. Ensuring transparency, explainability, and adherence to global regulatory frameworks is critical for the successful implementation of AI-driven drug safety monitoring. This paper explores the applications of AI in PV, evaluates its benefits and limitations, and discusses future directions for AI-driven pharmacovigilance.

Abstract: Medication adherence is a crucial factor for managing chronic conditions, especially in aging adults. Previous studies have identified predictors of medication adherence. However, current methods fail to capture the time-varying nature of how risk factors can influence adherence behavior. This objective of this study was to implement multitra-jectory group-based models to compare a time-varying to a time-fixed approach to identifying non-adherence risk factors. The study population were 11,068 Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older taking select medications for hypertension, high blood cholesterol, and oral diabetes medications, between 2008 and 2016. Time-fixed predictors (e.g., sex, education) were examined using generalized multinomial logistic regression, while time-varying predictors were explored through multitrajectory group-based modeling. Several predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics were identified as risk factors for following at least one non-adherence trajectory. Time-varying predictors displayed alternative representation of those risk factors, especially depression symptoms. This study highlights the dynamic nature of medication adherence predictors and the utility of multitrajectory modeling. Findings suggest targeted interventions can be developed by addressing the key time-varying factors affecting adherence.

Abstract:

Background/Objectives: Vaccination significantly reduces mortality from COVID-19; however, uptake has declined, with most vaccine hesitancy observed among young adults. Reasons behind low COVID-19 vaccine uptake in this population are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of conspiracy theory mentality and vaccination beliefs as potential predictors of COVID-19 vaccination adherence behaviours (i.e. vaccine hesitancy and uptake). Methods: A cross-sectional design was adopted using an online survey, where validated questionnaires adapted for COVID-19 were distributed to one university cohort and on social media platforms targeting young adults in the UK (students aged 18–25-years-old). Quantitative measures included beliefs about vaccinations (Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire [BMQ] – BMQ-Specific adapted for COVID-19 vaccination and BMQ-General adapted for vaccinations in general), conspiracy theory mentality (Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale - COVID-19) and vaccine hesitancy (Oxford Vaccine Hesitancy Scale). Vaccine uptake was measured by capturing the number of self-reported doses of COVID-19 vaccination received. Demographic characteristics were also collected and linear regression analysis conducted to identify determinants of vaccination behaviours. Results: One hundred and sixty-three valid responses were analyzed. All adapted scales showed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha values >0.64). COVID-19 vaccination beliefs (BMQ-Necessity-Concerns Differential), age and conspiracy mentality were significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy (F=76.6; Variance = 71.2%, adjusted R2=0.703). Only COVID-19 vaccine beliefs (Necessity-Concerns Differential) was predictive of vaccine uptake (F=14.866, Variance = 22.9%, adjusted R2=0.214). Increasing age was also associated with more negative vaccination beliefs (BMQ-Concerns - Beta=0.707, t=6.824, p<0.001: BMQ-Necessity- Beta =-0.882, t=-9.558, p<0.001) and vaccine hesitancy (Beta=1.976, t=2.481, p<0.05), but not vaccine uptake. Conclusions: These findings indicate that effective strategies to decrease vaccine hesitancy and promote vaccine uptake among young adults in the UK should aim to modify the underlying psychological factors that drive misconceptions about COVID-19 vaccination and conspiracy beliefs.

Abstract: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a significant global public health challenge, exacerbated by the limited efficacy of existing therapeutic approaches, prolonged treatment duration and severe side effects. As drug resistance continues to emerge, innovative drug delivery systems and treatment strategies are critical to combating this crisis. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to drugs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, such as genetic mutation, efflux pump activity and biofilm formation, contributing to the persistence and difficulty in eradicating MDR-TB. Current treatment options, including second-line drugs, offer limited effectiveness, prompting the need for innovation of advanced therapies and drug delivery systems. The progression in drug discovery has resulted in the approval of innovative therapeutics, including bedaquiline and delamanid amongst other promising candidates under investigation. However, overcoming the limitations of traditional drug delivery remains a significant challenge. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising solution, with nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems offering improved bioavailability, targeted and controlled release delivery particularly for pulmonary targeting and intracellular delivery to macrophages. Furthermore, the development of inhalable formulations and the potential of nanomedicines to bypass drug resistance mechanisms presents a novel approach to enhancing drug efficacy. Moreover, adjunctive therapies, including immune modulation and host-directed therapies, are being explored to improve treatment outcomes. Immunotherapies, such as cytokine modulation and novel TB vaccines, offer complementary strategies to the use of antibiotics in combating MDR-TB. Personalized medicine approaches, leveraging genomic profiling of both the pathogen and the host, offer promise in respect of optimization of treatment regimens and minimizing drug resistance. This review underscores the importance of multidisciplinary approaches, combining drug discovery, advanced delivery system development and immune modulation to address the complexities of treating MDR-TB. Continued innovation, global collaboration, and improved diagnostics are essential to developing effective, accessible, and affordable treatments for MDR-TB.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is one of the most widespread species of genus Solidago from Asteraceae family. It has a rich composition of biologically active compounds and traditionally is used to address kidney, urinary tract, and liver diseases. Previously, it was proven that the S. canadensis extract obtained with 40% ethanol solution had the most promising anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activity. Therefore, this extract was selected for the further formulation of amino acids preparations and 3D-printed dosage forms. The aims of the present study were to investigate the chemical composition, toxicity, and the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activity of S. canadensis dry extract, its amino acids preparations and 3D-printed dosage forms. Results: A total of 18 phenolic compounds and 14 amino acids were determined in the extracts. The S. canadensis herb extracts were verified to be practically non-toxic preparations (toxicity class V, LD₅₀ > 5000 mg/kg). They showed also a moderate antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and β-hemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes. The most pronounced hepatoprotective activity was observed with S. canadensis herb extract and its amino acids preparations with phenylalanine, alanine and lysine at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight. The most pronounced anti-inflammatory activity was found with S. canadensis herb extract and its preparation with arginine. According to the calculated docking score array and the analysis of binding modes in the active sites of COX-1 and COX-2, the flavonoid fraction and caffeic acid in the S. canadensis extracts presented a moderate inhibitory activity. Conclusions: The development of innovative 3D-printed oral dosage forms represents a promising strategy to formulate the dietary supplements or pharmaceutical preparations for these herbal extracts.

Abstract:

This study revolves around the design/optimization of nanoparticles containing Lincomycin HCl, utilizing chitosan as a polymer and sodium tripolyphosphate as a cross-linker. The ionotropic gelation method was employed for nanoparticle preparation. An optimized formulation was subjected to accelerated stability studies and evaluated through various parameters including particle size (103 ± 43 nm), zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM/TEM) and powdered X-ray diffraction. The entrapment efficiency of nanoparticles increased with rising drug concentration up to 0.2 g. FTIR and thermal studies analysis confirmed the absence of interactions between the drug and other components. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the amorphous nature of Lincomycin HCl within the nanoparticles. Accelerated stability assessment demonstrated the integrity of the formulation. Moreover, Lincomycin HCl effectively prevented rat infections compared to control groups during a two-week study. The LD50 of Lincomycin HCl in rats surpassed 100 mg/kg, with acute toxicity analysis revealing no significant changes between untreated and Lincomycin HCl-treated rats. Histopathological examination indicated no damage to heart, liver, or kidney tissues. Thus, it is reasonable to assert that Lincomycin HCl demonstrated substantial antimicrobial activity in rats, supporting its traditional medicinal usage.

Abstract:

Targeted drug delivery has become a miraculous tool in the new millennium of medicine to deliver the greatest therapeutic action, minimize systemic side effects, and attain site-specific drug activity. This review offers advances in liposomal, nanoparticle, and vesicular drug delivery systems with emphasis on their capacity for maximal bioavailability and regulation of drug release. There has been controversy over the use of some of these other carriers such as tablet formulations, proniosomes, and other age-new carriers. Introduction of nanotechnology with biodegradable items and use of artificial intelligence has added new dimensions to patient-specific medicine based on the patient's need.In spite of these developments, regulatory problems, biocompatibility, and scale-up manufacture are concerns that persist as barriers to universal clinical use. Some of the recent technologies such as 3D-printed pharmaceuticals, stimuli-responsive nanocarriers, and drug design using artificial intelligence have the potential to bypass these concerns. Future direction is also set here in the focus on the application of green drug delivery concepts, precision medicine, and combination regimens in setting the future of targeted drug delivery systems. Through ongoing research and technology development, these technologies are poised to revolutionize medicine by maximizing therapeutic effect, reducing side effects, and maximizing drug delivery.

Abstract:

Abiraterone is an antiandrogen medication used for the treatment of prostate cancer. Abiraterone acetate (ABA) was found to be resistant to esterase and gets rapidly deacetylated to abiraterone in vivo that results in potent CYP450 C17 inhibition. The present work deals with the preparation of ABA-loaded nano-structured lipid carrier (NLC) by high sheer homogenization method and the evaluation by particle size, poly dispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential measurement, in-vitro drug release study, in vivo pharmacokinetic study and in vitro cytotoxicity study characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) method. The optimal size, PDI and zeta potential obtained using DLS were 37.92 nm, 0.209 - 0.499 and -18.3 mV respectively. In vitro drug release study demonstrated improved traversion of NLC through the dialysis membrane with potential sustained release for 12 hr. In vivo pharmacokinetics was performed to observe the bioavailability of ABA NLC. The studies in oral route demonstrated no significant improvement in oral bioavailability. The in vitro cytotoxicity study in Du-145 prostate carcinoma cell lines, expressed higher cytotoxicity for NLC formulation which was concentration dependent with p value <0.001 at all concentrations starting at 0.002 ug to 0.1 ug.

Abstract:

Development of drug delivery systems has introduced environmentally friendly and degradable technology due to the advent of targeted, effective, and sustainable therapies. Recent advances on biodegradable polymers, nanotechnology-based smart carriers, and AI-based personalized medicine are being presented here and are all setting the platform for the next-generation drug delivery system. Use of biodegradable material reduces environmental burden but increases drug stability, bioavailability, and controlled release. Nanotechnology has revolutionized site-specific drug delivery with responsive drug delivery systems delivering drugs at desired locations, reducing toxicity and maximizing therapeutic efficacy. Natural and plant molecules are becoming more commonly used as green drug excipients and also improving biocompatibility and less synthetic waste. In addition, advances in AI-based drug design and precision medicine are allowing therapy to be personalized to the patient, improving treatment efficacy with reduced side effects. In antibiotic resistance management, novel nanotechnology-based drugs and drug delivery systems offer enhanced bacterial targeting and enhanced drug retention to overcome the top clinical challenges. Green and biodegradable drug delivery will be at the forefront of future pharmaceutical science with AI, nanotechnology, and green excipients being the pioneers. In this review, emphasis is placed on the future of such novel technologies to re-define drug delivery with patient safety and environmental sustainability at its core.

Abstract:

The intersection of nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, and intelligent drug delivery systems is revolutionizing contemporary pharmaceutics, thus enabling precision medicine, improved bioavailability, and site-specific therapy. To this end, a few of the upcoming technologies such as AI-designed drugs, biodegradable drug carriers for delivery, and targeted medication are emphasized in line with their potential to improve efficacy, adherence, and drug safety. Intelligent nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and dendrimers are transforming drug delivery by facilitating controlled release and site-specific targeting. At the same time, AI-based analytics facilitate strategy development, accelerate drug discovery, and deliver the optimal therapeutic values.Antibiotic resistance, the biggest issue of modern medicine, is also discussed in the paper as well as the role played by nanocarrier-based antibiotic delivery systems and artificial intelligence drug designing in combating bacterial adaptation and increased drug penetration. The paper also discusses the potential of herbal medicine, personalized therapy, and smart biosensors in the field of drug delivery and personalization of treatment possibilities.Despite these developments, scalability, regulatory, cost, and ethics are still the biggest challenges to broad adoption. Yet through ongoing research and harmonization, AI-augmented pharmaceutical discovery and new delivery systems have the potential to redefine the future of medicine.

Abstract:

One of the most dangerous types of breast cancer that can spread from its original location to neighboring tissues is invasive breast cancer. Cathepsins, a group of proteolytic enzymes, has been thoroughly investigated in relation to cancer progression and has been shown to be crucial for the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells. A series of new N-alkyl-2-(2-undecyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl) acetamides were prepared from 2-(2-undecyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)ethanhydrazide via azide coupling method with a variety of amines. The new compounds were designed to inhibit proliferation of breast cancer cells based on inhibition of the selectively and highly expressed cathepsin K. The compounds were tested for their antiproliferative activity on four cancer cell lines, namely, A549, MDA-MB231, MCF-7, U87, and HEK293 to elucidate their preferential activity on invasive breast cancer cells. The results showed that most compounds exerted enhanced activity against MDA-MD231 compared to other cell lines. Compounds 7h, 7i, 7a, and 7j showed the highest inhibition with IC50s of 17, 27, 38, and 67 μg/ml respectively. Compounds 7a, and 7j showed the highest selectivity to MDA-MD231 in terms of degree of inhibition. Molecular docking supported the cathepsin K mediated activity where compound 7i, the most potent compound, showed the best docking score of -7.126 with a low RMSD to the co-crystallized ligand pose. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrated that 7i maintained stability within the binding pocket with minimal fluctuations. The postulated lipo-philicity impact on activity was evaluated through LLE calculations, where values for the most active compounds demonstrated that optimal potency was frequently associated with moderate lipophilicity, as seen in compound 7i (LLE = 2.69). Thus, the developed compounds are promising antiproliferative agents for invasive breast cancer where a cathepsin inhibition pathway is implicated.

Abstract:

The rapid progress in drug delivery systems has introduced new technology with new instruments to enhance bioavailability, targeting, and therapeutic efficacy. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems involving liposomes and nanoparticles have revolutionized targeted therapy and individualized medicine by reducing drug toxicity and maximizing drug effectiveness. Further, new directions like AI-assisted drug design, smart polymers, and biodegradable carriers are redefining controlled release of drugs and targeted formulation.As a result of antibiotic resistance, novel drug delivery systems are being researched for enhancing the bactericidal activity of antibiotics, biofilm penetration, and bactericidal selectivity. Herbals too are being incorporated into vesicular systems and nanocarriers with a trial to enhance stability, permeation, and bioactivity.The future of drug delivery is artificial intelligence-formulation design, green biomaterials, and nanotechnology. Future-oriented biodegradable materials, targeted therapy, personalized medicine, and intelligent carriers allow drug science to provide more efficient, patient-relevant, and environmentally friendly treatment.

Abstract:

Innovative drug delivery systems are revolutionizing contemporary pharmacotherapy with better bioavailability, controlled delivery, and better patient compliance. This review covers some advances in nanoparticle-based drug delivery against the background of liposomal and vesicular systems for precision therapeutics. This review further checks the oral formulation, including chewable, effervescent, and film-based delivery, against the advantageous ease of administration and the rapid onset of the drug's action. In addition, strategies of naso-pulmonary and antibiotic drug delivery are further described in terms of respiratory health and infection management in relation to nanocarrier-based formulations. Moreover, herbal therapeutics are incorporated as demonstrated with Tribulus terrestris in urolithiasis treatment, which in turn, actually merges traditional medicine delivery with modern drug delivery platforms. Based on clinical applications, advantages, and disadvantages, comparative analysis of nanocarriers including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, niosomes, and dendrimers has been presented. In the future, it will be all about the biodegradable AI-driven stimuli responsive nanocarrier supporting the precision of medicine and personalized care. This review provides insight into recent developments, challenges, and future directions in advanced drug delivery systems for developing more effective and patient-friendly therapeutic solutions.

Abstract:

The new trend in the shape of nanotechnology is, however, very lately revolutionizing modern drug delivery to the target sites by very sophisticated nanocarriers. Nano scale vehicles confer solubility and, accordingly, the possible level of bioavailability may relate to the promised assurance of the targeted therapy. Nanocarrier-based present delivery mechanisms form some of it in the mode of liposomes, nanoparticles, proniosomes, etc. Among them, PEGylation and receptormediated targeting by liposome technology improve its efficiency and circulation time in the blood. Liposomal inhalation therapy, chewable tablets, and mouth-dissolving films will further increase the patient-friendly route of administration. Proniosomes are stable and scalable alternatives to liposomes with enhanced drug retention. Hybrid nanocarrier systems-once combining vesicular and non-vesicular approaches-further refine controlled release and multifunctional therapeutic strategies. Liposomal antibiotics provide answers to the problems of antibiotic resistance; nanocarrier-based herbal drug formulations would improve bioavailability. Clinical translation, however remains a tough challenge ahead to progress in these areas for improvement in biocompatibility, scalability, and regulatory compliance, so the above trends would focus the future more on AI-driven nanomedicine, stimuli-responsive carriers, gene-editing nanotechnology, even biomimetic drug transport systems for precision targeted and patient-specific therapeutics. This review should describe the present landscape of development and challenges within the convergence of nanotechnology with personalized medicine for transformative applications.