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Review
Social Sciences
Education

Suryanti Suryanti,

Idris Ahmed,

Hamzah Hamzah,

Insan Sosiawan Tunru

Abstract: This qualitative narrative synthesis examines the impact of English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) in medical education through an English Language Teaching (ELT) lens. By reviewing studies from Scopus, Web of Science, and other reputable sources, we identify key themes: cognitive load in learning medicine in a second language, disparities in learning outcomes, faculty challenges, and pedagogical innovations. Findings highlight the importance of structured linguistic support, such as English for Medical Purposes programs and bilingual scaffolding, to enhance both medical competence and academic English proficiency. Integrating ELT strategies into EMI frameworks can improve comprehension, critical thinking, and communication skills, ensuring better learning experiences for non-native English-speaking students.
Article
Social Sciences
Cognitive Science

Prakash Sharma,

Chitra Budhathoki,

Bhimsen Devkota,

Niki Syrou,

Antonios Valamontes,

Ioannis Adamopoulos

Abstract:

Nutritional deficiencies negatively impact cognitive development in preschoolers, affecting brain growth and causing behavioral and educational consequences. This study evaluates the relationship between nutritional status and cognitive development, highlighting the public health and educational implications of cognitive developmental delays and the increasing malnutrition among children. This study aimed to explore the factors influencing cognitive development in preschoolers (ages 3-5) in Rupandehi District, Nepal. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, using multi-stage random sampling with data collected from 379 children. Information on the children’s socio-economic and demographic status, as well as their stage of cognitive development, was gathered through scheduled interviews and direct observation. Nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric measurements, specifically Height-for-Age (HAZ) and Weight-for-Age (WAZ), which emerged as significant predictors of cognitive development. Better nutritional status was strongly correlated with higher cognitive development scores. Family structure also played a critical role, with children from joint families exhibiting lower cognitive development scores. Age was a marginally significant factor, indicating a slight decline in cognitive development as children grew older. The findings emphasize the need for interventions targeting improved child nutrition and addressing family dynamics alongside policies that promote equitable educational opportunities. These results provide valuable insights into how nutrition, family structure, and age influence early childhood cognitive development, informing strategies for effective interventions and policy recommendations. Public health authorities should focus on enhancing the educational and nutritional status of preschoolers, as preschool significantly impacts their cognitive and productive development.

Article
Social Sciences
Psychology

Luís Loureiro,

José Santos,

Cândida Loureiro

Abstract: The concept of positive mental health (PMH) and therefore mental wellbeing (MWB) have taken center stage over the last few decades. The Mental Health Continuum - Short Form (MHC-SF) is one of the most important tools for assessing mental well-being MWB. This study aims to assess the psychometric properties and dimen-sionality of the Portuguese version of the MHC-SF by comparing three competing models. Methods: In 2021, a survey was conducted with a convenience sample of 495 Portuguese adolescents aged 12 to 18 years, enrolled in 7th to 12th grades. Descriptive statistics and bivariate statistical tests and measures associated with Confirmatory Factor Analysis were calculated. Results: The results of the CFA support the idea that the bifactor model fits the data better than the other competing models. The indices support unidimensionality, namely the Explained Common Variance (ECV = 0.81), the Percentage of Uncontaminated Correlations (PUC = 0.69), and omega hierarchical (ωH=0.89), and point to the existence of a general MHC-SF factor. The scale showed high reliability (ω = 0.95) in the general factor. The MHC-SF has concurrent validity, correlating with other scales that assess aspects related to mental health and well-being. Conclusion: The results point to the adequacy of the bifactor model and suggest the existence of a general factor of PMH, which is why the total score of the scale can be used.
Article
Social Sciences
Psychology

Josefa A. Antón-Ruiz,

Elisa Isabel Sánchez-Romero,

Elena Cuevas-Caravaca,

Miguel Bernabé-Castaño,

Ana I. López-Navas

Abstract: Data on mental health in emerging adulthood have been increasingly concerning, with high prevalence rates of clinical conditions such as anxiety, stress, and depression. This study aims to evaluate the risk factors associated with mental health status and to develop a predictive model. 242 university students were recruited (74.8% women). Ages ranged from 18 to 56 years (M = 25.81; SD = 7.59). Data collection was conducted through the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), the Big Five Inventory-10 (BFI-10), and the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory (COPE-28). Normal scores were observed for stress and depression, whereas the most frequent score for anxiety was categorized as "extremely severe." Additionally, being female, living with family or roommates and scoring high on passive coping styles were significant risk factors for mental health deterioration. While, being male, living with a romantic partner, and scoring high on the ‘Responsibility’ personality trait were identified as protective factors against mental health impairment. Further research is needed to explore additional mediating variables and to develop specific intervention protocols for improving university students' psychological well-being.
Article
Social Sciences
Transportation

Tõnis Hunt,

Ulla Tapaninen,

Jonne Kotta

Abstract:

Ports and waterways are integral components of the maritime transport system, facilitating global trade and logistics. Governments, ports, and service providers levy charges on vessels for the use of fairways, port access, and associated services. This study analyzes the port and fairway fee strategies of seven major Baltic Sea ports across four countries: Estonia (Tallinn and Sillamäe), Latvia (Riga and Ventspils), Finland (Helsinki and HaminaKotka), and Sweden (Stockholm). The analysis evaluates the application of general port pricing principles in these ports' strategies. The findings reveal that port fees are predominantly value-based, with tariff rates varying by vessel type and cargo. However, no uniform structure exists for fairway fees. Notably, incorporating environmental components into fairway fee calculations emerges as a promising mechanism to promote sustainability in maritime transport. By incentivizing the adoption of environmentally friendly vessels through differentiated fee structures, ports and policymakers can accelerate the transition toward greener shipping practices. This study highlights the role of economic instruments in advancing environmental objectives and emphasizes the need for a harmonized, sustainability-driven approach to fairway and port pricing in the Baltic Sea region.

Article
Social Sciences
Education

Johannes Pernaa,

Outi Haatainen,

Maija Aksela

Abstract: Chemistry lacks students. This has led to a shortage of workforce in the chemical industry. There is a great need for skilled chemistry teachers, who are the key agents in inspiring young people into chemistry and solving this challenge. This article describes a novel model program of evidence-based research-oriented chemistry teacher education developed and applied at the University of Helsinki, Finland. The program produces research-oriented chemistry teachers (ROCTs). An ROCT has two professional identities, as a chemist and as a chemistry teacher. Both identities require extensive knowledge of chemistry and comprehensive understanding of chemistry as a science. Therefore, the most important competence of an ROCT is chemistry education research. Chemistry education is an independent research area of chemistry that builds the chemistry educational expertise that binds together the domains of chemical and pedagogical knowledge. This article describes how the development of both professional identities is supported through our current research focus areas, which are sustainable chemistry and modern technology. It will explain, for example, the degree structure, courses and research-based development strategies. Also, the article introduces the ways in which design-based research strategies are conducted collaboratively with the national and international chemical research community and the whole society, including stakeholders such as the chemical industry, schools, teacher associations, and museums. Overall, the novel evidence-based ROCT education program model described in this article can serve as a valuable example for teacher education curriculum development around the world.
Article
Social Sciences
Education

Albina Tadjibaeva

Abstract: This study explores strategies to enhance student motivation and engagement in higher education, focusing on factors that influence student participation in academic activities and their commitment to learning. The research investigates how teaching methods, course content, technology integration, and support systems impact students’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, as well as their cognitive, emotional, and behavioral engagement. Data were collected through quantitative surveys, qualitative interviews, and classroom observations involving 50 undergraduate students and teachers from Namangan State Institute of Foreign Languages, Uzbekistan. The findings reveal that intrinsic motivation, driven by personal interest and relevance to future career goals, significantly influences engagement levels. Additionally, active learning strategies, such as group discussions and problem-solving tasks, were found to increase cognitive and behavioral engagement, while emotional engagement was closely linked to faculty and peer support. The study also highlights mixed responses to technology, with students benefiting from interactive tools but feeling disengaged when technology use was excessive. The results suggest that a balanced approach—incorporating both traditional and technology-enhanced learning strategies, as well as fostering a supportive classroom environment—can significantly improve student motivation and engagement. This research provides valuable insights for educators and institutions seeking to create more effective and engaging learning experiences. Future studies could further explore the long-term effects of these strategies across diverse educational contexts.
Article
Social Sciences
Media studies

Safran Safar Almakaty

Abstract:

This paper presents an integrative review of the history, developments, and social impacts of journalism in Saudi Arabia. It analyzes the industry's evolution from traditional forms to contemporary practices shaped by technological advancements and socio-political changes. The research examines the roles of governmental regulations, cultural influences, and economic factors in shaping industry. Utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, the study assesses how Saudi journalism has navigated challenges and opportunities over time. Key developments in media laws, the rise of digital journalism, and consequent social impacts, including changes in public discourse and civic engagement, are critically examined. Findings reveal a complex interplay between state control, technological innovation, and journalistic practice, highlighting both constraints and progress within the Saudi context. This review contributes to the broader understanding of media evolution in non-Western settings, offering insights into potential future trajectories of journalism in Saudi Arabia. By providing a comprehensive analysis of historical and contemporary dynamics, this research underscores the significance of sustainable journalistic practices and informed public discourse for societal development. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research and practical applications aimed at fostering an open and resilient journalism industry in Saudi Arabia.

Article
Social Sciences
Demography

Alejandro Vega-Muñoz,

Paloma González-Gómez-del-Miño,

Nicolás Contreras-Barraza

Abstract: Brain drain represents a critical challenge to global development, reflecting structural inequalities and tensions between mobility and rootedness. This study analyzes the determinants of skilled migration in 178 countries (2006-2022) using a regression model based on panel data, identifying six key variables: uneven economic development, quality of public services, external intervention, voice and accountability, rule of law, and political stability. Governance, particularly political stability and the rule of law, stands out as crucial for retaining talent, while external interventions and economic inequality exacerbate emigration. From a sociological perspective, migrants are active agents who transform transnational networks, challenging traditional notions of citizenship and belonging. Civil society organizations play a central role by facilitating sociocultural inclusion, mediating resettlement processes, and promoting brain circulation as an alternative to retention-focused models. Additionally, the study highlights the cultural and symbolic dimension of migration, revealing the impact of uprooting on communities of origin. Future research should explore how inclusive policies, digital nomadism, and remittances can reduce structural inequalities, strengthen the connection between migrants and their communities, and advance towards a sustainable and equitable mobility model.
Article
Social Sciences
Tourism, Leisure, Sport and Hospitality

Sofia K. Gkarane,

Chris A. Vassiliadis,

Iordanis Kotzaivazoglou,

Garyfallos Fragidis,

Vasiliki Vrana

Abstract: Seasonality, one of the most outstanding characteristics of tourism, is recognized as a significant challenge for regional tourism, impacting the local economies and limiting sustainable development. Among the strategies that literature suggests in order to alleviate its negative effects is the organization of events. In particular, the holding of sport events has gained recognition as an essential element for all-year round tourism development. However, a deeper understanding of how tourism practitioners (who are those that face the personal and financial difficulties of sea-sonality) perceive the potential of sport events to smooth its challenges has not yet been explored enough. This study aims to fill this gap by examining tourism practitioners’ views on the role of sport events, particularly running ones, in mitigating tourism seasonality. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with tourism practitioners from selected regions of Greece who, as active stakeholders, shared their perspectives in the development of regional tourism through the year round. The data gathered from these interviews was analyzed using thematic analysis. The results indicate that most of the respondents recognize seasonality as a significant challenge and they share a common concern regarding its adverse effects on both regional tourism and on their local businesses. Themes of survival and sustainability emerged consistently, emphasizing the need of implementing various initiatives, apart from sport events, to mitigate its effects. This study contributes to the broader discussion on seasonality, focusing on its economic and social impli-cations, particularly from the perspective of tourism professionals. It also provides practical recommendations for destination managers on utilizing sport events as a tool for promoting tourism during off-season periods. Finally, the findings highlight the need for localized and collaborative initiatives to address seasonality issues and support sustainable development.
Review
Social Sciences
Transportation

Isabelle Wandenkolk,

Sherrilene Classen,

Audrey Williams

Abstract: Autonomous ride-sharing services (ARSS) offer promise in enhancing transportation, improving access for underserved populations, and addressing road safety by mitigating human error. However, their development and adoption are influenced by complex interplay of policies, implementation strategies, technological performance, and market penetration. This scoping review examined the evolving ARSS landscape in the US through literature published between 2018 and 2023. The review included 22 studies, capturing some national policies while no federal regulations related to ARSS were identified. The review predominantly covered market penetration, with few studies addressing performance and one study on implementation strategies. Findings were framed using the socio-ecological model. At the individual level, factors such as safety, affordability, and accessibility influence market penetration of ARSS. At the relational level, trust-building interactions, including the role of safety operators, emerged as key to addressing mobility concerns. At the community level, the findings indicate the need for technological improvements, public infrastructure investment, and education initiatives to enhance ARSS performance and implementation. At the societal level, the review did not include all existing policies in the US, requiring further investigation. These findings provide insights for researchers, transportation planners, and policymakers, guiding the development of evidence-based strategies to foster a sustainable transportation future.
Article
Social Sciences
Law

Bing Chen

Abstract: Nowadays, generative AI technologies and services have entered a stage of explosive growth worldwide. While generative AI brings technological progress and productivity enhancement to the economy, it also raises various risks regarding legal, the ethics of science and technology, and social governance. For the development of AI, the EU adopts a strict regulatory attitude based on the rule of law. It constructs AI norms by unifying the regulations and coordinating regulatory agencies. The United States, on the other hand, adopts a principled and advocacy regulatory strategy. It clarifies the compliance requirements for enterprises with concerns about their autonomy. While the UK only claims the principles that are not mandatory, which is a compromise regulatory approach. Based on the practical needs of China's participation in the international AI competition and comparison among foreign experience, the rule of law of generative AI should rest on the interactions between technology and law, and the balance between development and security. Additionally, it should establish requirements for security, reliability, and controllability for the standardized development of AI within the legal framework. To this end, it is necessary to strengthen the supply of relevant policies and systems, establish a diversified and long-term regulatory mechanism as soon as possible, and set standardized and unified responsibility rules. Sequentially, to establish a full-cycle, systematic, and three-dimensional practice framework of the rule of law, thereby ensuring the robust and normalized development of generative AI, while firmly maintaining safety as the baseline.
Article
Social Sciences
Education

Leyli Nouraei Yeganeh,

Majid Nemati

Abstract: Flipped Learning (FL) has gained widespread adoption in higher education due to its potential to foster active engagement and academic performance. However, challenges such as the lack of immediate feedback and the need for self-discipline remain significant barriers. To address these limitations, this study examined the impact of integrating Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) strategies within FL environments on medical students’ Argumentative Writing (AW) proficiency. Using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design, 240 senior medical students were divided into an experimental group, which received FL instruction with SRL support, and a control group, which followed a conventional FL approach without explicit SRL strategies. The study employed the Toulmin model of Argumentation to analyze the development of claims and qualifiers in students’ writing. At the same time, a Self-Regulated Learning Questionnaire (SRQ) measured students’ self-reported SRL skills. Results indicated that the experimental group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in AW proficiency and self-regulation behaviors than the control group, with large effect sizes confirming the practical significance of SRL-enhanced FL instruction. These findings suggest that explicit SRL training fosters meta-cognitive awareness and enhances writing development in FL environments. The study highlights the need for structured SRL integration in FL classrooms and calls for further research into its long-term effects and applicability across disciplines.
Article
Social Sciences
Cognitive Science

Manuel Vazquez-Marrufo,

Rocio Caballero-Diaz,

Esteban Sarrias-Arrabal,

Ruben Martin-Clemente

Abstract: In prior studies, desynchronization of the induced alpha band (non-phase-locked but time-locked) has been observed across various cognitive tasks. Proposed hypotheses for the cognitive role of this alpha decrement include neural activation, an inhibition/timing mechanism, or a reduction of "neural noise." This study aimed to examine the effect of cognitive load on induced alpha activity using two versions of a go/no-go visual task: a single-target (ST) version with one target and one distractor, and a double-target (DT) version with two targets and two distractors. EEG was recorded from 58 electrodes, and Temporal Spectral Evolution (TSE) was used for time-frequency analysis. Behavioral results revealed faster reaction times in the ST task compared to the DT task. The P3 component displayed delayed latency and reduced amplitude under increased cognitive load, consistent with prior findings. However, the latencies and amplitudes of evoked and induced alpha responses were unaffected by cognitive load. This suggests that increased alpha desynchronization in subjects with cognitive impairment should not be interpreted as enhanced neural resource recruitment due to task difficulty. Instead, it may reflect other mechanisms unrelated to cognitive load differences in task performance.
Article
Social Sciences
Government

Sitthisak Chaiyasuk,

Krish Rugchatjaroen,

Somboon Sirisunhirun,

Nopraenue Sajjarax Dhirathiti,

Somsak Amornsiriphong,

Phut Ploywan

Abstract: Ensuring effective data governance is essential for delivering transparent, accessible, and equitable public services, particularly for people with disabilities. However, chal-lenges such as gaps in data oversight and accountability hinder service efficiency and transparency. This study examines the relationship between data-driven culture, audit data governance, and public service performance, employing Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Path Analysis. The findings indicate that a strong data-driven culture enhances audit data governance, improving service transparency, accessibility, and user satisfaction for people with disabilities. Public service delivery significantly influences audit data governance through data accessibility, ethical management, and efficient administrative processes. To promote inclusive governance, this study highlights the need for open data policies, in-ter-agency collaboration, and emerging technologies such as AI and blockchain. Policy recommendations focus on data-driven decision-making frameworks that align with OECD principles, ensuring equitable and accountable public services for people with disabilities.
Article
Social Sciences
Other

Raha Aghaei,

Ali Akbar Kiaei,

Mahnaz Bush,

javad Vahidi,

Zeinab Barzegar,

Mohammad Zavvar,

Mahan Rofoosheh

Abstract: The integration of ChatGPT and human resources management (HRMs) is changing the way organizations manage their workforces. This white paper examines the key benefits and challenges of implementing the ChatGPT in human resource management, providing a comprehensive overview of its effectiveness, integrity, and impact on decision-making. ChatGPT streamline HR processes by automating mundane tasks, reducing biases in hiring and performance appraisal, and supporting individual employee development programs. It also facilitates data-driven decision-making through predictive analytics and provides valuable insights into employee performance and engagement. However, successful adoption of an ChatGPT requires seamless integration with existing systems and ongoing learning and adaptation to address privacy and security concerns. Ethical issues, such as transparency and fairness, are crucial to building trust and ensuring the responsible use of AI. Based on real-world applications and first-time user experiences, this paper provides strategic recommendations for HR professionals and organizations to leverage ChatGPT effectively and create a more efficient, inclusive, and data-driven HR environment.
Article
Social Sciences
Other

Vyacheslav Romanenko,

Wojciech J. Cynarski,

Yrui Tropin,

Yuliya Kovalenko,

Georgiy Korobeynikov,

Svitlana Рiatysotska,

Volodymyr Mikhalsky,

Valerii Holokha,

Shukurjon Gaziyev

Abstract: The study of mechanisms underlying the perception of visual information, the speed and adequacy of its processing, is of practical interest to martial artists. The study aims to develop and validate a methodology for assessing spatial perception in martial arts. It involved 57 participants practising Taekwon-Do, representing various age groups and skill levels (age: 18.6 years, SD=3.52; qualifications: 8th Gup to 1st Dan). At the first stage of the research, the newly developed “Spatial Perception” application was preliminarily tested to determine its reliability and validity. In the second stage, the specific features of spatial perception among martial artists of different ages and qualifications were examined. The findings indicate the rotation of objects provides additional information for object recognition, which reduces reaction time and the number of errors in response selection. The speed of processing dynamic visual cues reflects athlete’s psychophysiological capabilities, which are crucial during competitive bouts. Experienced martial artists possess a larger repertoire of visual samples and images, enabling them to formulate effective responses to unexpected situations during combat. Athletes at this level can maintain focus on objects and are less affected by dis-tracting visual stimuli. The results obtained may assist martial arts coaches in improving the monitoring of athletes’ functional states and optimizing training processes.
Article
Social Sciences
Government

Igor Calzada,

Géza Németh,

Mohammed Salah Al-Radhi

Abstract:

As generative AI (GenAI) technologies proliferate, ensuring trust and transparency in digital ecosystems becomes increasingly critical, particularly within democratic frameworks. This article examines decentralized Web3 mechanisms—blockchain, decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), and data cooperatives—as foundational tools for enhancing trust in GenAI. These mechanisms are analyzed within the framework of the EU’s AI Act and the Draghi Report, focusing on their potential to support content authenticity, community-driven verification, and data sovereignty. Based on a systematic policy analysis, this article proposes a multi-layered framework to mitigate the risks of AI-generated misinformation. Specifically, as a result of this analysis, it identifies and evaluates seven detection techniques of trust stemming from the action research conducted in the Horizon Europe lighthouse project called Enfield: (i) federated learning for decentralized AI detection, (ii) blockchain-based provenance tracking, (iii) Zero-Knowledge Proofs for content authentication, (iv) DAOs for crowdsourced verification, (v) AI-powered digital watermarking, (vi) explainable AI (XAI) for content detection, and (vii) Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning (PPML). By leveraging these approaches, the framework strengthens AI governance through peer-to-peer (P2P) structures while addressing the socio-political challenges of AI-driven misinformation. Ultimately, this research contributes to the development of resilient democratic systems in an era of increasing technopolitical polarization.

Review
Social Sciences
Education

Eirini Golegou,

Manolis Wallace,

Kostas Peppas

Abstract: 21st century skills are becoming increasingly important both in education systems around the world and in the labor market. In this article, it is assumed that any individual can master all the individual skills with appropriate training. Acquiring these skills while at school will enable individuals to develop them throughout their adult working lives. Skills for the 21st century do not have a strict definition, resulting in the existence of interdependent areas. This article examines the following skills: creativity, critical thinking, collaboration, adaptability, leadership, lifelong learning and problem solving. After analyzing each of them, their commonalities are identified. The ultimate goal of all of them is to find an innovative solution to a problem. Finally, each of these skills is placed on a pyramid. Moving from the bottom of the pyramid to the top, we find the skills that are prerequisites for mastering the higher level. In this way, it is clear which skills the person needs to master first in order to progress to the next level. In an educational system where skills are cultivated from childhood, it is not necessary to master all the skills at once, but to master them gradually. The pyramid can be used as a guide as to which skills should be cultivated at the initial level.
Article
Social Sciences
Education

David Amiel,

Cynthia Blitz

Abstract: The increasing demand for computer science (CS) skills underscores the importance of integrating CS education into K–12 curricula to best prepare students for a digitally-driven society. Despite significant progress in expanding access to CS courses, disparities in participation persist, especially among historically underrepresented groups. This study examines the transition from 8th to 9th grade as a pivotal juncture in CS education, analyzing factors linked to 9th-grade CS course-taking among 5,505 students across eight diverse school districts using logistic regression. Findings show that high academic achievers, male students, Asian students, and those with exposure to CS and Algebra 1 in middle school were more likely to enroll in 9th-grade CS courses. Conversely, participation is lower for females, English Language Learners, and students receiving special education services. These results point to persistent barriers to CS participation extending beyond access alone. We discuss practical implications for middle and high schools, emphasizing the need for targeted outreach and early exposure to CS to foster a sense of belonging and applicability of CS. By identify-ing actionable strategies to address participation gaps, this study provides data-driven recommendations for advancing equity in CS education during the critical middle-to-high school transition.

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