Physical Sciences

Sort by

Article
Physical Sciences
Particle and Field Physics

Ignazio Licata,

Leonardo Chiatti

Abstract: A specific structure of Standard Model (SM) particles is proposed and investigated. According to this proposal a de Sitter space is tangent to ordinary spacetime in each point-event; the value of the gravitational constant within such a space does not necessarily have to coincide with that relating to ordinary spacetime, and it is chosen as a function of the Higgs vacuum. The curvature of this space is sized by the Higgs boson mass. This space is a solution of the corresponding Einstein gravitational equations, if the internal density is suitably chosen and the internal pressure is assumed to be negative. An elementary fermion of the SM can then be described by a field of similar spaces whose internal gravitational constant is redefined in such a way as to assure the proportionality between mass and coupling constant to the Higgs field as required by the SM. The de Sitter radius then turns out to be, at the same time, the classical radius of the fermion and the "gravitational" radius in the sense of the internal gravitational constant. The quantum version of the fermion is obtained by passing from the Einstein gravitational equations to the Wheeler - de Witt (WdW) equation. There are free solutions both harmonic and exponential. The former correspond to de Broglie plane waves and can be superposed in order to provide the usual solutions of the relativistic wave equations. The latter describe quantum jumps in full compliance with Einstein locality. The reduction of the projection postulate to a dynamical consequence on the level of elementary particles implies the production of true decoherence induced by microscopic interactions, without any tracing out of environmental degrees of freedom, and the calculation of the decoherence time is illustrated in a simple case. The interaction of SM gauge bosons with elementary fermions (with and without production of quantum jumps) is modeled according to the same scheme. A possible interpretation of the fine structure constant and a formula for calculating the coefficients of the CKM, PMNS matrices are derived in this context. Other consequences of the model of potential theoretical interest are reviewed.
Article
Physical Sciences
Quantum Science and Technology

Zhaoxu Ji,

Huanguo Zhang

Abstract:

Entanglement swapping has important applications in various fields such as quantum information processingand the preparation of entangled states. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for deriving entanglement swapping results. The basic idea of our algorithm is to deduce the entanglement swapping results from all possible observation results, which is simpler than existing algorithms. We demonstrate the algorithm by the entanglement swapping between two bipartite entangled states, and derive the results of entanglement swapping between two 2-level Bell states, which are consistent with those obtained through algebraic calculations.

Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Panagiotis Karmiris

Abstract:

We present a novel theoretical framework, Circular Gravitational Fields (CGF), which extends general relativity by introducing a geometric coupling between a U(1) gauge field and spacetime curvature through the Ricci tensor. This coupling preserves exact consistency with vacuum Einstein equations while predicting specific modifications in strong-field regimes. Using the Baumgarte- Shapiro-Shibata-Nakamura (BSSN) formalism, we perform detailed numerical simulations to explore CGF behavior around rotating black holes and derive testable predictions for gravitational wave signatures. Our approach maintains compatibility with current observational constraints from LIGO/Virgo data while suggesting deviations that could be probed by next-generation detectors such as the Einstein Telescope.

Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Youssef Rashed

Abstract: Despite the wide approval of the primeval atom concept (proposed by Georges Lemaitre) and the corresponding Big Bang theory among the scientific community and researchers, still there are several open questions with no answers. Among these questions are: what is the origin of the primeval atom? What caused this atom to explode? where was that explosion actually happened? and why our universe is a matter based universe? This paper proposes possible answers to these questions via: 1-Generalizing the idea of the primeval atom to be primeval particle, 2-Suggesting a possible formation of the proposed primeval particle, in particular, suggesting its formation from masses inside black holes, 3-Suggesting a possible way of the initiation of the original explosion in the Big Bang theory, 4-Demonstrating why some universes are matter based universes and others are anti-matter based universes, and 5-Confirming the necessity of the existence of a fourth spatial dimension.
Article
Physical Sciences
Quantum Science and Technology

Marco Antonio García-Márquez,

Héctor M. Moya-Cessa

Abstract: We use superoperator techniques to solve the master equation for the interaction between a quantized field and a moving mirror. The solution we provide allows its application to any initial state of the combined system. Furthermore, we obtain solutions to the stationary master equation for an initial number state for the field that is consistent with the result obtained for the average number of phonons.
Article
Physical Sciences
Theoretical Physics

Vyacheslav Somsikov,

Vitaliy Kapytin

Abstract:

A new concept, D-entropy, is introduced to define the changes in the internal energy of systems moving in non-uniform external force fields. D-entropy is defined solely in terms of the system’s dynamic parameters, specifically as the ratio of the change in internal energy to its total internal energy. It arises from the equation of motion for structured bodies, which accounts for the work done by external forces that not only alters the body’s motion but also modifies its internal state. The uniqueness of D-entropy lies in its applicability to both mechanics and thermodynamics, enabling the analysis of evolutionary processes within the framework of physical laws. Kinetic energy and D-entropy are identified as key parameters in the evolution of systems.

Article
Physical Sciences
Fluids and Plasmas Physics

Bo Hua Sun

Abstract: Turbulence, by definition, arises from the interplay between fluid viscosity and velocity gradients. This insight prompted a re-examination of the foundational equations of fluid motion. The analysis reveals that the only arbitrary aspect in formulating these equations lies in the choice of the fluid's constitutive equation. The paper argues that, in turbulent flow, the substantial velocity gradients necessitate retaining second-order terms related to the deformation rate in the constitutive equation, which are often neglected. This retention leads to a more accurate constitutive equation for viscous fluids, enabling the derivation of hydrodynamic equations tailored for turbulent motion, free of adjustable parameters, and offering a refined modification of the Navier-Stokes equations.
Article
Physical Sciences
Theoretical Physics

Riccardo Fantoni

Abstract:

We discuss the foundations of the statistical gravity theory we proposed in a recent publication [Riccardo Fantoni, Quantum Reports, {\bf 6}, 706 (2024)].

Article
Physical Sciences
Thermodynamics

Kim R. Kristiansen,

Bjørn Hafskjold

Abstract:

The local equilibrium approximation (LEA) is a central assumption in many applications of non-equilibrium thermodynamics involving the transport of energy, mass, and momentum. However, assessing the validity of the LEA remains challenging due to the limited development of tools for characterizing non-equilibrium states compared to equilibrium states. To address this, we have developed a theory based on kinetic theory, which provides a nonlinear extension of the telegrapher’s equation commonly discussed in non-equilibrium frameworks that extend beyond the LEA. A key result of this theory is a steady-state diffusion equation that accounts for the constraint imposed by available thermal energy on the diffusion flux. The theory is suitable for analysis of steady-state composition profiles and can be used to quantify the deviation from local equilibrium. To validate the theory, we performed molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that deviation from local equilibrium can be systematically quantified, and for the diffusion process we have studied here, we have confirmed that the LEA remains accurate even under extreme concentration gradients in gas mixtures.

Article
Physical Sciences
Quantum Science and Technology

Alexandre Harvey-Tremblay

Abstract: We present a reformulation of fundamental physics from an enumeration of independent axioms into the solution of a single optimization problem. Any experiment begins with an initial state preparation, involves some physical operation, and ends with a final measurement. Working from this structure, we maximize the entropy of a final measurement relative to its initial preparation subject to a measurement constraint. Solving this optimization problem for the natural constraint --the most permissive constraint compatible with the problem-- identifies an optimal physical theory. Rather than existing as separate postulates, quantum mechanics, general relativity, and the Standard Model gauge symmetries emerge within a unified theory. Notably, mathematical consistency further restricts valid solutions to 3+1 dimensions only. This reformulation reveals that the apparent complexity of modern physics, with its various forces, symmetries, and dimensional constraints, emerges as the solution to an optimization problem constructed over all realizable experiments in nature.
Article
Physical Sciences
Other

Yu Yuan

Abstract:

Synchronization of complex networks has been widely studied. Current research on the synchronization of complex networks is based on concepts from graph theory and statistical physics. However, the study of real network synchronization remains present substantial obstacles. To overcome the difficulties caused by the complexity of the network, I report a simple synchronization stability boundary equation and identify a spontaneous synchronization structure in power grids for the first time. The findings indicate that both the synchronization stability boundary and the location of spontaneous synchronization occurred are independent of the network. The boundary equation harmonizes two contradictory conclusions well and reveals the mechanism of the synchronization of different individuals through coupling. These results offer a new direction for synchronization research, providing a means to overcome the challenges posed by network complexity, nonlinearity, and uncertainty, and enabling a unified approach to analyzing the synchronization stability of grids.

Article
Physical Sciences
Fluids and Plasmas Physics

Nils Tångefjord Basse

Abstract:

This paper presents a revival of FORTRAN 66 code which calculates flow through curved pipes. Results from the code were originally presented in [Greenspan, D. Secondary flow in a curved tube. J. Fluid Mech. 1973, 57, 167-176]. The coupled non-linear system of partial differential equations was solved numerically using a finite difference method. We demonstrate a step-by-step code revival process and compare original (coarse) results to updated (fine) solutions. Both the structure of streamwise (primary) and secondary flows are covered. The purpose of our paper is to make the code available as modern Fortran for the scientific community. The code runs quickly on modern hardware architectures and enables fast understanding of the physical effects included.

Hypothesis
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Michael Overholt

Abstract: Among the theoretical problems with the prevailing theory of cosmology, Lambda Cold Dark Matter (λCDM), the most serious appears to be the twofold problem with the cosmological constant lambda: Dark Energy and Hubble Tension. Despite a two-decade search for systematic errors in astrometry the problems have not been resolved. This paper posits a potential source of error that may have affected astrometry related to the current and past measurements of lambda.
Article
Physical Sciences
Mathematical Physics

Jun Ze Shi

Abstract:

Inspired by the author 's Riemann conjecture, this paper attempts to solve the contradiction between four dimensional spacetime and quantum mechanics in physics. Guided by Euler 's formula, two important ideas of collision and vibration are introduced. The document deeply discusses the relationship between substance dimension and energy, including the stability and change of dimension, the relationship between energy and substance, the relationship between time and dimension and so on. Through detailed assumptions and explanations, this paper provides a new perspective for us to understand the complexity of the substance world. It mainly introduces how substances of different dimensions interact, the generation and transformation of energy, and the influence of dimensional changes on substances. The following is a summary of the core content of the paper :substance dimension and energy, the influence of dimension change, the stability and change of dimension, the relationship between gravitational field and dimension, time and dimension, and the realization of dimension change.

Article
Physical Sciences
Fluids and Plasmas Physics

A. S. Mosquera-Polo,

L. F. Muñoz-Martínez,

C. E. Deluque-Toro,

C. A. García-Negrete,

K.R.C Parra-Jimenez,

E. A. Ariza-Echeverri

Abstract: This study examines the dynamics of two spheres falling independently in a viscous fluid, highlighting conditions under which a lighter sphere can achieve a higher velocity than a heavier one. Through theoretical modeling and simulations, the motion of spheres with varying densities and radii, released simultaneously in a uniform viscous medium, was analyzed. The investigation considers gravitational, buoyant, and drag forces, with the spheres moving under identical initial conditions and without mutual interaction. The results confirm the well-established case where the heavier sphere exhibits a greater terminal velocity. However, an intriguing phenomenon is identified: under specific conditions, a lighter sphere can surpass its counterpart in terminal velocity. Additionally, when spheres of equal weight are compared, the denser sphere consistently attains a higher terminal velocity. The study reveals non-trivial time-dependent acceleration patterns, with alternating dominance between heavier and lighter spheres before terminal velocities are reached. Furthermore, the order of impact with the ground is shown to depend on the release height, illustrating a complex interplay of forces. These findings offer novel insights into fluid dynamics, with implications for education and engineering applications.
Hypothesis
Physical Sciences
Theoretical Physics

Ahmed Mohamed Ismail,

Samira Ezzat Mohamed

Abstract: This research answers the knowledge gap regarding the explanation of the quantum jump of the electron. This scientific paper aims to complete Einstein’s research regarding general relativity and attempt to link general relativity to quantum laws.
Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Florian Neukart,

Valerii Vinokur,

Eike Marx

Abstract: We present a framework extending the Quantum Memory Matrix (QMM) principles, originally formulated to reconcile quantum mechanics and gravity, to the domain of electromagnetism. In this discretized space–time approach, Planck-scale quantum cells act as memory units that store information via local quantum imprints of field interactions. By introducing gauge-invariant imprint operators for the electromagnetic field, we maintain unitarity, locality, and the equivalence principle while encoding electromagnetic data directly into the fabric of space–time. This construction ensures that black hole evaporation, including for charged black holes, respects unitarity, with initially hidden quantum information emerging through subtle, non-thermal correlations in the emitted radiation. The QMM framework also imposes a natural ultraviolet cutoff, potentially modifying vacuum polarization and charge renormalization, and may imprint observable signatures in the cosmic microwave background or large-scale structures from primordial electromagnetic fields. Compared to other unification proposals, QMM does not rely on nonlocal processes or exotic geometries, favoring a local, covariant, and gauge-invariant mechanism. Although direct Planck-scale tests remain challenging, indirect observational strategies—ranging from gravitational wave analyses to laboratory analog experiments—could probe QMM-like phenomena and guide the development of a fully unified theory encompassing all fundamental interactions.
Article
Physical Sciences
Condensed Matter Physics

João Fonseca,

Borja Caja-Muñoz,

Archit Dhingra

Abstract:

Owing to the global incentives targeted towards the advancement of semiconductor science and technology, the importance of a reliable method for the fundamental characterization of the interface between metals and low-dimensional semiconductors cannot be emphasized enough. For decades now, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been relied upon rather heavily when it comes down to investigating the band-bending, and hence the likelihood of a Schottky-barrier formation, at the resulting interfaces. However, the true extent to which the usually reported analyses of XPS measurements, attempting to unravel the true nature of metal–semiconductor interfaces, can be taken without a grain of salt is questionable at best. Therefore, in this article, a conceptual advance aiming to alter the status quo pertaining to the use of XPS for the aforementioned studies is presented.

Article
Physical Sciences
Applied Physics

Teresa Crsici,

Luigi Moretti,

Mariano Gioffrè,

Babak Hashemi,

Mohamed Mammeri,

Francesco G. Della Corte,

Maurizio Casalino

Abstract: In this work, we present a graphene-based photodetector specifically engineered to op-erate at a wavelength of 1310 nm. The device leverages the SPARK effect, previously investigated only at 1550 nm. It features a hybrid waveguide structure comprising hy-drogenated amorphous silicon, graphene, and crystalline silicon. Upon optical illumi-nation, defect states release charge carriers into the graphene layer, modulating the thermionic current across the graphene/crystalline silicon Schottky junction. The photo-detector demonstrates a peak responsivity of 0.3 A/W at 1310 nm, corresponding to a noise-equivalent power of 0.4 pW/Hz¹/². The experimental results provide deeper insights into the SPARK effect by enabling the determination of the efficiency × lifetime product of carriers at 1310 nm and its comparison with values previously reported at 1550 nm. The wavelength dependence of this product is analyzed and discussed. Additionally, the response times of the device are measured and evaluated. The silicon-based fabrication approach employed is versatile and does not rely on sub-micron lithography techniques. Notably, reducing the incident optical power en-hances the responsivity, making this photodetector highly suitable for power monitoring applications in integrated photonic circuits.
Article
Physical Sciences
Theoretical Physics

Markolf H. Niemz

Abstract: Today’s physics describes nature in “empirical concepts” (based on observation), such as coordinate space/time in special relativity (SR), curved spacetime in general relativity (GR), and wave/particle. There are coordinate-free formulations of SR/GR, but there is no absolute time in SR/GR and thus no “holistic view” (universal for all objects at the same instant in time). I show: Euclidean relativity (ER) provides a holistic view by describing nature in “natural concepts” (immanent in all objects). Proper space/time (pure distance) replace coordinate space/time. Curved worldlines in flat Euclidean spacetime (ES) replace curved spacetime. “Wavematters” (pure energy) replace wave/particle. Any object’s proper space d1, d2, d3 and its proper time τ span d1, d2, d3, d4 (ES), where d4 = . The invariant is absolute, cosmic time θ. All energy moves through ES at the speed c. An observer’s view is created by orthogonally projecting ES to his proper space and to his proper time. For each object, there is a 4D vector “flow of proper time” τ. Information is lost if the 4D vector τ is ignored, as in SR/GR. ER solves the Hubble tension. Also, ER declares dark energy and non-locality obsolete. I conclude: (1) Acceleration rotates an object’s τ and curves its worldline in flat ES. (2) Information hidden in τ solves 15 mysteries. (3) Different concepts disable a unification of SR/GR and ER. Either scope is limited. We must not apply SR/GR but ER whenever τ is crucial (high-redshift supernovae, entanglement). We must not apply ER but SR/GR whenever we use empirical concepts.

of 224

Prerpints.org logo

Preprints.org is a free preprint server supported by MDPI in Basel, Switzerland.

Subscribe

© 2025 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated