Abstract: The article proves the priority of the author to obtain in 1994 one of the first mathematical descriptions of the Laffer curve, which is also claimed by the Georgian economist Vladimir Papava, who published the same result in 1996. The author proved for the first time that in a free market, the total profit deducted to the budget from all enterprises of a certain territory is proportional to the product of the tax rate and its natural logarithm. It follows that the maximum of this function on the unit interval of the variable value of the tax rate is equal to the reciprocal of the base of the natural logarithm, that is, 0.368 or 36.8%. To confirm the found optimum, it is proposed to conduct a full-scale economic experiment. The pattern found theoretically is proposed to be called “the market law of optimal taxation of enterprises” (the law of the inverse base of the natural logarithm).

Abstract: Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into financial transparency and corporate governance has reshaped how organizations ensure accountability, regulatory compliance, and risk management. This study examines the impact of AI-driven financial transparency on corporate governance and regulatory reform, specifically focusing on Jordan. Utilizing a stratified random sampling approach, data was collected from 564 corporate professionals across key economic sectors, including banking, insurance, services, and industry. A combination of structural equation modeling (SEM) and multiple regression analysis was employed to test the relationships between AI-driven transparency, governance mechanisms, and regulatory frameworks. The results indicate that AI significantly enhances corporate governance effectiveness by improving financial reporting accuracy, risk management, and executive decision-making. Additionally, AI adoption facilitates regulatory compliance by automating monitoring processes and reducing human errors in financial disclosures. However, the findings highlight challenges related to bias in AI algorithms, data privacy concerns, and the need for regulatory adaptation. The study also underscores the necessity of localized AI governance frameworks tailored to Jordan’s corporate landscape to maximize AI’s potential benefits. These findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on AI-driven governance and provide actionable insights for policymakers, corporate executives, and financial regulators.

Abstract: As environmental concerns grow and regulatory demands around sustainability intensify, businesses are increasingly turning to artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance their carbon accounting and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting practices. This article explores how AI-driven carbon accounting systems are transforming the transparency and accuracy of ESG disclosures on a global scale. By leveraging AI technologies such as machine learning, predictive analytics, and data integration, organizations are able to streamline carbon footprint calculations, improve data accuracy, and ensure compliance with evolving environmental regulations. The paper highlights the significant benefits of AI in overcoming traditional challenges in carbon reporting, such as data complexity, time constraints, and errors in manual calculations. Additionally, it discusses how AI can support real-time reporting, enabling businesses to make more informed decisions about their sustainability strategies. The findings underscore the importance of AI in driving transparency, enhancing regulatory compliance, and fostering trust with stakeholders. Finally, the article examines the barriers to AI adoption, such as high implementation costs and skill gaps, and provides recommendations for overcoming these challenges to unlock AI’s full potential in carbon accounting and ESG reporting.

Abstract:

As the demand for robust Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting continues to grow, the need for accurate and efficient carbon accounting has become more critical than ever. Traditional methods of carbon accounting face challenges related to data accuracy, scalability, and real-time reporting. This article examines how Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping the future of carbon accounting within ESG frameworks. By leveraging AI technologies such as machine learning, data analytics, and automation, organizations can enhance the accuracy of emissions tracking, streamline reporting processes, and ensure better compliance with evolving global sustainability standards. The paper explores the various AI-driven tools that are transforming carbon accounting practices, including predictive analytics for emissions forecasting, real-time monitoring systems, and automated data collection mechanisms. Additionally, it discusses the implications of AI adoption for businesses, policymakers, and ESG stakeholders, as well as the potential challenges and barriers to AI integration. Ultimately, the article highlights AI’s role in future-proofing carbon accounting, enabling organizations to meet sustainability goals more effectively and transparently while contributing to the broader global efforts to combat climate change.

Abstract: As the demand for transparency and accountability in Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting intensifies, organizations are turning to innovative technologies to enhance their sustainability efforts. One such advancement is the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into carbon accounting, a key component of ESG reporting. This article explores how AI-driven carbon accounting is revolutionizing ESG reporting by improving the accuracy, efficiency, and scalability of carbon emissions tracking. Through machine learning algorithms, predictive analytics, and real-time monitoring systems, AI enables businesses to capture, analyze, and report their carbon footprints with unprecedented precision. The article discusses the impact of AI on carbon data accuracy, the challenges organizations face in adopting these technologies, and the implications for ESG compliance. It also examines the future potential of AI to shape ESG reporting, highlighting the opportunities for organizations to meet stringent climate regulations while driving sustainable business practices. The study concludes with recommendations for organizations, policymakers, and AI developers to maximize the benefits of AI-driven carbon accounting in transforming ESG reporting standards and supporting global sustainability goals.

Abstract: The leadership style that a leader adopts is fundamental to the effectiveness and results of his or her actions. By understanding leadership style, an individual can improve their leadership skills, and organizations can apply effective practices to promote success and create positive work environments. Based on the theories of behaviour and contingency, this research aims to understand how top and decentralized managers exert their leadership towards their subordinates and what characteristics influence such leadership. It aims to fill a gap in the literature, which is scarce regarding leadership by decentralized managers, and more specifically on the contexts of multinational organisations. The in-depth case study methodology was used, applied to a large industrial company. To this end, semi-structured interviews were carried out with a top manager and ten decentralized managers, in addition to documentary analysis and direct observation. The results indicate that although managers see themselves as practicing a type three or laissez-faire leadership style, they actually follow a transformational style, focused on both production and people. This study adds value to theoretical and practical knowledge about organizational leadership styles, particularly those of decentralized managers, in organizational decision-making, and based on different theoretical approaches.

Abstract: This study aims to examine the moderating role of sustainable innovation (SI) in the relationship between internal audit effectiveness (IAE) and sustainability auditing (SA) practices in Libya’s public sector. It also explores the influence of audit standards and principles (ASP) on SA practices, emphasising their role in strengthening sustainability governance and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) compliance. A quantitative, cross-sectional survey design was utilised, targeting financial and governmental institutions in Libya. Data were collected from 500 valid responses and analysed using hierarchical regression and PLS-SEM to evaluate the relationships among IAE, SI, ASP, and SA practices. Robustness checks were performed to ensure statistical reliability. The findings reveal that IAE significantly enhances SA practices, reinforcing transparency and ESG reporting. SI positively moderates this relationship, demonstrating that innovation amplifies the impact of effective internal audits on sustainability outcomes. While ASP contributes to SA practices, its effect remains limited unless combined with strong internal audit functions and sustainability initiatives. The interaction effects underscore the necessity of integrating innovation and regulatory frameworks to optimise sustainability auditing. This study is limited to Libya’s public sector, which may affect the generalisability of the findings. Future research could conduct comparative analyses across different regulatory environments. The results highlight the importance of fostering innovation in auditing practices and aligning internal audit functions with sustainability frameworks to enhance ESG accountability and compliance. This study contributes to the existing literature by integrating SI and ASP into the internal audit framework, offering new insights into their combined effects on SA practices in emerging markets.

Abstract:

As businesses increasingly prioritize sustainability, integrating Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles with green computing has emerged as a critical strategy. However, research remains fragmented regarding how these two domains interact within the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) framework. This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of 750 articles published between 2004 and 2024, using multiple correspondence and co-citation analyses to identify key trends. The findings highlight a strong correlation between green computing practices and improved economic outcomes. Results indicate that China and the United States lead research output in this field, with a significant rise in publications post-2018, driven by regulatory pressures and corporate sustainable initiatives. Our findings emphasize that companies integrating green computing with ESG strategies can achieve long term financial sustainability while meeting Environmental and social responsibilities. The study provides insights from business leaders, policymakers, and researchers by identifying critical gaps and future research direction, including industry – specific applications and policy frameworks to accelerate ESG adoption in technology – driven enterprises. Future research should address practical challenges in implementing these practices across different industries and explore the long-term impacts of ESG integration on business performance.

Abstract:

The risk of investing is the uncertainty involved in investing money in activities, ventures or other ventures, since it is not certain that the desired return will be obtained. It is essential to recognize and evaluate potential risks to manage investment risk and have an appropriate investment strategy, for this a tool used is forensic auditing, which is essential to detect and stop fraud activities and at the same time promote ethics and transparency in companies. With the current complexity of markets and companies to address financial risks, forensic auditing is an instrument that seeks to guarantee the protection of investors' assets and the detection of financial fraud. Methods: A qualitative approach was used with the use of documentary review, where case studies are presented on how forensic auditing allowed the identification of irregularities and financial frauds in companies; Results: In its Annual Report on the Nation, the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners [ACFE] identifies three types of fraud: financial statement fraud, improper disposition of assets, and corruption. Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia are the most representative countries in this study, since the 2022 report analyzes 95 cases from 23 countries in the Latin American and Caribbean region, highlighting the cases of Efecty, Pecsanova, Interbolsa, Air conditioning companies in Guangzhou among others, whose results show financial fraud and irregularities in documents; (4) Conclusions: The cases studied show that with the application of forensic auditing, financial delinquents and the requirements to implement internal controls in organizations were identified to improve data-based investment decision-making.

Abstract:

This paper explores the critical role of internal control (IC) in the management of enterprises and organizations, emphasizing its importance for sustainable growth and operational efficiency. It further investigates the potential of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, such as Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI), and Universal Basic Income (UBI) related systems, in enhancing internal control mechanisms. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of how AI can be integrated into internal control to improve efficiency, execution, and governance effectiveness, supported by practical case studies and theoretical frameworks from recent academic research.

Abstract:

Under the framework of new quality productivity, China emphasizes technological innovation, digital productivity, and green productivity to transform its manufacturing industry toward sustainability. This study empirically analyzes the impact of digital transformation using methods such as fixed effects models, instrumental variable approaches, propensity score matching with difference-in-differences, threshold regression, and quantile regression models. The findings reveal three key insights: (1) Digital transformation significantly enhances enterprise R&D output, R&D investment, and innovation efficiency by integrating digital technology with business processes to unlock innovation potential. (2) Cost stickiness plays a mediating role, as digital transformation reduces cost rigidity, freeing up resources for R&D investment. (3) The impact of digital transformation varies by corporate characteristics—larger, technology-intensive, less asset-intensive, and highly innovative firms show greater innovation gains. These results underscore the potential for Chinese manufacturing firms to adopt digital transformation as a strategy to shift away from extensive development, minimize resource use, and reduce environmental impact, thus achieving green productivity and sustainable growth. The study offers practical implications: Enterprises should actively pursue digital transformation by adopting advanced technologies and optimizing management. Attention to cost stickiness is essential for improving resource allocation and supporting R&D. Finally, firms should tailor digital strategies based on specific attributes, such as size and innovation intensity, to maximize the benefits of transformation.

Abstract: Despite the critical role banks play in the economy, banks have been victims of fraud where banks have lost funds running into billions of francs. Such fraud leads to the loss of colossal sums of money from banks. The general objective of this study was to analyse the influence of forensic accounting knowledge in fraud detection among commercial banks in Cameroon. The specific objectives of the study were to: determine the influence of investigative intuitiveness in fraud detection; analyse the influence of Analytical Proficiency in fraud detection and establish the influence of understanding organization behaviour in fraud detection among commercial banks in Cameroon. The study adopted the Fraud Routine Activity Theory, Fraud Triangle theory and the Rational theory of choice. This study applied a descriptive research design to establish the influence of forensic accounting knowledge in fraud detection. The target population for this study where 222 commercial banks headquarter and branches that are currently. The study applied Convenient sampling technique since its easy and less costly. Structured questionnaires were applied in data collection since the study seeks to solicit for quantitative data. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Analysis of data indicated that there exist a positive and significant association between investigative intuitiveness and fraud detection in commercial banks. In addition, the established that there exist a significant and positive relationship between Analytical Proficiency and fraud detection in commercial banks. Again, the existence of a significant and positive relationship between Understanding Organizational behaviour and fraud detection in commercial banks. The study recommends the need for proactive measures that identify red flags, such as analysis of unusual activities and the need for capacity building through regular training and the need for commercial banks should go beyond investigating fraud to include process expedition in terms of Analytical Proficiency and adoption of Good Organization Behavioural mechanisms since this enhances recovery of the lost funds.

Abstract:

The study objects for investigating whether assets tangibility of the listed mining and extraction firms at Amman Stock Exchange, affects the market value of these firms, and whether firm profitability mediates the impact relationship of assets tangibility on firm market value. To achieve the objectives of the study, secondary data, covering the period 2013-2022, of the entire listed mining and extraction firms, had been collected and used in the analysis. Tobin’s Q, is used as a good indicator for firm market value, while return on assets, is used as a common indicator for firm profitability. Assets tangibility is the percentage relationship of tangible fixed assets to total assets. Employing both, the single and multiple linear regression methods, the results showed a significant impact of assets tangibility on firm profitability and firm market value. The results also demonstrated that firm profitability has a significant impact on firm market value. In addition, the results revealed that firm profitability mediates the effect of assets tangibility on firm market value. More research is recommended to investigate this relationship in other industries.

Abstract: This study investigates the pivotal roles of internal audit effectiveness (IAE) and sus-tainable innovation (SI) in advancing sustainability auditing (SA) practices within Libya's public sector. The study used a cross-sectional, PLS-SEM and correlational re-search design to analyse 500 valid responses collected from 36 public sector firms, em-ploying hierarchical regression and structural equation modelling for robust data analysis through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The findings reveal that IAE and SI significantly enhance SA across various ESG dimensions, emphasising the ne-cessity for robust internal audit frameworks and innovative, sustainability-oriented practices. Conversely, ASPs demonstrated an insignificant negative impact on SA, suggesting a fundamental misalignment between existing audit guidelines and the broader sustainability objectives. These outcomes are consistent with stakeholder and agency theories, which emphasise aligning organisational practices with stakeholder expectations and addressing principal-agent conflicts to achieve sustainability goals. This paper contributes to the limited literature on sustainability auditing within Libya's public sector, expanding theoretical frameworks by illustrating how IAE and SI syner-gistically drive practical ESG integration. The paper highlights practical implications for public sector managers, emphasising the need to enhance SI and IAE to strengthen SA practices. Furthermore, it advocates revising audit standards to ensure their align-ment with evolving sustainability imperatives, thereby fostering a more holistic ap-proach to sustainability auditing in the public sector.

Abstract: This paper comprehensively explores the significant role that accounting plays in the progress of social civilization and delves into the profound impact of accounting on the advancement of social civilization, integrating its historical evolution and modern applications with emerging technological trends in Artificial Intelligence (AI), Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), Artificial Superintelligence (ASI), and Universal Basic Income (UBI). By examining accounting's role in fostering economic growth, corporate governance, governmental functioning, and social equity, alongside the transformative potential of advanced AI, the paper highlights how these domains interconnect to shape future societies. Comparative analyses between socialist and capitalist accounting systems underscore diverse approaches to leveraging AI technologies for equitable development and innovation. The findings illuminate the indispensable role of accounting as a cornerstone for global progress and ethical advancement in an AI-dominated era.

Abstract:

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into Activity-Based Costing (ABC) systems represents a pivotal transformation in cost accounting methodologies. This paper explores the practical application of AI-driven ABC systems in modern enterprises, emphasizing their impact on improving cost allocation precision, operational efficiency, and strategic decision-making. Through a thorough examination of algorithmic frameworks, comprehensive case studies, and measurable outcomes, this study demonstrates how AI can fundamentally reshape cost management practices and support broader organizational objectives.

Abstract: As humanity stands on the cusp of an interstellar age, propelled by advancements in quantum computing, artificial intelligence (AI), and space exploration, the disciplines of accounting and financial management face unprecedented transformations. This paper explores how accounting will adapt to the new economic, social, and technological paradigms of interstellar expansion. Drawing from scholarly and futuristic perspectives, it examines the evolving responsibilities of accountants and finance professionals, the implications of quantum technologies, and the multidimensional challenges posed by the era of interplanetary economies. This discussion underscores the indispensability of accounting as a framework for resource allocation, ethical governance, and socio-economic stability in the emerging age.

Abstract: This paper delves into the distinctions between China's and the United States' tax systems, underscoring the pressing requirement for tax reform in China. It scrutinizes the potential of these reforms to propel the evolution of social civilization, emphasizing equity, efficiency, and the digital metamorphosis of tax governance.

Abstract: This study investigated the impact of ESG score on the Corporate financial performance of non-financial firms (NFFs) listed in the Nigerian exchange group. In this study disclosure of ESG is considered and quantified using sentence counting (ESG Score) and financial performance is measured by Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE) and Book Value to Equity (BTE) which is a combination of accounting and market-based variables.Findings of the study revealed that the relationship between ESG score and Corporate financial performance in Nigerian’s non-financial firms (NFFs) has a wide landscape. The positive correlations observed between ESG score and ROA/ROE signified the potential for favorable financial outcomes associated with heightened ESG engagement. However, the unexpected negative association between ESG score and BTE introduced complexity to the relationship, indicating a potential trade-off with financial leverage. The implication of these findings is that Nigerian’s non-financial firms need to navigate the incorporation of ESG initiatives judiciously. While reaping potential benefits in terms of ROA and ROE, NFFs should carefully consider the impact it has on financial leverage. This necessitates a strategic approach that balances the social responsibility agenda with the optimization of financial structures. The study recommends NFFs to establish mechanisms for continuous monitoring and evaluation of the impact of ESG practices on various financial indicators. This involves regularly assessing the outcomes of ESG initiatives and making adjustments to ensure they are not mere diversion of companies’ resources.

Abstract:

Europe has just published a new Directive on Corporate Sustainability Reporting Disclosure and elaborating new European Sustainability Reporting Standards. To analyze whether companies are complying with the new disclosure requirements before the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CRSD) on sustainability comes into force, a content analysis was carried out on the corporate reports of 12 companies in the Portuguese Stock Index (PSI) of Euronext Lisbon for the year 2022, complemented by the Score Analysis technique. From the study of general disclosures (European Sustainability Reporting Standards - ESRS 2), we concluded that although some companies already comply with various requirements of this standard, they are not disclosing all the information required by ESRS 2 on sustainability. We also concluded, by analyzing the companies' reports for 2022, that the requirements of the CSR Directive have different levels of disclosure.