Abstract: This paper investigates the dynamics of D-branes and tachyon condensation in non-supersymmetric string theory, focusing on how these processes realize Standard Model (SM) gauge symmetries. We discuss the distance-dependent potentials arising from D-brane separation and their implications for the Coleman-Weinberg potential. When D-branes coincide, an attractive force emerges due to massless states, reflecting symmetry-breaking phenomena. Tachyon condensation modifies the particle spectrum, providing masses to gauge bosons and fermions through interactions reminiscent of the Higgs mechanism. We show that the gauge symmetries are tied to the isometries of compactified spaces, with masses determined by the compactification scale. Our results indicate that nonsupersymmetric string theory can yield a viable realization of the SM, illuminating the relationship between brane dynamics, tachyon behavior, and mass generation.

Abstract: In this study, we examined the literature for cross section calculations from 2019 to 2023 using the ISI Web of Science (WOS) database to understand the dynamics of scientific communication. Our primary objective was to perform a bibliometric analysis and model networks among authors, texts, sources, citations, keywords, organizations, and countries. Using the R tool "Bibliometrix" and descriptive statistical techniques, we identified significant publication trends in co-authorship, citation patterns, institutional collaborations, and the geographic distribution of authorship. Our findings highlight the importance of international collaboration and interdisciplinary research. Our analysis for cross section calculations has uncovered significant publication trends, particularly regarding co-authorships, citation patterns, institutional collaborations, and the geographic origins of authors.

Abstract: A Berry geometrical phase is identified in a strongly metastable system containing dynamically responsive nanoscale clathrate hydrate structures within a crystal-fluid material. High energy degeneracy in the associated chemistry produces local stability and false vacuum conditions that lead to non-extensive and non-additive contributions in the fundamental thermodynamic relation. Application of Ginzburg-Landau theory and the scaling laws reveals a coherence length (3.05 m) and a penetration depth (2.2 m) that characterize a macro-scale dual superconductor. The coherence length describes a magnetic condensate whilst its inverse gives the Higgs mass (0.33 kg) and non-extensive volume changes (± 0.5 l). The penetration depth determines the extent of QCD vacuum suppression whilst its inverse gives an effective vector boson mass (≤ 0.46 kg), resulting in non-additive hyperbolic curvature. Simultaneous emergence of the Ginzburg-Landau superconducting phase transition is consistent with gauge-invariant coupling of the scalar field (≤ 3.6 ks^-1) to the Yang-Mills action in QCD. The discovery of an energy gap in the gradient energy term of the system Lagrangian is associated with a critical correlation length (3.05 m) as revealed in the transition from a gapped to a gapless superconducting state. Together with the emergence and reabsorption of the Higgs-like scalar field, a mechanism for describing a renormalized QCD mass gap arises. The phenomena reported are only relevant to a coordinated U(2) Lie symmetry group having scale-invariance across micro- and macro-scale dual superconductivity. Under normal, non-critical conditions the symmetry is broken and separated into condensed matter and QCD elements that are effectively isolated. Energy and momentum cannot thereby be transferred across the QCD mass gap and TeV confinement energies dominate - conservation of energy and momentum are constrained to the individual symmetry groups. It is proposed that where these symmetries are decomposed and synchronized then the QCD mass gap with associated TeV threshold dissipates.

Abstract: The potential correlation between the ordinary muon capture (OMC) on ¹³⁶Ba and 0νββ decay of ¹³⁶Xe is explored. For this we have computed 0νββ-decay amplitudes for intermediate states in ¹³⁶Cs below 1 MeV of excitation and for angular-momentum values J ≤ 5 by using the proton-neutron quasiparticle random-phase approximation (pnQRPA) and nuclear shell model (NSM). We compare these amplitudes with the corresponding OMC rates, computed in a previous Universe article (Universe 2023, 9, 270) for the same energy and angular-momentum ranges. The obtained results suggest that an extension of the present analysis to a wider energy and angular-momentum region could be highly beneficial for probing the 0νββ-decay nuclear matrix elements using experimental data on OMC rates to intermediate states of 0νββ decays.

Abstract: We have performed the microscopic calculation of β-decay properties for waiting point nuclei with neutron-closed magic shells. Allowed Gamow-Teller (GT), and first-forbidden (FF) transitions have been simulated using a Schematic Model (SM) for waiting-point N=50,82 isotopes in the framework of a proton-neutron quasiparticle random phase approximation ( pn-QRPA). The Woods-Saxon (WS) potential basis has been used in our calculations. The pn-QRPA equations of allowed GT and FF transition have been utilized in both the particle-hole ( ph ) and particle-particle ( pp ) channels in the SM. We solved the secular equations of the GT and FF transitions for eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the corresponding Hamiltonians. A spherical shape was assigned to each waiting-point nuclei in all simulations. Significantly, this study marks the first time that β-decay analysis has been applied to certain nuclei, including 5082Ge,5083As,5084Se,5085Br and 5087Rb with (N=50 isotones) and 82132Sn,82133Sb,82134Te,82135I and82137Cs with (N=82 isotones). Since there had been no prior theoretical research on these nuclei, this work is a unique addition to the field. We have compared our results with the previous calculations and measured data, and our calculations agree with the experimental data and the other theoretical results.

Abstract: Muon collisions are considered a promising mean for exploring the energy frontier, leading to a detailed study of the possible feasibility issues. Beam intensities of the order of 1012 muons per bunch are needed to achieve the necessary luminosity, generating a high flux of secondary and tertiary particles from muons decay that reach both the machine elements and the detector region. To limit the impact of this background on the physics performance tungsten shieldings have been studied. A machine learning-based approach to the geometry optimization of these shieldings will be discussed.

Abstract: Nuclear pasta structures, which emerge in large nucleon systems at subsaturation 1 densities and near-zero temperatures, have traditionally been analyzed using Minkowski 2 Functionals, particularly through the correlation between Curvature and Euler Character- 3 istic. Previous methods relied on cubic voxelization to create three-dimensional bodies 4 from nuclear theory data points, leading to inaccurate estimations of geometric properties. 5 This work introduces the alpha shapes method as a superior alternative for constructing 6 three-dimensional solid bodies from point cloud data and calculating Minkowski Func- 7 tionals. Through test cases comparing voxelization and alpha shapes, as well as analysis 8 of pasta structures obtained through classical molecular dynamics, we demonstrate that 9 the alpha shapes method provides more accurate geometric representations and simplifies 10 the calculation of Minkowski Functionals. We use Diode, a Python library implementing 11 alpha shape calculations, and use it to verify previously observed correlations between 12 pasta shapes and their position in the Curvature-Euler Characteristic plane. Our analysis, 13 extending across various temperatures and densities, reveals a density-dependent trend in 14 pasta shapes that is relatively temperature-independent. These findings provide a quantita- 15 tive framework for characterizing the evolution of nuclear pasta structures and offer a new 16 computational tool for researchers studying these phenomena through different theoretical 17 approaches.

Abstract: We investigated the reaction Q-value (Qα) for the α decay of Tl, Bi, and At isotopes using the deformed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory in continuum (DRHBc) with the covariant density functional PC-PK1. The α decay half-lives of Tl, Bi, and At isotopes are evaluated using various empirical formulas, based on both experimental Qα and those obtained from DRHBc calculations. The calculated Qα and α decay half-lives are compared with experimental data. On the basis of these results, we also predicted the α decay half-lives of isotopes for which experimental data are unavailable.

Abstract: This work presents a recently patented method of inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) fusion called the Nuclear Electromagnetic Shaping Accelerator Reactor (NESAR) that addresses all of the major failure problems with currently known methods of IEC fusion. A brief background of previous IEC methods that generate a negative potential well to accelerate ions for fusion will be reviewed and compared to the NESAR method of magnetic confinement. In addition, a direct comparison will be presented between the NESAR and the tokamak method of fusion. The NESAR method of fusion obtains the plasma oscillation and compression capabilities of a tokamak without producing the catastrophic magnetic reconnection disruptions that currently plague tokamaks. Since the NESAR can oscillate charged particles comparable to the tokamak, this work will briefly review the history of the tokamak, how sawtooth magnetic reconnection occurs, and how the NESAR precludes the occurrence of magnetic reconnection.

Abstract: Kaon condensation in hyperon-mixed matter [(Y+K) phase], which may be realized in neutron stars, is discussed on the basis of chiral symmetry. With use of the effective chiral Lagrangian for kaon (K)-baryon (B) and K-K interactions, coupled with the relativistic mean-field theory and universal three-baryon repulsive interaction, we clarify the effects of the s-wave K-B scalar interaction simulated by the K-B sigma terms and vector interaction (Tomozawa-Weinberg term) on kaon properties in hyperon-mixed matter, onset density of kaon condensation, and the EOS with the (Y+K) phase. In particular, the quark condensates in the (Y+K) phase are obtained, and their relevance to chiral symmetry restoration is discussed.

Abstract: Cosmic ray muon tomography is a promising method for the non-invasive inspection of shipping containers and trucks. It leverages the highly penetrating cosmic muons and their interactions with various materials to generate three-dimensional images of large and dense objects, such as inter-modal shipping containers, which are typically opaque to conventional X-ray radiography techniques. One of the key tasks of customs and border security is verifying shipping container declarations to prevent illegal trafficking, and muon tomography offers a viable solution for this purpose. Common imaging methods using muons rely on data analysis of either muon scattering or absorption-transmission. We have designed a compact muon tomography system with dimensions of 3 × 3 × 3 m3, consisting of 2-D position-sensitive detectors. These detectors include plastic scintillators, wavelength-shifting (WLS) fibers, and SiPMs. Through light transport modeling with GEANT4, we demonstrated that the proposed detector design—featuring 1 m × 1 m scintillator plates with 2 mm2 square-shaped WLS fibers—can achieve a spatial resolution of approximately 0.7-1.0 mm. Through Monte Carlo simulations, we show that a combined analysis of muon scattering and absorption data enables prompt identification of cargo materials. In a smuggling scenario where tobacco is declared as paper towel rolls, the combined analysis accurately distinguishes between tobacco and paper towel rolls with 3 σ confidence at 1 mm spatial resolution, within a short scanning time of 40 seconds for the entire 20-foot shipping container.

Abstract: We designed and evaluated performance of a high resolution large-area detector for positron emission tomography (PET) based on a crystal assembly readout using wavelength-shifting (WLS) fibers, offering a cost-effective alternative to the direct readout of monolithic crystals with photodetectors. The considered detector geometries are made up of 4×4 assembly of LuY2SiO5:Ce (LYSO) crystal scintillators, each with surface area of 50×50 mm2 and thickness 7 or 15 mm optically coupled together using optical adhesive. The crystal assembly is coupled with orthogonal wavelength-shifting (WLS) fibers of square cross-section placed on the top and bottom of the assembly. To evaluate the characteristics of the novel detector we used the GEANT4 to perform optical photon transport in the crystal assembly and WLS fibers. The simulation results show that best position resolution achieved is around 1.6 mm FWHM and 3.8 mm FWTM for crystal thickness 7 mm and 1.5 mm FWHM and 4.8 mm FWTM for crystal thickness 15 mm. Compared to direct photosensor readout, WLS fibers can drastically reduce the number of photosensors required while covering a larger sensitive detection area. In proposed detector design 2N photodetectors are used to cover the same image area instead of N2 with direct readout. This design allows for the development of a compact detector with an expanded effective field of view and reduced cost.

Abstract:

The High-Intensity Heavy-Ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) is a significant national science and technology infrastructure project, constructed by IMP, to provide primary and radioactive intense beams for nuclear and related research. Large aperture, high-precision, and warm-ion superconducting dipole magnets are extensively utilised to achieve high beam intensities. However, the traditional Hall point measurement platform faces limitations such as magnet volume, measurement environment, and the range of good field regions in the measurement of large dipole magnets, especially huge superconducting dipole magnets, leading to poor operability, low measurement efficiency, and significant errors in secondary positioning accuracy. This paper introduces a new magnetic field mapping measurement system, which introduces ultrasonic motors capable of operating under strong magnetic fields (<7T), and can realize portable, efficient and high-precision magnetic field measurement. After system debugging, the SRing dipole magnet prototype was measured. The system's accuracy and efficiency were verified through comparison with traditional Hall probe measurement systems. On this basis, magnetic field distribution and integral excitation curve measurements of all 11 HFRS warm-iron superconducting dipole magnets and 3 HFRS anti-irradiation dipole magnets were carried out and completed, achieving the testing objectives.

Abstract:

In this work, we present an overview of fractional analytic QCD in the spacelike (Euclidean) and timelike regions, which significantly improves the coupling constant in perturbative QCD. The obtained results are applied to the description of the Higgs boson decay into a bottom-antibottom pair and the polarized Bjorken sum rule. For the latter, an additional modification is proposed to combine the fitting curve with the condition for photoproduction.We found good agreement between the experimental data obtained for the polarized Bjorken sum rule and the predictions of analytic QCD, as well as a strong difference between these data and the results obtained in the framework of perturbative QCD. To satisfy the limit of photoproduction and take into account GerasimovDrell-Hearn and Burkhardt-Cottingham sum rules, we develope new representation of the perturbative part of the polarized Bjorken sum rule. We present an overview of fractional analytic QCD and its application for Higgs-boson decay into a bottom-antibottom pair and the description of the polarized Bjorken sum rule. The results shown here have been recently obtained in Refs. [18,19,21,22]. This study is dedicated to the description of the polarized Bjorken sum rule, based on recently derived formulas within the analytic QCD approach. To accommodate the photoproduction limit and incorporate the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn and Burkhardt-Cottingham sum rules, we develop a new representation for the twist-2 part of the Bjorken sum rule. The derived results were applied for processing of experimental data. We observed a good agreement between the experimental data and the predictions from analytic QCD. In contrast, there is a significant discrepancy between these data and the fitting curves within the standard perturbative approach.

Abstract: Background: In our recent publications pertaining to 4G model of final unification and based on strong and electroweak interactions, we have proposed the existence of a weak fermion of rest energy 585 GeV. Objective: To confirm the physical existence of the proposed 585 GeV weak fermion by analyzing weak and strong interactions in a unified approach via 4G model of final unification, super symmetry and string theory. Method: Considering the proposed nuclear charge of 2.95e, proton, electron mass ratio, specific charge ratios of proton and electron, Fermi’s weak coupling constant, Reduced Planck’s constant, nucleon magnetic moments, nuclear stability, nuclear binding energy, nuclear mass and neutron lifetime, it is planned to confirm the physical existence of the proposed 585 GeV weak fermion. Results: All proposed logics and formulae clearly establish the physical existence of 585 GeV weak fermion directly and indirectly. Conclusion: Believing in the physical existence of the proposed 585 GeV weak fermion, there is a scope for observing galactic TeV radiation coming by virtue of annihilation of 585 GeV fermions and radiation associated with various astrophysical acceleration mechanisms of 585 GeV fermions. Appeal: As we are beginners of astrophysics domain, we appeal the science community to see the possibility of considering the proposed 585 GeV weak fermion with a charge of $\pm\left(e\right)$ in place of electron and proton.

Abstract: This paper investigates the implications of effective Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) models for dark matter phenomenology, with a particular focus on the role of QCD phase transitions, topological defects, and low-energy effective models in understanding dark matter's nature and behavior. We begin by analyzing the formation and thermodynamic properties of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in the early Universe, emphasizing the speed of sound \( c_s^2 \) and its effects on primordial density fluctuations, which are crucial for the formation of large-scale structures. The thermodynamic relation \( c_s^2 = \frac{\partial p}{\partial \epsilon} \) is used to model the impact of these fluctuations on the evolution of the Universe. Topological structures arising from scale symmetry breaking during the rapid cooling phase of the early Universe, are explored as potential candidates for dark matter. These structures are shown to bridge the gap between QCD and cosmology, providing insights into the dark matter sector and predicting the presence of axions or other relic particles that could contribute to dark matter's observed properties. The paper also presents an in-depth study of Skyrme solitons and their potential to act as dark matter analogues. We examine the clustering dynamics of Skyrme solitons within dark matter halos, revealing a significant dependence of the soliton's energy density and stability on soliton number \( N \) and dark matter density \( \rho_{\text{DM}} \). Numerical simulations show a strong increase in system energy as both \( N \) and \( \rho_{\text{DM}} \) are increased, highlighting the role of solitons in dark matter clustering and the formation of cosmological structures. The dynamical mass \( M(T) \) of scalar fields in the presence of gravitational couplings and chemical potentials is analyzed, showing clear dependencies on the scalar field mass \( m_0 \), temperature \( T \), and gravitational coupling \( G \). The findings indicate that variations in the chemical potential \( \mu \) lead to significant changes in mass distribution, corroborating predictions from quantum field theory (QFT) and cosmological models. Further, Chiral Perturbation Theory (ChPT) is extended to the dark sector, where SU(N) symmetries govern dark matter interactions. This extension reveals new annihilation channels for dark matter and links dark sector dynamics with cosmological observables, such as the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and dark matter relic abundance. The effect of ChPT on dark matter perturbations and large-scale structure formation is analyzed, emphasizing the role of higher-order corrections to scattering amplitudes and cross-sections in shaping the evolution of dark matter.

Abstract: We introduce the Hill-Wheeler equation as a quantum mechanical distribution function for nuclear fission, replacing the conventional Fermi-Dirac distribution function of the Fermi gas model. Our model treats fission fragments as harmonic oscillators without adjustable parameters. Through calculations using experimental data on nuclear fission product charge distributions, we found that the effective fission distance is proportional to the product of fragment charge numbers, and the compound nucleus possesses different effective fission barrier corrections for each constituent element. Comparing calculated effective nuclear fission barrier corrections with neutron separation energies showed good agreement with experimental nuclear fission cross-sections, demonstrating our model’s accuracy in describing nuclear fission characteristics.

Abstract: We investigate a reliability of conservation of the vector current (CV) hypothesis in the neutron β−-decay. We calculate the contribution of the phenomenological term, responsible for the CVC in the hadronic current of the neutron β−-decay (or the CVC effect), to the neutron lifetime. We show that the CVC effect increases the neutron lifetime with a relative contribution 8.684×10−2. This leads to the increase of the neutron lifetime by 76.4 s with respect to the world averaged value τn=880.2(1.0)s (Particle Data Group, Chin. Phys. 40, 100001 (2016)). We show that since in the Standard Model (SM) there are no interactions, which are able to cancel such a huge increase of the neutron lifetime, we have to turn to the interactions beyond the SM the contribution of which to the neutron lifetime reduces to the Fierz interference term bF only. Cancelling the CVC effect at the level of the experimental accuracy we get bF=0.1219(12). If this value cannot be accepted for the Fierz interference term, the CVC effect induces irresistible problems for description and understanding of the neutron β−-decay.

Abstract: The paper presents the results of experiments on measuring cross sections for the neutron transfer channels 9Be(3He,α)8Begs,3.03 in the reaction of the 3He (30 MeV) ions with the 9Be target. To describe the angular distributions, we use the Distorted Wave Born Approximation (DWBA) method (FRESCO code). The results of the theoretical analysis are in agreement with the experimental data. In addition, we perform calculations based on the solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) for the weakly bound neutron of the 9Be nucleus. The TDSE approach allows us to determine the dynamics of the neutron transfer process and calculate the probabilities for the transfer and removal of the neutron of the 9Be nucleus in the 3He+9Be reaction.

Abstract: The Ultra-Cold Neutron (UCN) source being commissioned at North Carolina State Universityâs PULSTAR reactor is uniquely optimized for UCN production in the former graphite-filled thermal column outside of the reactor pool. The source utilizes a remote moderation design which is particularly well suited to the PULSTAR reactor on account of its large thermal and epithermal neutron leakage from the core face. This large non-equilibrium flux from the core is efficiently transported to the UCN source through the specially designed beam port in order to optimize UCN production at any given reactor power. The increased distance to the source from the core also greatly limits the heat load on the cryogenic system. A MCNP model of this system was developed and is in good agreement with gold foil activation measurements using a mock-up setup as well as with the real UCN source heavy water moderator. These results established a firm baseline for estimates of the cold neutron flux available for UCN production and prove that remote moderation in a thermal column port is a valuable option for future designs of cryogenic UCN sources.