Abstract: The review presents arguments emphasizing the importance of using the entropic measure of time (EMT) in the study of irreversible evolving systems. The possibilities of this measure for obtaining the laws of system evolution are shown. It is shown that EMT provides a novel and unified perspective on the principle of maximum entropy production (MEPP), which is established in the physics of irreversible processes, as well as on the laws of growth and evolution proposed in biology. Essentially, for irreversible processes, the proposed approach allows, in a certain sense, to identify concepts such as the duration of existence, MEPP, and natural selection. EMT has been used to generalize prior results, indicating that the intrinsic time of a system is logarithmically dependent on extrinsic (Newtonian) time.

Abstract: The universe and its origin is an ancient philosophical topic dating from at least Democritus and classical Greek philosophy, to Newton and Bentley discussions, and to the XXI century, that has led to advances in philosophy of science and physics, as well as prompting motivation to highly sophisticated technology, engineers’ wit, and a wide variety of devices. Since Einstein provided both, his famous GR theory and empirical and gedanken experiments pointing towards QM properties, the Standard Model and main theories have been appraised as stuck, or even gone astray due to incompatibilities found between GR and QM, especially regarding gravity, as well as some other major and minor issues for the unification and a complete picture and explanation for the universe and its origin, such as galaxy formation and the CCP, Dark Matter and Dark Energy. A cutting-edge framework tackling these issues that were aggravated by JWST 2020-2025 findings, the CCP and inherently the other issues including the unification between QM and GR was posed based on data-driven discovery and symbolic-regression. The results led to a mild multiverse approach interconnection with entropic emergence of a unique, indeterminate (time-wise) universe within a quantum foam-, Big Bang-, and Inflation-based primeval framework, and three, compatible, leading theories.

Abstract: We review simulations of polymeric fluids that report mean-square displacements g(t) of polymer beads, segments, and chains. By means of careful numerical analysis, but contrary to some models of polymer dynamics, we show that hypothesized power-law regimes g(t)∼t^α are almost never present. In most but not quite all cases plots of log(g(t)) against log(t) show smooth curves whose slopes vary continuously with time. We infer that models that predict power-law regimes for g(t) are invalid for polymer melts.

Abstract: If the gravitational and electromagnetic forces have a common origin, then the combined force field must be capable of acting on both masses and charges. Newton’s gravitational law and Coulomb’s law describe special cases of interactions in the combined field, but cross-forces on to charges by the gravitational-field component and on to masses by the electric-field component have not been previously explored. We derive such action-reaction pairs of cross-forces in this work. The field constant introduced in these forces is the geometric mean GK of the well-known constants G (Newton’s gravitational constant) and K=(4πε0)−1 (Coulomb’s constant). This geometric-mean relation implies that the cross-forces F× of the combined field are extremely weak between electrons (although stronger than gravity Fg) as compared to the Coulomb forces Fe, which explains why these forces (F×=FgFe) have not been detected in experiments. The new coupling GK is not the only example of a geometric mean of known constants that produces a new functional constant. We explore many such cases across physics disciplines, and we analyze the geometric means that appear in various natural contexts.

Abstract: Gravitational Wave Polarization and Informational Coherence in the Unified Theory of Informational Spin (TGU) How does informational coherence influence the propagation of gravitational waves? This study, based on data from the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA O4b observational run, introduces a novel framework through the Unified Theory of Informational Spin (TGU), suggesting that polarization anomalies in gravitational waves may provide a direct signature of structured information in spacetime.Key Findings:

Abstract: We present a comprehensive statistical analysis comparing eight gravitational models across 41 galaxies, with a particular focus on the connection between Cosmic Gravitational Field (CGF) and Temporal Field (TF) theories. Our analysis reveals a remarkable computational equivalence between these two theoretically distinct frameworks, with both models converging to an identical mass parameter (m = 1.318) in their full formulations. We demonstrate that, through specific mathematical transformations, these models can be understood as different mathematical descriptions of the same underlying modification to gravity. The Full Temporal Field model outperforms all competitors by Akaike Information Criterion metrics (preferred in all 41 galaxies with 3.9σ significance over ΛCDM), while maintaining strong cross-validation performance (R2 = 0.870). Through detailed mathematical analysis, we establish the conditions under which CGF theory maps to TF theory, suggesting a fundamental unification between gravity amplification mechanisms and quantum temporal fields. Additionally, our gravitational wave analysis predicts that advanced detectors like LISA and Einstein Telescope could distinguish these modified gravity signals from General Relativity with high confidence, providing a critical experimental test of this unification framework. These findings provide compelling evidence for a characteristic scale of gravitational modification at galactic boundaries, offering a potential resolution to both dark matter and dark energy phenomena without invoking exotic particles or cosmological constants.

Abstract: The potential correlation between the ordinary muon capture (OMC) on ¹³⁶Ba and 0νββ decay of ¹³⁶Xe is explored. For this we have computed 0νββ-decay amplitudes for intermediate states in ¹³⁶Cs below 1 MeV of excitation and for angular-momentum values J ≤ 5 by using the proton-neutron quasiparticle random-phase approximation (pnQRPA) and nuclear shell model (NSM). We compare these amplitudes with the corresponding OMC rates, computed in a previous Universe article (Universe 2023, 9, 270) for the same energy and angular-momentum ranges. The obtained results suggest that an extension of the present analysis to a wider energy and angular-momentum region could be highly beneficial for probing the 0νββ-decay nuclear matrix elements using experimental data on OMC rates to intermediate states of 0νββ decays.

Abstract: Paper attempts to clarify the meanings of key concepts in cosmology, such as matter, energy, mass, and spacetime fibre. It also presents an attempt to prove the existence of spacetime fibre as physical entity, which fills the entire Universe, based on the experimental effects it manifests. Furthermore, the paper hypothesizes that matter consists of three fundamental components (states): energy, mass, and spacetime fibre, forming another triplet in the Standard Model classification.

Abstract: Dark matter remains one of the most enigmatic components of the universe, constituting approximately 27% of its total mass-energy content, yet its fundamental nature is still poorly understood. This study investigates the role of faint and extended galaxies, particularly dwarf galaxies and low surface brightness galaxies, as critical probes for elucidating the properties of dark matter particles. By employing a comprehensive methodology that integrates observational data analysis from reputable astronomical surveys, including the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and the Dark Energy Survey (DES), this research aims to uncover the relationships between the observed properties of these galaxies and the characteristics of dark matter. Key findings reveal that faint galaxies exhibit significantly higher mass-to-light ratios, averaging approximately M/L≈20M/L \approx 20M/L≈20, indicating a substantial dark matter component that is not accounted for by visible stellar matter. This elevated mass-to-light ratio suggests that these galaxies possess unique structural and dynamical properties influenced by their dark matter content, challenging traditional views of galaxy formation. Furthermore, the analysis of rotation curves demonstrates a predominantly flat profile across the majority of the selected galaxies, reinforcing the notion that dark matter plays a crucial role in maintaining the observed velocities of stars and gas in the outer regions of these systems.The study also derives halo mass functions that exhibit strong consistency with predictions from the cold dark matter (CDM) model, indicating that faint galaxies can effectively trace the underlying dark matter distribution in the universe. Additionally, significant correlations between galaxy morphology and dark matter density profiles were observed, with irregular galaxies showing higher dark matter concentrations, suggesting that gravitational interactions during their formation may have influenced both their structure and dark matter content.Overall, this research underscores the importance of faint and extended galaxies as vital components in the quest to understand dark matter. The findings not only enhance our comprehension of the relationship between these galaxies and dark matter but also highlight the need for continued exploration in this area. Future investigations leveraging advanced observational tools and theoretical models will be essential for unraveling the mysteries of dark matter and its profound influence on the cosmos.

Abstract: An electrostatic problem for stationary equilibrium of a continuously distributed charge is formulated in the form of finding both the electric field as well as the charge distribution. This is distinct from typical corresponding problems dealing with finding either the electric field or the charge distribution given one of them as input data. Maxwell and mass continuity equations representing the conservation of charge and mass, as well as the evolution of the electromagnetic fields are kinematic equations to be complemented by a momentum equation governing the dynamics of motion of the distributed charge. It is shown that while two types of possible stationary equilibria, one trivial (i.e. zero value of charge density and electric field) and the other one non-trivial (i.e. non-zero values of charge density and electric field) are possible, only the non-trivial one can materialize in reality. Oscillations may and do occur around the non-trivial equilibrium, but yield non-realistic results if they occur around the trivial equilibrium. The latter is the major reason for rejecting the trivial equilibrium and adopting the non- trivial one.

Abstract: Absolute cross sections (ACSs) are needed to estimate cellular damage induced by high energy radiation (HER). Low-energy electrons (LEEs), which are the most numerous secondary particles generated by HER, can trigger hyperthermal reactions in DNA. ACSs for such reactions are essential input parameters to calculate radiobiological effectiveness, particularly in targeted radiotherapy. Using a mathematical model, we generate ACSs from effective damage yields induced by LEE impact on 3,197 base-pair plasmid DNA films. Direct or enzyme-revealed conformational damages, quantified by electrophoresis, provide the first complete set of ACSs for inducing crosslinks, double-strand breaks (DSBs), single-strand breaks, base-damage related crosslinks, non-DSB clustered damages (NDCDs) and isolated base damages. These ACSs are generated across the 1-20 eV range, at one eV intervals. They exhibit a strong energy dependence with maximum values at 10-eV of 3.7 ± 0.8, 3.5 ± 0.6, 45.4 ± 4.1, 2.9 ± 1.1, 5.1 ± 1.4, 54.0 ± 16.4 ×10-15 cm2, respectively. ACSs for DSBs, NDCDs and crosslinks, clearly indicate that lesions threatening cell function and genetic stability can be generated by a single LEE. At 5 and 10 eV, total damage ACSs are 63% and 80% larger, respectively, than those previously determined for the same plasmids bound to arginine, a constituent of histones protecting DNA.

Abstract: Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged as a promising paradigm for biologically inspired computing, offering advantages in energy efficiency, temporal processing, and event-driven computation. As research advances, scaling SNNs to large networks remains a critical challenge, requiring innovations in efficient training algorithms, neuromorphic hardware, and real-world deployment. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of large-scale SNNs, discussing state-of-the-art neuron models, training methodologies, and hardware implementations. We explore key applications in neuroscience, robotics, computer vision, and edge AI, highlighting the advantages and limitations of SNN-based systems. Additionally, we identify open challenges in scalability, energy efficiency, and learning mechanisms, outlining future research directions to bridge the gap between theory and practice. By addressing these challenges, large-scale SNNs have the potential to revolutionize artificial intelligence by providing more efficient, brain-inspired computation frameworks.

Abstract: We present a model of an evolving spherically symmetric dissipative self-gravitating fluid distribution which tends asymptotically to a ghost star, meaning that the end state of such a system corresponds to a static fluid distribution with vanishing total mass, and energy-density distribution which is negative in some regions of the fluid. The model is inspired in a solution representing a fluid evolving quasi-homologously and with vanishing complexity factor. However in order to satisfy the asymptotic behavior mentioned above, the starting solution has to be modified, as a consequence of which the resulting model only satisfies the two previously mentioned conditions, asymptotically. Additionally a condition on the variation of the infinitesimal proper radial distance between two neighboring points per unit of proper time is imposed, which implies the presence of a cavity surrounding the center. Putting together all these conditions we are able to obtain an analytical model depicting the emergence of a ghost star. Some potential observational consequences of this phenomenon are briefly discussed at the last section.

Abstract: The KSnI3 based perovskite solar cells have attracted a lot of research interest due their unique electronic, optical, and thermal properties. In this study, we optimized the performance of various lead-free perovskite solar cell structures—specifically, FTO/Al-ZnO/KSnI3/rGO/Se, FTO/LiTiO2/KSnI3/rGO/Se, FTO/ZnO/KSnI3/rGO/Se, and FTO/SnO2/KSnI3/rGO/Se, using the SCAPS-1D simulation tool. The optimization focused on the thicknesses and dopant densities of the rGO, KSnI3, Al-ZnO, LiTiO2, ZnO, and SnO2 layers, as well as the thickness of the FTO electrode. This, respectively, yielded the PCE values of 27.60%, 24.94%, 27.62%, and 30.44% for the FTO/Al-ZnO/KSnI3/rGO/Se, FTO/LiTiO2/KSnI3/rGO/Se, FTO/ZnO/KSnI3/rGO/Se, and FTO/SnO2/KSnI3/rGO/Se perovskite solar cell configurations. The FTO/SnO2/KSnI3/rGO/Se device is 7.66% more efficient than the FTO/SnO2/3C-SiC/KSnI3/NiO/C device, which is currently the highest performing KSnI3-based perovskite solar cell in the literature. Thus, our FTO/SnO2/KSnI3/rGO/Se perovskite solar cell structure is now, by far, the most efficient PSC design. Its best performance is achieved under ideal conditions of zero series resistance, shunt resistance of 107 Ω cm², and temperature of 371 K.

Abstract: Using special functions and orthogonal polynomials, we introduce an algebraic version of quantum field theory for elementary particles. Closed-loop integrals in the Feynman diagrams for computing transition amplitudes are finite. Consequently, no renormalization scheme is required in this theory.

Abstract: The interplay between black holes and galaxy formation constitutes a crucial domain of research in cosmology, offering profound insights into the universe's evolution. This study explores the intricate relationship between supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and their host galaxies, emphasizing how their co-evolution shapes galaxy morphology, star formation rates, and the dynamics of galactic environments. Utilizing recent observational data from X-ray surveys and gravitational wave detections, we present compelling evidence for the regulatory role of SMBHs in star formation and the structural configuration of galaxies. Employing a robust combination of observational data analysis and theoretical modeling, our research elucidates the mechanisms through which SMBHs impact their host galaxies. We find that SMBHs grow not only through the accretion of matter but also significantly influence the surrounding gas dynamics. This leads to complex feedback processes that can either foster or inhibit star formation, thereby contributing to a nuanced understanding of cosmic evolution. The study of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) across various galaxy types has garnered considerable attention due to their pivotal influence on cosmic evolution. We conduct empirical analyses to investigate the distribution of AGNs within different classifications, specifically focusing on elliptical, spiral, and irregular galaxies. Initial findings indicate a notable prevalence of AGNs in elliptical galaxies, suggesting a correlation between galaxy morphology and nuclear activity. Further exploration of the star formation rates (SFRs) in AGN-hosting galaxies versus their non-AGN counterparts reveals intriguing patterns, with histograms from simulated data illustrating a significant disparity in SFRs. This suggests that AGN activity may correlate with suppressed star formation, raising critical questions regarding the role of AGNs in galaxy evolution and the underlying feedback mechanisms. Moreover, to enhance our understanding of the relationship between gravitational wave events and black hole mergers, we analyze scatter plots depicting the mass distribution of merging black holes across varying redshifts. This analysis contributes to ongoing discussions about the connection between AGN activity and black hole formation, emphasizing the relevance of gravitational wave observations in astrophysics. Additionally, we examine the growth patterns of SMBHs over cosmic time through a hypothetical growth model, revealing potential exponential growth trends that underscore the dynamic nature of black hole evolution. Finally, we scrutinize the interplay between AGN feedback mechanisms and star formation rates, highlighting complex feedback loops that govern galaxy dynamics.

Abstract: Today’s physics describes nature in “empirical concepts” (based on observation). Examples are coordinate space/coordinate time in special relativity (SR), curved spacetime in general relativity (GR), and today’s concepts of objects (particles, matter waves, photons, electromagnetic waves). There are coordinate-free formulations of SR/GR, but there is no absolute time in SR/GR and thus no “holistic view” (universal for all objects at the same instant in time). I show: Euclidean relativity (ER) provides a holistic view by describing nature in “natural concepts” (immanent in all objects). Examples are proper space/proper time, curved worldlines in Euclidean space, and “wavematters” (pure energy). An object’s proper space d₁, d₂, d₃ and proper time τ span its reference frame d₁, d₂, d₃, d₄ (d₄ = cτ) in 4D Euclidean space (ES). It experiences ES as a Euclidean spacetime. The orientation of its reference frame in absolute ES is relative. All energy moves through ES at the speed c. The invariant is absolute, cosmic time. There is a 4D vector “flow of proper time” τ for each object. Acceleration rotates an object’s τ and curves its worldline in flat ES. Information hidden in τ is not available in SR/GR. I conclude: (1) ER solves 15 mysteries. The Hubble tension is solved quantitatively. (2) ER declares four concepts obsolete, such as dark energy and non-locality. (3) There is no continuous transition between SR/GR and ER. Either scope is limited. We must apply SR/GR whenever we use empirical concepts. We must apply ER whenever τ is crucial (high-redshift supernovae, entanglement).

Abstract:

Inspired by the idea in Ref. [16], which introduced a viscosity coefficient into the ΛCDM model to describe the expansion of universe, we also attempt to introduce such a positive viscosity coefficient into the rotational motion equation describing the disk galaxies, and then studies what will happen. Surprisingly, we obtained all the formulas assumed in MOND, including a concrete interpolation function between the centripetal acceleration and the Newtonian acceleration, which however is empirical in MOND. But at the same time, something different from MOND was also obtained, that is, the critical acceleration, a₀ in MOND, does not need to be a constant, but increases with the mass of the galaxy increases, and with the action of viscosity coefficient, the rotational galaxies will gradually expand radially over time at a extreme small expansion rate, just like the expansion of universe. However, unlike MOND, the model in this paper cannot rule out the existence of dark matter assumed in ΛCDM (in fact, we tend to consider the idea of this paper to be a further optimization of ΛCDM rather than an alternative to ΛCDM). Instead, the mass of dark matter can be used to help to adjust the value of A₀ (here it just to distinguish from a₀ in MOND, and A₀ and a₀ have the same meaning in the equation), thereby helping to better fit the radial acceleration relation (RAR) curve of galaxies. However, unlike ΛCDM, even if dark matter exists, it does not need to be carefully adjusted to meet the asymptotically flat rotational velocity curve of disk galaxies, which adjustment is considered to be unnatural by Milgrom and leading to the proposal of MOND. And the rotational curve of disk galaxies with this characteristic can be also achieved naturally under the viscous dynamics of the galaxy itself.

Abstract: The Informational Quantum Gravity (IQG) presents a paradigm-shifting framework that unifies quantum mechanics and general relativity by positioning quantum information as the fundamental fabric of reality. At the heart of IQG lies the Primordial Informational Field (PIF), a universal substrate described by quantum informational density and structured through discrete units called Quantules. IQG resolves longstanding paradoxes such as singularities, the black hole information problem, measurement problem and Schrödinger’s Cat Paradox, while providing testable predictions that align with current observational and experimental capabilities.

Abstract: The study of stellar evolution and exoplanet habitability is a cornerstone of modern astrophysics, with spectroscopy serving as a vital tool in unraveling the complexities of these phenomena. This article investigates the intricate relationship between the life cycles of stars and the potential for life on orbiting exoplanets, utilizing advanced spectroscopic techniques to analyze both stellar and planetary atmospheres. By examining the spectral signatures of various stellar types and their corresponding exoplanets, we identify key chemical markers indicative of habitability, such as water vapor (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and methane (CH₄). Our findings reveal that the elemental composition and evolutionary stage of a star significantly influence the atmospheric conditions of its planets, thereby affecting their potential to support life. We present a comprehensive methodology that integrates observational data from ground-based and space telescopes, alongside theoretical models of stellar evolution and planetary atmospheres. The results demonstrate a clear correlation between stellar metallicity and the presence of life-sustaining molecules in exoplanetary atmospheres. This research not only enhances our understanding of the conditions necessary for life but also provides a framework for future studies aimed at identifying habitable worlds beyond our solar system. Ultimately, this work underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in astrophysics, bridging the gap between stellar dynamics and astrobiology.