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Defensive Adaptations and Paleoecology of Ankylosaurus: Insights into the Armor and Lifestyle of a Cretaceous Armored Dinosaur
Tyler Hu
Posted: 17 February 2025
Metabolomics Provide New Insights into Mechanisms of Wolbachia-Induced Plant Defense in Cotton Mites
Xinlei Wang,
Sha Wang,
Qianchen Wei,
Kedi Zhao,
Feng Liu,
Yiying Zhao
Endosymbiotic bacteria play a significant role in the co-evolution of insects and plants. However, whether they induce, activate, or inhibit host plant defense responses remains unclear. In this study, non-targeted metabolomic sequencing was performed on cotton leaves infested with Wolbachia-infected and uninfected spider mites using parthenogenetic backcrossing and antibiotic treatment methods. A total of 55 differential metabolites were identified, which involved lipids, phenylpropanoids and polyketides. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed seven significantly enriched metabolic pathways. Among them, flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and ether lipid metabolism showed extremely significant differences. In Wolbachia infected cotton leaves, the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was significantly upregulated, including quercetin and myricetin, suggesting that the plant produces more secondary metabolites to enhance its defense capability. Glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and sn-glycerol-3- phosphoethanolamine (PE) were significantly downregulated, suggesting that Wolbachia may impair the integrity and function of plant cell membranes. The downregulation of lysine and the upregulation of L-malic acid indicated that Wolbachia infection may shorten the lifespan of spider mites. At various developmental stages of the spider mites, Wolbachia infection increased the expression of detoxification metabolism related genes, including gene families such as cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, carboxylesterase, and ABC transporters, thereby enhancing the detoxification capability of the host spider mite. This study provides a theoretical basis for further elucidating the mechanisms by which endosymbiotic bacteria induce plant defense responses and expands the theoretical framework of insect-plant co-evolution.
Endosymbiotic bacteria play a significant role in the co-evolution of insects and plants. However, whether they induce, activate, or inhibit host plant defense responses remains unclear. In this study, non-targeted metabolomic sequencing was performed on cotton leaves infested with Wolbachia-infected and uninfected spider mites using parthenogenetic backcrossing and antibiotic treatment methods. A total of 55 differential metabolites were identified, which involved lipids, phenylpropanoids and polyketides. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed seven significantly enriched metabolic pathways. Among them, flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and ether lipid metabolism showed extremely significant differences. In Wolbachia infected cotton leaves, the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was significantly upregulated, including quercetin and myricetin, suggesting that the plant produces more secondary metabolites to enhance its defense capability. Glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and sn-glycerol-3- phosphoethanolamine (PE) were significantly downregulated, suggesting that Wolbachia may impair the integrity and function of plant cell membranes. The downregulation of lysine and the upregulation of L-malic acid indicated that Wolbachia infection may shorten the lifespan of spider mites. At various developmental stages of the spider mites, Wolbachia infection increased the expression of detoxification metabolism related genes, including gene families such as cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, carboxylesterase, and ABC transporters, thereby enhancing the detoxification capability of the host spider mite. This study provides a theoretical basis for further elucidating the mechanisms by which endosymbiotic bacteria induce plant defense responses and expands the theoretical framework of insect-plant co-evolution.
Posted: 17 February 2025
The Influence of Habitat on the Hunting Strategies of Baryonyx walkeri
Tyler Hu
Posted: 17 February 2025
The Epistemology of the Near Miss and Its Potential Contribution in the Prevention and Treatment of Problem-Gambling
Catalin Barboianu
Posted: 17 February 2025
Breeding of Solanaceous Crops Using AI: Machine and Deep Learning Approaches
Maria Gerakari,
Anastasios Katsileros,
Konstantina Kleftogianni,
Eleni Tani,
Penelope J. Bebeli,
Vasileios Papasotiropoulos
Posted: 17 February 2025
Cold-Active Starch-Degrading Enzymes from a Cold and Alkaline Greenland Environment: Role of Ca2+ Ions and Conformational Dynamics in Psychrophilicity
Malthe Kjær Bendtsen,
Jan Stanislaw Nowak,
Pedro Paiva,
Marcos Lórez Hernández,
Pedro Ferreira,
Jan Skov Pedersen,
Nicolai Sundgaard Bekker,
Elia Viezzi,
Francesco Bisiak,
Lars Haastrup Pedersen
Posted: 17 February 2025
Addition of Thermotolerant Nitrifying Bacteria During Pig Manure Composting Enhanced Nitrogen Retention and Modified Microbial Composition
Biao Liu,
Zhaohui Guo,
Wei Chen,
Zhen Wang,
Lijuan Xu,
Shuaishuai Gao,
Yingben Wu,
Yan Zeng,
Bingxuan Tang,
Minxi Wu
Posted: 17 February 2025
Successful Bone Marrow Stroma Transplantation Is Enabled by Preliminary Recipient’s Stromal Compartment Injury
Aleksei E Bigildeev,
Evgeny A Bigildeev,
Eugenia S Boulygina,
Svetlana V Tsygankova,
Mariia S Gusakova,
Olga I Illarionova
Posted: 17 February 2025
Unveiling the Function and Evolutionary Significance of Carnotaurus Horns: A Morphological and Behavioral Study
Tyler Hu
Posted: 17 February 2025
Feathered Predators: The Role of Plumage in the Hunting Tactics of Velociraptor
Tyler Hu
Posted: 17 February 2025
Studies on Impatiens L. (Balsaminaceae) of Western Himalaya – Rediscovery of Little-Known Impatiens reidii Hook.f. After 138 Years of Type Collection, Reinstating Impatiens inayatii Hook.f. and Merging Impatiens scullyi Hook.f. with Impatiens tingens Edgew
Ashutosh Sharma,
Wojciech Adamowski,
S. Noorunnisa Begum
Posted: 17 February 2025
Gulf War Illness Induced Sex-Specific Transcriptional Differences Under Stressful Conditions
Joshua Frank,
Lily Tehrani,
Jackson Gamer,
Derek J. Van Booven,
Sarah Ballarin,
Raquel Rossman,
Abraham Edelstein,
Sadhika Uppalati,
Ana Reuthebuck,
Fanny Collado
Posted: 17 February 2025
Influence of Sulphites and Modified Atmosphere over the Growth and Diversity of Spoiling and Foodborne Bacteria in Poultry Hamburgers
Elena González-Fandos,
Alba Martínez Laorden,
Santiago Condón Usón,
María Jesús Serrano Andrés
Poultry meat is the most consumed worldwide due to its low fat content, sensory qualities, and affordability. However, its rapid spoilage, especially when minced for products like hamburgers, is a challenge. Strategies such as sulphite addition or modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) can help control spoilage and microbial growth. This study evaluated both approaches by analyzing bacterial development in poultry hamburgers through total viable counts and MALDI-TOF identification. The addition of 5 mg/kg sulphites had a limited effect, whereas increasing CO2 levels in packaging significantly extended shelf life by reducing bacterial growth rates and prolonging lag phases. The most affected bacteria were aerobic mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria, as well as Brochothrix thermosphacta. Carnobacterium spp. dominated the aerobic mesophilic group, while Enterobacter spp. was prevalent in Enterobacteriaceae and aerobic mesophilic isolates, highlighting its role in spoilage. Hafnia alvei was also relevant in the final spoilage stages. These results suggest the importance of these bacteria in poultry hamburger decay and demonstrate that MAP is an effective method to delay spoilage.
Poultry meat is the most consumed worldwide due to its low fat content, sensory qualities, and affordability. However, its rapid spoilage, especially when minced for products like hamburgers, is a challenge. Strategies such as sulphite addition or modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) can help control spoilage and microbial growth. This study evaluated both approaches by analyzing bacterial development in poultry hamburgers through total viable counts and MALDI-TOF identification. The addition of 5 mg/kg sulphites had a limited effect, whereas increasing CO2 levels in packaging significantly extended shelf life by reducing bacterial growth rates and prolonging lag phases. The most affected bacteria were aerobic mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria, as well as Brochothrix thermosphacta. Carnobacterium spp. dominated the aerobic mesophilic group, while Enterobacter spp. was prevalent in Enterobacteriaceae and aerobic mesophilic isolates, highlighting its role in spoilage. Hafnia alvei was also relevant in the final spoilage stages. These results suggest the importance of these bacteria in poultry hamburger decay and demonstrate that MAP is an effective method to delay spoilage.
Posted: 17 February 2025
Beyond Curcumin: Highlighting the Potential of Ayurvedic Medicinal Flora in Cancer Research
Bhuvanasree Ramakrishnan
Posted: 17 February 2025
Functional Morphology and Paleoecology of Pteranodon: A Detailed Review
Tyler Hu
Posted: 17 February 2025
Impact of Schistosoma mansoni Infection on the Gut Microbiome and Hepatitis B Vaccine Immune Response in Fishing Communities of Lake Victoria, Uganda
Yan Wang,
Ariana Kerngel Waters,
Geofrey Basalirwa,
Ali Ssetaala,
Juliet Mpendo,
Annemarie Namuniina,
Emily Keneema,
David Kiiza,
Jacqueline Lugemwa,
Yunia Mayanja
Posted: 17 February 2025
A Dietary Intervention with a Synbiotic Beverage on Women with Type 2 Diabetes, Overweight and Obesity
Paola Rodríguez-Rugarcía,
Leonel Cuamatzin-García,
María De Lourdes Meza-Jiménez,
Ma Rocío Baños-Lara,
Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Espinosa,
Erika Lozada-Perezmitre,
Beatriz Pérez-Armendáriz
Introduction: Non committable chronic diseases such as overweight and obesity are considered in high risk for type 2 diabetes. Around the world, there are 536.6 million people with diabetes. Mexico represents a high prevalence of these diseases. Objective: Evaluate the effect of a synbiotic beverage and a 12-week dietary intervention on body composition and biochemical parameters in women with T2D, overweight or obesity, to obtain an additional strategy as treatment. Methods: A double-blinded, randomized and experimental in a 12 week dietary intervention with a synbiotic fermented beverage with a n=51 women divided in 4 groups: G1 followed a moderate calorie-restricted diet, G2 did the same moderate calorie-restricted diet and a synbiotic, G3 took only the synbiotic and G4 consumed a placebo beverage. Results: The total mean of ages of the 4 groups was 42.90 ± 10.6. The significant changes were in BMI (P<0.001), fat mass (P<0.001), HOMA-index (P<0.001) and serum insulin serum (P<0.001), after the 12 week dietary intervention, proving the effect of the synbiotic. Conclusion: Significant decreases in different body composition and biochemical profiles were proved showing the benefits of the beverage. Further research is needed in gut microbiota profile in this kind of participants.
Introduction: Non committable chronic diseases such as overweight and obesity are considered in high risk for type 2 diabetes. Around the world, there are 536.6 million people with diabetes. Mexico represents a high prevalence of these diseases. Objective: Evaluate the effect of a synbiotic beverage and a 12-week dietary intervention on body composition and biochemical parameters in women with T2D, overweight or obesity, to obtain an additional strategy as treatment. Methods: A double-blinded, randomized and experimental in a 12 week dietary intervention with a synbiotic fermented beverage with a n=51 women divided in 4 groups: G1 followed a moderate calorie-restricted diet, G2 did the same moderate calorie-restricted diet and a synbiotic, G3 took only the synbiotic and G4 consumed a placebo beverage. Results: The total mean of ages of the 4 groups was 42.90 ± 10.6. The significant changes were in BMI (P<0.001), fat mass (P<0.001), HOMA-index (P<0.001) and serum insulin serum (P<0.001), after the 12 week dietary intervention, proving the effect of the synbiotic. Conclusion: Significant decreases in different body composition and biochemical profiles were proved showing the benefits of the beverage. Further research is needed in gut microbiota profile in this kind of participants.
Posted: 16 February 2025
Comparative Analysis of Aroma Emission in ‘Gala’ Apples Stored in Ethanol and Hexanal-Enriched Controlled Atmosphere
Erika Jesenko,
Rajko Vidrih,
Emil Zlatić
The objectives of this study were to investigate extended exposure of ‘Gala’ apples to con-stant presence of ethanol and hexanal on the production of aroma compounds after long-term CA storage. 'Gala' apples were stored in CA under 2 kPa O2 and 98 kPa N2 at 1.0 ± 0.1 °C with a constant ethanol (CA-et) or hexanal (CA-he) concentration maintained at 50 µgL-1 throughout six month storage period. A total of 25 volatile compounds (VOCs) were identified. The Odor Activity Value (OAV) results showed that 9 VOCs were the key aroma compounds. Among them, hexyl acetate, 2-metyhbutyl acetate, and 1-butanol were the highest. Hexanal increased the production of hexyl acetate, while ethanol increased the production of 2-metyhlbutyl acetate and ethyl 2-methylbutanoate. Both precursors promoted the production of 1-butanol after two months of storage and 1 day of shelf life. Overall, the impact of the precursors on aroma production was more pronounced after two months than after six months of storage. Different storage atmosphere significantly influenced VOCs correlations, suggesting that ethanol and hexanal addition altered aro-ma biosynthesis pathways in ‘Gala’ apples. For varieties like ‘Gala’ that rapidly lose aroma during CA storage, CA-et and CA-he treatments may be beneficial for short-term storage, enhancing key aroma compounds and improving sensory quality.
The objectives of this study were to investigate extended exposure of ‘Gala’ apples to con-stant presence of ethanol and hexanal on the production of aroma compounds after long-term CA storage. 'Gala' apples were stored in CA under 2 kPa O2 and 98 kPa N2 at 1.0 ± 0.1 °C with a constant ethanol (CA-et) or hexanal (CA-he) concentration maintained at 50 µgL-1 throughout six month storage period. A total of 25 volatile compounds (VOCs) were identified. The Odor Activity Value (OAV) results showed that 9 VOCs were the key aroma compounds. Among them, hexyl acetate, 2-metyhbutyl acetate, and 1-butanol were the highest. Hexanal increased the production of hexyl acetate, while ethanol increased the production of 2-metyhlbutyl acetate and ethyl 2-methylbutanoate. Both precursors promoted the production of 1-butanol after two months of storage and 1 day of shelf life. Overall, the impact of the precursors on aroma production was more pronounced after two months than after six months of storage. Different storage atmosphere significantly influenced VOCs correlations, suggesting that ethanol and hexanal addition altered aro-ma biosynthesis pathways in ‘Gala’ apples. For varieties like ‘Gala’ that rapidly lose aroma during CA storage, CA-et and CA-he treatments may be beneficial for short-term storage, enhancing key aroma compounds and improving sensory quality.
Posted: 16 February 2025
Spatiotemporal Angiogenic Patterns in the Development of the Mouse Fetal Blood Brain Barrier System During Pregnancy
Samuel Brown,
Philemon Shallie,
Connor Sierra,
Neha Nayak,
Anthony O Odibo,
Paula Monaghan-Nichols,
Nihar R Nayak
Posted: 14 February 2025
Identification and Distribution of Begomoviruses Infecting Cassava Fields in Sierra Leone
Musa Saffa,
Alusaine Samura,
Mohamed Bah,
Angela Eni,
Ezechiel Tibiri,
Saidou Zongo,
William Amoakon,
Fidèle Tiendrébéogo,
Justin Pita,
Prince Norman
Posted: 14 February 2025
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