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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0122.v1

Accelerated Reported Battery Capacity Loss in 30 kWh Variants of the Nissan Leaf

Daniel Myall, Dima Ivanov, Walter Larason, Mark Nixon, Henrik Moller

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: electric vehicle; Nissan Leaf; lithium-ion battery; capacity loss; battery degradation

Online: 15 March 2018 (07:19:52 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Detection of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Based on Deep Features and Support Vector Machine

Prabira Kumar Sethy, Santi Kumari Behera, Pradyumna Kumar Ratha, Preesat Biswas

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19; diagnosis; deep features; SVM

Online: 22 April 2020 (05:58:22 CEST)

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The detection of coronavirus (COVID-19) is now a critical task for the medical practitioner. The coronavirus spread so quickly between people and approaches 100,000 people worldwide. In this consequence, it is very much essential to identify the infected people so that prevention of spread can be taken. In this paper, the deep feature plus support vector machine (SVM) based methodology is suggested for detection of coronavirus infected patient using X-ray images. For classification, SVM is used instead of deep learning based classifier, as the later one need a large dataset for training and validation. The deep features from the fully connected layer of CNN model are extracted and fed to SVM for classification purpose. The SVM classifies the corona affected X-ray images from others. The methodology consists of three categories of Xray images, i.e., COVID-19, pneumonia and normal. The method is beneficial for the medical practitioner to classify among the COVID-19 patient, pneumonia patient and healthy people. SVM is evaluated for detection of COVID-19 using the deep features of different 13 number of CNN models. The SVM produced the best results using the deep feature of ResNet50. The classification model, i.e. ResNet50 plus SVM achieved accuracy, sensitivity, FPR and F1 score of 95.33%,95.33%,2.33% and 95.34% respectively for detection of COVID-19 (ignoring SARS, MERS and ARDS). Again, the highest accuracy achieved by ResNet50 plus SVM is 98.66%. The result is based on the Xray images available in the repository of GitHub and Kaggle. As the data set is in hundreds, the classification based on SVM is more robust compared to the transfer learning approach. Also, a comparison analysis of other traditional classification method is carried out. The traditional methods are local binary patterns (LBP) plus SVM, histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) plus SVM and Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) plus SVM. In traditional image classification method, LBP plus SVM achieved 93.4% of accuracy.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0444.v1

Rapid Prototyping of Reusable 3D-Printed N95 Equivalent Respirators at the George Washington University

Destie Provenzano, Yuan James Rao, Konstantin Mitic, Sofian N. Obaid, Dominique Pierce, James Huckenpahler, Jeffrey Berger, Sharad Goyal, Murray H. Loew

Subject: Engineering, Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; novel coronavirus; 3D printing; N95; respirator; mask

Online: 31 March 2020 (04:44:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0472.v1

Surveillance of U.S. Corporate Filings Provides a Proactive Approach to Inform Tobacco Regulatory Research Strategy

S. Emma Sarles, Edward C. Hensel, Risa J. Robinson

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: public health; decision-making; evidence; knowledge; translation; Tobacco Regulatory Science; Tobacco Regulation; ecigarette; e-cig; vape; Juul

Online: 25 January 2021 (10:26:40 CET)

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The popularity of electronic cigarettes in the United States and around the world has led to a startling rise in youth nicotine use. The Juul e-cigarette was introduced in the U.S. market in 2015 and had captured approximately 13% of the U.S. market by 2017. Unlike many other contemporary electronic cigarette companies, the founders behind the Juul® e-cigarette approached their product launch like a traditional high-tech start-up company, not like a tobacco company. This article presents a case study of Juul’s corporate and product development history in the context of US regulatory actions. The objective of this article is to demonstrate the value of government-curated archives as leading indicators which can (a) provide insight into emergent technologies and (b) inform emergent regulatory science research questions. A variety of sources were used to gather data about the Juul e-cigarette and the corporations that surround it. Sources included government agencies, published academic literature, non-profit organizations, corporate and retail websites, and the popular press. Data was disambiguated, authenticated, and categorized prior to being placed on a timeline of events. A timeline of four significant milestones, nineteen corporate filings and events, twelve US regulatory actions, sixty four patent applications, eighty seven trademark applications, twenty three design patents and thirty two utility patents related to Juul Labs and its associates is presented spanning the years 2004 thought 2020. This work demonstrates the probative value of findings from patent, trademark, and SEC filing literature in establishing a premise for emergent regulatory science research questions which may not yet be supported by traditional archival research literature. The methods presented here can be used to identify key aspects of emerging technologies before products actually enter the market, this shifting policy formulation and problem identification from a paradigm of being reactive in favor of becoming proactive. Such a proactive approach may permit anticipatory regulatory science research and ultimately shorten the elapsed time between market technology innovation and regulatory response.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0601.v1

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Classification, Applications and Challenges: A Review

Gaurav Singhal, Babankumar Bansod, Lini Mathew

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Drone, Remote Sensing, control station, Multispectral, Aviation, Regulations

Online: 27 November 2018 (12:08:39 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0047.v1

Reflections on Pandemics, Civil Infrastructure and Sustainable Development: Five Lessons from COVID-19 through the Lens of Transportation

Adjo Amekudzi-Kennedy, Samuel Labi, Brian Woodall, Mikhail Chester, Prerna Singh

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: sustainable development; system resilience; resilient and sustainable infrastructure; pandemics; COVID-19

Online: 6 April 2020 (10:14:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0131.v1

Energy Consumption Prediction Using Machine Learning; A Review

Amir Mosavi, Abdullah Bahmani

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: energy consumption; prediction; machine learning models; deep learning models; 21 artificial intelligence (AI); computational intelligence (CI); forecasting; soft computing (SC)

Online: 11 March 2019 (10:09:33 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0358.v1

Proposed Standard Test Protocols and Outcome Measures for Quantitative Comparison of Emissions from Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems

Edward C. Hensel, Nathan C. Eddingsaas, Qutaiba M. Saleh, S. Jayasekera, S. Emma Sarles, A. Gary DiFrancesco, and Risa J. Robinson

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: ecigarette; regulatory science; substantial equivalence; public health; tobacco product comparison.

Online: 22 December 2021 (12:04:52 CET)

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This study introduces and demonstrates a comprehensive, accurate, unbiased approach to robust quantitative comparison of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) appropriate for establishing substantial equivalence (or lack thereof) between tobacco products. The approach is demonstrated across a family of thirteen pen- and pod-style ENDS products. Methods employed consist of formulating a robust emissions surface regression model, quantifying the empirical accuracy of the model as applied to each product, evaluating relationships between product design characteristics and maximum emissions characteristics, and presenting results in formats useful to researchers, regulators, and consumers. Results provide a response surface to characterize emissions (total particulate matter and constituents thereof) from each ENDS appropriate for use in a computer model and for conducting quantitative exposure comparisons between products. Results demonstrate that emissions vary as a function of puff duration, flow rate, E-Liquid composition, and device operating power. Further, results indicate that regulating design characteristics of ENDS devices and consumables may not achieve desired public health outcomes; it is more effective to regulate maximum permissible emissions directly. Three emissions outcome measures (yield per puff, mass concentration and constituent mass ratio) are recommended for adoption as standard quantities for reporting by manufacturers and research laboratories. The approach provides a means of (a) quantifying and comparing maximal emissions from ENDS products spanning their entire operating envelope, (b) comparative evaluation of ENDS devices and consumable design characteristics, and (c) establishing comparative equivalence of maximal emissions from ENDS. A consumer-oriented product emissions dashboard is proposed for comparative evaluation of ENDS exposure potential. Maximum achievable power dissipated in the coil of ENDS is identified as a potentially effective regulatory parameter.

Working Paper REVIEW

Escherichia coli (E. coli) as an Indicator of Fecal Contamination in Water: A Review

Farhan Mohammad Khan

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: escherichia coli; e. coli; indicator; fecal coliform bacteria; water; bacteriological analysis; fcb; classification

Online: 12 February 2020 (12:12:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0187.v1

Technical Potential of Salt Caverns for Hydrogen Storage in Europe

Dilara Caglayan, Nikolaus Weber, Heidi Ursula Heinrichs, Jochen Linßen, Martin Robinius, Peter A. Kukla, Detlef Stolten

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: Salt caverns; salt structures; technical storage potential; hydrogen storage

Online: 16 October 2019 (11:40:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0031.v1

Organ-on-Chip In Development:Towards a roadmap for Organs-on-Chip

M. Mastrangeli, S. Millet, the ORCHID partners, J. van den Eijnden-van Raaij

Subject: Engineering, Bioengineering Keywords: Organ-on-Chip, tissue engineering, microfluidic technology

Online: 4 March 2019 (10:11:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0104.v1

Cyber Risk in IoT Systems

Petar Radanliev, David Charles De Roure, Carsten Maple, Jason R.C. Nurse, Razvan Nicolescu, Uchenna Ani

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: cyber risk; Internet of Things; cyber risk impact assessment; cyber risk estimation; cyber risk insurance

Online: 8 March 2019 (08:50:49 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0007.v1

The Hype and Disruptive Technologies of Industry 4.0 in Major Industrial Sectors: A State of the Art

Ocident Bongomin

Subject: Engineering, Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Keywords: 3D printing; Agriculture 4.0; Artificial of intelligence; Blockchain; Big Data; Coronavirus; Education 4.0; Energy 4.0; Finance 4.0; Globalization 4.0; Healthcare 4.0; Industry 4.0 technologies; Internet of Things; Learning Factory; Logistic 4.0

Online: 2 June 2020 (15:02:07 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0383.v1

Future of Construction Industry: COVID-19 and Its Implications on Construction Projects and Risk Management – A Review

Kushal Adhikari, Lochana Poudyal

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: COVID-19; pandemic; construction project; risk management; use of technology; recovery and resilience

Online: 14 April 2021 (14:12:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0457.v3

Timoshenko Beam Theory: Exact Solution for First-Order Analysis, Second-Order Analysis, and Stability Using a Moment-Shear Force-Curvature Relationship

Valentin Fogang

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: Timoshenko beam; moment shear force curvature relationship; closed-form solutions; non-uniform heating; stability; second-order element stiffness matrix; elastic Winkler foundation

Online: 15 July 2021 (10:30:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0087.v9

Fabrication Methods of the Polygonal Masonry of Large Tightly-fitted Stone Blocks with Curved Surface Interfaces in Megalithic Structures of Peru

Rostislav Lapshin

Subject: Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Keywords: stone block; polygonal masonry; clay model; pantograph; translator; parallelogram mechanism; replica; chisel; hammer; megalith; star fortress; Inca; Cusco; Ollantaytambo; Machu Picchu; Sacsayhuaman; Peru; polygonal bas-relief; polygonal Face Towers; Angkor; Cambodia; symmetrical statue; pharaoh statue; Ramses; Egypt

Online: 10 October 2023 (05:31:52 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0433.v1

Designing of Fermenter and its utilization in food industries

Vishwajeet Gaikwad, Anil Panghal , Shubham Jadhav, Poorva Sharma, Akshay Bagal, Akshay Jadhav, Navnidhi Chhikara

Subject: Engineering, Chemical Engineering Keywords: fermentation; bioreactor; heat transfer; mass transfer

Online: 24 August 2018 (11:34:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0111.v1

Cyber Security Framework for the Internet-of-Things in Industry 4.0

Petar Radanliev, Rafael Mantilla Montalvo, Stacy Cannady, Razvan Nicolescu, Dave De Roure, Jason R.C. Nurse, Michael Huth

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: Industry 4.0., Internet of Things, case study, cyber security framework

Online: 8 March 2019 (15:27:11 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0248.v2

Super-Multi-Junction Solar Cell, Device Configuration with the Potential of More Than 50 % of the Annual Energy Conversion Efficiency (Non-Concentration)

Kenji Araki, Yasuyuki Ota, Hiromu Saiki, Hiroki Tawa, Kensuke Nishioka, Masafumi Yamaguchi

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: tandem; solar cell; multi-junction; performance ratio; spectrum; modeling; radiative coupling; luminescence coupling

Online: 14 October 2019 (09:56:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0085.v1

A Concept for Conducting User Studies in Vehicles and Stationary Test Rooms During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Timmy Kantusch, Advan Sinanovic, Stefanie Marker

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: user studies; pandemic; COVID-19; hygiene concept

Online: 5 July 2021 (09:59:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201702.0055.v1

Addressing Energy System Modelling Challenges: The Contribution of the Open Energy Modelling Framework (oemof)

Simon Hilpert, Stephan Günther, Cord Kaldemeyer, Uwe Krien, Guido Plessmann, Frauke Wiese, Clemens Wingenbach

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: open source; energy system modelling; energy system optimization

Online: 15 February 2017 (11:20:31 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0711.v1

Deep Learning for COVID-19 Recognition

Yuchen Zhang, Yanyan Zhang

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: pneumonia; Resnet; residual; PEPX-Resnet; COVID-19

Online: 31 May 2021 (08:29:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0322.v1

A Century of Futurist Architecture: From Theory to Reality

Farhan Asim, Venu Shree

Subject: Engineering, Architecture, Building And Construction Keywords: Futuristic Architecture; Neo-futurism; Deconstructivism; Modernism; Antonio Sant’ Elia

Online: 27 December 2018 (11:31:13 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0300.v2

Hardy Cross Method for Pipe Networks

Dejan Brkić, Pavel Praks

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Hardy cross method; pipe networks; piping systems; hydraulic networks; gas distribution

Online: 28 January 2019 (11:05:06 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0086.v1

Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization Based Fusion for Underwater Image Enhancement

JINXIANG MA, Xinnan Fan, Simon X. Yang, Xuewu Zhang, Xifang Zhu

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: image enhancement; image fusion; color space; edge detector; underwater image

Online: 14 March 2017 (17:52:48 CET)

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In order to improve contrast and restore color for underwater image captured by camera sensors without suffering from insufficient details and color cast, a fusion algorithm for image enhancement in different color spaces based on contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) is proposed in this article. The original color image is first converted from RGB color space to two different special color spaces: YIQ and HSI. The color space conversion from RGB to YIQ is a linear transformation, while the RGB to HSI conversion is nonlinear. Then, the algorithm separately operates CLAHE in YIQ and HSI color spaces to obtain two different enhancement images. The luminance component (Y) in the YIQ color space and the intensity component (I) in the HSI color space are enhanced with CLAHE algorithm. The CLAHE has two key parameters: Block Size and Clip Limit, which mainly control the quality of CLAHE enhancement image. After that, the YIQ and HSI enhancement images are respectively converted backward to RGB color. When the three components of red, green, and blue are not coherent in the YIQ-RGB or HSI-RGB images, the three components will have to be harmonized with the CLAHE algorithm in RGB space. Finally, with 4 direction Sobel edge detector in the bounded general logarithm ratio operation, a self-adaptive weight selection nonlinear image enhancement is carried out to fuse YIQ-RGB and HSI-RGB images together to achieve the final fused image. The enhancement fusion algorithm has two key factors: average of Sobel edge detector and fusion coefficient, and these two factors determine the effects of enhancement fusion algorithm. A series of evaluate metrics such as mean, contrast, entropy, colorfulness metric (CM), mean square error (MSE) and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) are used to assess the proposed enhancement algorithm. The experiments results showed that the proposed algorithm provides more detail enhancement and higher values of colorfulness restoration as compared to other existing image enhancement algorithms. The proposed algorithm can suppress effectively noise interference, improve the image quality for underwater image availably.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0124.v1

Design and Construction of NACA-4415 Airfoil with Various Shaped Surface Modifications

Rubiat Mustak

Subject: Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Keywords: airfoil; dimple; drag; lift

Online: 19 April 2017 (11:53:38 CEST)

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A fluid flowing over an object has a tendency to drag the object along it^’s flow direction. An object passing through a fluid which is stationary there is a tendency to slow the object down. For a stationary object in a fluid which is flowing there is a tendency to move the object in the fluid flowing direction .These tendencies of flowing fluid is known as drag. While moving through air airplanes also subjected to several drags. Airplanes subjected to pressure drag or form drag due to flow separation which is based on the pressure difference between the upstream and downstream surfaces of the object. Airplanes also subjected to Skin friction drag which results from the viscous shear of the fluid flowing over the object surface. In order to overcome these drags airplane wings cross section airfoils are designed very carefully. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, or NACA, developed and tested "families" of airfoils. Some of the most successful of these were the NACA four-digit and five-digit series. The necessary coordinates for designing NACA airfoil profiles are available in online. UIUC also provide coordinates for designing NACA airfoil profiles. But the present work describes the way of designing NACA four digit airfoils without taking any coordinates from available sources like google or any other search engines. Using C programming with the help of NACA provided equations a generalized source code is designed .Which will provide coordinates for designing any NACA four digit airfoil profiles .With the help of this obtained profile the wing model is also constructed using solid works. Using solid works model the real model was constructed using wood. The chord of regular surface airfoil is 21 cm and the span is also 21 cm. The airfoil profile taken for the model construction is NACA-4415 which is a four digit cambered airfoil.The present work also show some figures of an airfoil by applying certain surface modifications in form of dimples.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0327.v1

Kirchhoff-Love Plate Theory: First-Order Analysis, Second-Order Analysis, Plate Buckling Analysis, and Vibration Analysis Using the Finite Difference Method

Valentin Fogang

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: KirchhoffLove plate; finite difference method; additional points; plate of varying thickness; plate with stiffeners; skew edge; plate buckling analysis; vibration analysis; direct time integration method;

Online: 18 November 2021 (13:51:59 CET)

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This paper presents an approach to the Kirchhoff-Love plate theory (KLPT) using the finite difference method (FDM). The KLPT covers the case of small deflections, and shear deformations are not considered. The FDM is an approximate method for solving problems described with differential equations. The FDM does not involve solving differential equations; equations are formulated with values at selected points of the structure. Generally in the case of KLPT, the finite difference approximations are derived based on the fourth-order polynomial hypothesis (FOPH) and second-order polynomial hypothesis (SOPH) for the deflection surface. The FOPH is made for the fourth and third derivative of the deflection surface while the SOPH is made for its second and first derivative; this leads to a 13-point stencil for the governing equation. In addition, the boundary conditions and not the governing equations are applied at the plate edges. In this paper, the FOPH was made for all of the derivatives of the deflection surface; this led to a 25-point stencil for the governing equation. Furthermore, additional nodes were introduced at plate edges and at positions of discontinuity (continuous supports/hinges, incorporated beams, stiffeners, brutal change of stiffness, etc.), the number of additional nodes corresponding to the number of boundary conditions at the node of interest. The introduction of additional nodes allowed us to apply the governing equations at the plate edges and to satisfy the boundary and continuity conditions. First-order analysis, second-order analysis, buckling analysis, and vibration analysis of plates were conducted with this model. Moreover, plates of varying thickness and plates with stiffeners were analyzed. Finally, a direct time integration method (DTIM) was presented. The FDM-based DTIM enabled the analysis of forced vibration of structures, with damping taken into account. In first-order, second-order, buckling, and vibration analyses of rectangular plates, the results obtained in this paper were in good agreement with those of well-established methods, and the accuracy was increased through a grid refinement.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0036.v1

Strength of PLA Components Fabricated with Fused Deposition Technology Using a Desktop 3D Printer as a Function of Geometrical Parameters of the Process

Vladimir Kuznetsov, Alexey Solonin, Oleg Urzhumtcev, Azamat Tavitov, Richard Schilling

Subject: Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Keywords: additive manufacturing; desktop 3D printing; Fused Deposition Modeling; Fused Filament Fabrication; Polylactic Acid; anisotropy; interlayer bonds; mechanical strength; digital fabrication

Online: 5 March 2018 (14:30:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0040.v1

Comparison of the Automatically Calibrated Google Evapotranspiration Application—EEFlux and the Manually Calibrated METRIC Application

Foad Foolad, Philip Blankenau, Ayse Kilic, Richard G. Allen, Justin L. Huntington, Tyler A. Erickson, Doruk Ozturk, Charles G. Morton, Samuel Ortega, Ian Ratcliffe, Trenton E. Franz, David Thau, Rebecca Moore, Noel Gorelick, Baburao Kamble, Peter Revelle, Ricardo Trezza, Wenguang Zhao, Clarence W. Robison

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Google Earth Engine; EEFlux; METRIC; evapotranspiration; Landsat; water resources management

Online: 3 July 2018 (11:51:31 CEST)

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Reliable evapotranspiration (ET) estimation is a key factor for water resources planning, attaining sustainable water resources use, irrigation water management, and water regulation. During the past few decades, researchers have developed a variety of remote sensing techniques to estimate ET. The Earth Engine Evapotranspiration Flux (EEFlux) application uses Landsat imagery archives on the Google Earth Engine platform to calculate the daily evapotranspiration at the local field scale (30 m). Automatically calibrated for each Landsat image, the EEFlux application design is based on the widely vetted Mapping Evapotranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC) model and produces ET estimation maps for any Landsat 5, 7 or 8 scene in a matter of seconds. In this research we evaluate the consistency and accuracy of EEFlux products that are produced when standard US and global assets are used. Processed METRIC products for 58 scenes distributed around the western and central United States were used as the baseline for comparison. The goal of this paper is to compare the results from EEFlux with the standard METRIC applications to illustrate the utility of the EEFlux products as they currently stand. Given that EEFlux is derived from METRIC, differences are expected to occur due to differing calibration methods (automatic versus manual) and differing input datasets. The products compared include the fraction of reference ET (ETrF), actual ET (ETa), and surface energy balance components net radiation (Rn), ground heat flux (G), and sensible heat flux (H), as well as Ts, albedo and NDVI. The product comparisons show that the intermediate products of Ts, Albedo, and NDVI, and also Rn have similar values and behavior for both EEFlux and METRIC. Larger differences were found for H and G. Despite the more significant differences in H and G, results show that EEFlux is able to calculate ETrF and ETa values comparable to the values from trained expert METRIC users for agricultural areas. For non-agricultural areas such as semi-arid rangeland and forests, the automated EEFlux calibration algorithm needs to be improved in order to be able to reproduce ETrF and ETa that is similar to the manually calibrated METRIC products.

Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0740.v1

Development of Novel Construction Material from Food Waste

Kota Machida, Yuya Sakai

Subject: Engineering, Architecture, Building And Construction Keywords: Food waste, recycling, construction materials

Online: 31 May 2021 (11:01:15 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints201902.0257.v2

Pattern Recognition with Convolutional Neural Networks: Humpback Whale Tails

Luis Fernando De Mingo Lopez, Clemencio Morales Lucas, NURIA GOMEZ BLAS, Krassimira Ivanova

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: convolutional neural networks; pattern recognition; machine learning

Online: 12 March 2019 (10:18:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0359.v2

Factors Affecting Customer Satisfaction & Loyalty in Online Food Delivery Service during COVID-19 Pandemic: Its Relation with Open Innovation

Yogi Tri Prasetyo, Hans Tanto, Martinus Mariyanto, Christopher Hanjaya, Michael Nayat Young, Satria Fadil Persada, Bobby Ardiansyah Miraja, A.A.N. Perwira Redi

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: food delivery; customer satisfaction; new normal; COVID-19; theory of planned behavior

Online: 19 February 2021 (10:01:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0031.v1

A Fully Automated Deep Learning-based Network For Detecting COVID-19 from a New And Large Lung CT Scan Dataset

Mohammad Rahimzadeh

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: Deep learning; Convolutional Neural Network; Coronavirus; COVID-19; radiology; CT scan; Medical image analysis; Automatic medical diagnosis; lung CT scan dataset

Online: 4 June 2020 (08:29:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0202.v3

Overhanging Features and the SLM/DMLS Residual Stresses Problem: Review and Future Research Need

Albert E. Patterson, Sherri L. Messimer, Phillip A. Farrington

Subject: Engineering, Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Keywords: additive manufacturing; 3-D printing; metal additive manufacturing; selective laser melting; SLM; direct metal laser sintering; DMLS; metal powder processing

Online: 4 April 2017 (07:56:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0008.v1

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Mesh Independency Study of A Straight Blade Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine

Siddharth Suhas Kulkarni, Craig Chapman, Hanifa Shah

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: horizontal axis tidal turbine; Computational Fluid Dynamics; mesh independency; NACA 0018

Online: 2 August 2016 (04:45:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0252.v2

Timoshenko Beam Theory: First-Order Analysis, Second-Order Analysis, Stability, and Vibration Analysis Using the Finite Difference Method

Valentin Fogang

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Timoshenko beam; finite difference method; additional points; element stiffness matrix; tapered beam; second-order analysis; vibration analysis; direct time integration method

Online: 30 September 2021 (16:24:48 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0054.v1

Distributed Manufacturing of Open-Source Medical Hardware for Pandemics

Joshua Pearce

Subject: Engineering, Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Keywords: pandemic; influenza pandemic; open source; open hardware; COVID-19; COVID-19 pandemic; medical hardware; open source medicine

Online: 6 April 2020 (12:38:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0080.v1

Definition of Internet of Things (IoT) Cyber Risk – Discussion on a Transformation Roadmap for Standardisation of Regulations, Risk Maturity, Strategy Design and Impact Assessment

Petar Radanliev, David De Roure, Jason R.C. Nurse, Pete Burnap, Eirini Anthi, Uchenna Ani, La’Treall Maddox, Omar Santos, Rafael Mantilla Montalvo

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: Internet of Things; Micro Mart model; Goal-Oriented Approach; transformation roadmap; Cyber risk regulations; empirical analysis; cyber risk self-assessment; cyber risk target state

Online: 6 March 2019 (11:47:04 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0094.v1

New Developments in Cyber Physical Systems, the Internet of Things and the Digital Economy – Discussion on Future Developments in the Industrial Internet of Things and Industry 4.0

Petar Radanliev, David De Roure, Jason R.C. Nurse, Razvan Nicolescu, Michael Huth, Stacy Cannady, Rafael Mantilla Montalvo

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: Internet of Things; Cyber Physical Systems; Digital Economy; Industrial Internet of Things; Industry 4.0; empirical analysis; cyber risk assessment; cyber risk target state

Online: 7 March 2019 (12:25:15 CET)

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Working Paper REVIEW

An Overview of Imaging Lidar Sensors for Autonomous Vehicles

Santiago Royo, Maria Ballesta

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: lidar, ladar, time of flight, 3D imaging, point cloud, MEMS, scanners, photodetectors, lasers, autonomous vehicles, self-driving car

Online: 8 August 2019 (12:23:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0200.v1

The Impact of Climate Change on Reservoir Inflows Using Multi Climate-Model under RCPs’ Including Extreme Events—A Case of Mangla Dam, Pakistan

Muhammad Babur, Mukand Singh Babel, Sangam Shrestha, Akiyuki Kawasaki, Nitin Kumar Tripathi

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: climate change; GCMs’; RCPs’; downscaling; temperature; precipitation; extreme events; SWAT; discharge

Online: 24 August 2016 (10:16:40 CEST)

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Assessment of extreme events and climate change on reservoir inflow is important for water and power stressed countries. Projected climate is subject to uncertainties related to climate change scenarios and Global Circulation Models (GCMs’). Extreme climatic events will increase with the rise in temperature as mentioned in the AR5 of the IPCC. This paper discusses the consequences of climate change that include extreme events on discharge. Historical climatic and gauging data were collected from different stations within a watershed. The observed flow data was used for calibration and validation of SWAT model. Downscaling was performed on future GCMs’ temperature and precipitation data, and plausible extreme events were generated. Corrected climatic data was applied to project the influence of climate change. Results showed a large uncertainty in discharge using different GCMs’ and different emissions scenarios. The annual tendency of the GCMs’ is bi-vocal: six GCMs’ projected a rise in annual flow, while one GCM projected a decrease in flow. The change in average seasonal flow is more as compared to annual variations. Changes in winter and spring discharge are mostly positive, even with the decrease in precipitation. The changes in flows are generally negative for summer and autumn due to early snowmelt from an increase in temperature. The change in average seasonal flows under RCPs’ 4.5 and 8.5 are projected to vary from -29.1 to 130.7% and -49.4 to 171%, respectively. In the medium range (RCP 4.5) impact scenario, the uncertainty range of average runoff is relatively low. While in the high range (RCP 8.5) impact scenario, this range is significantly larger. RCP 8.5 covered a wide range of uncertainties, while RCP 4.5 covered a short range of possibilities. These outcomes suggest that it is important to consider the influence of climate change on water resources to frame appropriate guidelines for planning and management.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0019.v1

Techno-Economic Modeling and Analysis of Redox Flow Battery Systems

Jens Noack, Lars Wietschel, Nataliya Roznyatovskaya, Karsten Pinkwart, Jens Tübke

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: redox flow battery; techno-economic analysis; materials; cost

Online: 2 August 2016 (11:41:32 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0039.v1

3D Imaging based on Depth Measurement Technologies

Ni Chen, Chao Zuo, Edmund Y. Lam, Byoungho Lee

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: Three-dimensional imaging; computational imaging; light field; holography; phase imaging

Online: 3 September 2018 (14:07:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0479.v2

Bending Analysis of Isotropic Rectangular Kirchhoff Plates Subjected to Non-Uniform Heating Using the Fourier Transform Method

Valentin Fogang

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Isotropic rectangular plate; Kirchhoff–Love plate theory; non-uniform heating; Fourier sine transform; Navier solution; Lévy solution

Online: 10 December 2021 (13:50:59 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0486.v1

A Simple and Cheap Aerosol Penetrometer for Filter Testing Using an Electronic Cigarette

Sebastian Lifka, Ivan Ponomarev, Agnes Weth, David Baumgartner, Bernd Lamprecht, Werner Baumgartner

Subject: Engineering, Bioengineering Keywords: Filter; face masks; penetrometer; electronic cigarette; COVID-19; light scattering detector

Online: 21 December 2020 (09:34:50 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0107.v1

Real-Time Forecasting of EV Charging Station Scheduling for Smart Energy Systems

Bharatiraja Chokkalingam, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Pierluigi Siano, Ramesh Krishnamoorthy, Raghu Selvaraj

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: electric vehicle (EV); charging station (CS); state of charge (SOC); structured query language (SQL); personal home page (PHP)

Online: 16 March 2017 (06:36:11 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0131.v1

Iron Losses in Electromagnetic Devices: Nonlinear Adaptive MEC & Dynamic Hysteresis Model

Oualid Messal, Frédéric Dubas, Raouf Benlamine, Afef Kedous-Lebouc, Christian Chillet, Christophe Espanet

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: Electromagnetic devices; Iron losses; LS model; Magnetic equivalent circuit; Models coupling

Online: 30 January 2017 (08:20:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0025.v1

The Impact of Pay-As-You-Throw Schemes in the Management of Municipal Solid Waste: The Case of the County of Aschaffenburg, Germany

Juergen Morlok, Harald Schoenberger, David Styles, Jose-Luis Galvez-Martos, Barbara Zeschmar-Lahl

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: waste management; economic instruments; pay-as-you-throw; municipal solid waste; recycling; environmental management

Online: 3 November 2016 (10:28:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0133.v3

Comparison of Stochastic and Machine Learning Methods for Multi-Step Ahead Forecasting of Hydrological Processes

Georgia Papacharalampous, Hristos Tyralis, Demetris Koutsoyiannis

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: multi-step ahead forecasting; neural networks; random forests; stochastic vs machine learning models; support vector machines; time series

Online: 17 January 2019 (15:51:22 CET)

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Preprint LETTER | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0042.v1

Power Conservative Thevenin-Norton and Norton-Thevenin Transformations

Hervé Barthélemy

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: Thevenin; Norton; voltage source; current source

Online: 15 July 2016 (11:46:17 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Deep Fake Image Detection based on Pairwise Learning

Chih-Chung Hsu, Yi-Xiu Zhuang, Chia-Yen Lee

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: forgery detection; GAN; contrastive loss; deep learning; pairwise learning

Online: 5 May 2019 (11:13:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0143.v1

Model of the Russian Federation Construction Innovation System: An Integrated Participatory Systems Approach

Emiliya Suprun, Oz Sahin, Rodney A. Stewart, Kriengsak Panuwatwanich

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: participatory modelling; causal loop diagram development; structural analysis; systems modelling; construction innovation; Russian Federation

Online: 15 August 2016 (08:56:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0013.v1

Analysis of Drought Characteristics using Time Series of Modified SPEI in South Korea from 1981 to 2010

Seungjong Bae, Sang-Hyun Lee, Seung-Hwan Yoo, Taegon Kim

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: drought; SPEI; evapotranspiration; Thornthwaite; FAO Penman-Monteith

Online: 6 October 2016 (13:04:49 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0003.v1

Bio-Inspired Manufacturing Multi-Agent System for Control and Coordination of AGV Systems

Branislav Micieta, Lukas Durica, Vladimira Binasova

Subject: Engineering, Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Keywords: industrial automation; autonomous design; multi-agent systems; industry 4.0; biologically inspired techniques; AGV systems; energy efficiency

Online: 1 September 2016 (10:48:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201708.0033.v1

Characterization of Petroleum Sludge from Refinery Industry Biological Wastewater Treatment Unit

Abubakar M. Ali, Mohd A. Abu-Hassan, Raja R.K. Ibrahim, Muhammad A. A. Zaini, Bala I. Abdulkarim, Ali S. Hussein, Sheila M. Su, Muhd Azril I. Mohd Halim

Subject: Engineering, Chemical Engineering Keywords: petroleum sludge; characterization; total organic carbon; metal concentration

Online: 8 August 2017 (13:24:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0084.v1

A Novel Virtual Torque Sensor for Rescue Robots with Harmonic Drives

Kerui Xia, Liang Ding, Guangjun Liu, Haibo Gao, Zongquan Deng

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: robot joint; virtual torque sensor; Gaussian process regression; harmonic drive compliance model

Online: 23 September 2016 (09:52:45 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Worldwide Hydrogen Provision Scheme Based on Renewable Energy

Philipp-Matthias Heuser, Thomas Grube, Heidi Heinrichs, Martin Robinius, Detlef Stolten

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: hydrogen supply; renewable energy import; global energy infrastructure; hydrogen trade

Online: 8 February 2020 (05:36:14 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0107.v1

Lowering the Carbon Footprint of Steel Production Using Hydrogen Direct Reduction of Iron Ore and Molten Metal Methane Pyrolysis

Abhinav Bhaskar, Mohsen Assadi, Homam Nikpey Somehsaraei

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: hydrogen; methane pyrolysis; direct reduced iron; industrial decarbonization; iron and steel; electric arc furnace

Online: 9 October 2019 (11:33:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201705.0179.v1

Characterization and Production of Fuel Briquettes Made from Biomass and Plastic Wastes

Maria Angeles Garrido, Juan A. Conesa, Maria Dolores Garcia

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: WEEE; ASR; briquette; physical properties; biomass blend

Online: 24 May 2017 (17:14:42 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0124.v1

Evapotranspiration Estimation with UAVs in Agriculture: A Review

Haoyu Niu, Tiebiao Zhao, Dong Wang, YangQuan Chen

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: Clumped canopy; evapotranspiration; Unmanned aerial vehicles; METRIC; remote sensing

Online: 8 July 2019 (14:39:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0213.v1

Construction Cybersecurity and Critical Infrastructure Protection: Significance, Overlaps, and Proposed Action Plan

Borja García de Soto, Alexandru Georgescu, Bharadwaj Mantha, Žiga Turk, Abel Maciel

Subject: Engineering, Architecture, Building And Construction Keywords: BIM; construction; critical infrastructure; cybersecurity; cyber-physical systems; digital twin; EPCIP; Industry 4.0

Online: 12 May 2020 (12:44:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201711.0027.v1

Classification-Based Singing Melody Extraction Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Sangeun Kum, Juhan Nam

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: convolution neural networks; melody extraction; singing voice activity detection; voice false alarm detection

Online: 3 November 2017 (14:51:47 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0336.v1

Role of Socially-Equitable Economic Development in Creating Resilient and Sustainable Systems: COVID-19-Related Reflections

Adjo Amekudzi-Kennedy, Samuel Labi, Brian Woodall, Greg Marsden, Emily Grubert

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: COVID-19; pandemic; economic development; equity; socially-equitable development; resilient and sustainable infrastructure; resilient and sustainable communities; disaster management

Online: 19 April 2020 (07:09:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0559.v2

Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory: First-Order Analysis, Second-Order Analysis, Stability, and Vibration Analysis Using the Finite Difference Method

Valentin Fogang

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: Euler Bernoulli beam; finite difference method; additional points; element stiffness matrix; tapered beam; first-order analysis; second-order analysis; vibration analysis; direct time integration method

Online: 29 March 2021 (17:13:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0067.v1

Design Methodology for an Energy Neutral Health Monitoring Wireless Sensor Node

Ankur Pokhara, Biswajit Mishra

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: Energy Harvester, Neutrality, Perpetual, COTS, Health Monitoring WSN

Online: 22 July 2016 (15:14:29 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0053.v1

Applying Multi-Output Random Forest Models to Electricity Price Forecast

Camino González, José M. Mira, José A. Ojeda

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: electricity markets; price forecasting; multi-output models; random forests; conditional inference trees

Online: 18 September 2016 (06:16:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0086.v1

Thermal analysis of a fast charging technique for a high power lithium ion cell

Victor Manuel García Fernández, Cecilio Blanco Viejo, David Anseán González, Manuela González Vega, Yoana Fernández Pulido, Juan Carlos Alvarez Antón

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: thermal model; fast charge; lithium-ion cell

Online: 27 July 2016 (16:30:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.3390/sci2020044

Lasers for Satellite Uplinks and Downlinks

Mark Dmytryszyn, Matthew Crook, Timothy Sands

Subject: Engineering, Telecommunications Keywords: telescopes; lightweight telescope mirrors; adaptive optics; better resolution; increased accuracy; more bandwidth; cluster of satellites; innovative platform; more capabilities into smaller packages; far-shorter time from click to customer

Online: 12 June 2020 (00:00:00 CEST)

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The use of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (i.e., LASERs or lasers) by the U.S. Department of Defense is not new and includes laser weapons guidance, laser-aided measurements, even lasers as weapons (e.g., Airborne Laser). Lasers in support of telecommunications is also not new. The use of laser light in fiber optics shattered thoughts on communications bandwidth and throughput. Even the use of lasers in space is no longer new. Lasers are being used for satellite-to-satellite crosslinking. Laser communication can transmit orders-of-magnitude more data using orders-of-magnitude less power and can do so with minimal risk of exposure to the sending and receiving terminals. What is new is using lasers as the uplink and downlink between the terrestrial segment and the space segment of satellite systems. More so, the use of lasers to transmit and receive data between moving terrestrial segments (e.g., ships at sea, airplanes in flight) and geosynchronous satellites is burgeoning. This manuscript examines the technological maturation of employing lasers as the signal carrier for satellite communications linking terrestrial and space systems. The purpose of the manuscript is to develop key performance parameters (KPPs) to inform U.S. Department of Defense initial capabilities documents (ICDs) for near-future satellite acquisition and development. By appreciating the history and technological challenges of employing lasers rather than traditional radio frequency sources for satellite uplink and downlink signal carrier, this manuscript recommends ways for the U.S. Department of Defense to employ lasers to transmit and receive high bandwidth, large-throughput data from moving platforms that need to retain low probabilities of detection, intercept, and exploitation (e.g., carrier battle group transiting to a hostile area of operations, unmanned aerial vehicle collecting over adversary areas). The manuscript also intends to identify commercial sector early-adopter fields and those fields likely to adapt to laser employment for transmission and receipt.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0501.v2

An Exact Solution to the Free Vibration Analysis of a Uniform Timoshenko Beam Using an Analytical Approach

Valentin Fogang

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: Timoshenko beam; rotary inertia; bending shear curvature natural frequency relationship; spring mass system vibration; closed-form solutions; first-order dynamic stiffness matrix; second-order vibration analysis

Online: 15 September 2021 (15:33:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0132.v1

A New Deep Learning Model for Fault Diagnosis with Good Anti-Noise and Domain Adaptation Ability on Raw Vibration Signal

Wei Zhang, Gaoliang Peng, Chuanhao Li, Yuanhang Chen, Zhujun Zhang

Subject: Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Keywords: intelligent fault diagnosis; convolutional neural networks; domain adaptation; anti-noise

Online: 30 January 2017 (12:15:03 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0714.v1

Towards a Biomanufactory on Mars

Aaron Berliner, Jacob M. Hilzinger, Anthony J. Abel, Matthew McNulty, George Makrygiorgos, Nils J.H. Averesch, Soumyajit Sen Gupta, Alexander Benvenuti, Daniel Caddell, Stefano Cestellos-Blanco, Anna Doloman, Skyler Friedline, Desiree Ho, Wenyu Gu, Avery Hill, Paul Kusuma, Isaac Lipsky, Mia Mirkovic, Jorge Meraz, Vince Pane, Kyle B. Sander, Fengzhe Shi, Jeffrey M. Skerker, Alexander Styer, Kyle Valgardson, Kelly Wetmore, Sung-Geun Woo, Yongao Xiong, Kevin Yates, Cindy Zhang, Shuyang Zhen, Bruce Bugbee, Devin Coleman-Derr, Ali Mesbah, Somen Nandi, Robert W. Waymouth, Peidong Yang, Craig S. Criddle, Karen A. McDonald, Amor A. Menezes, Lance C. Seefeldt, Douglas S. Clark, Adam P. Arkin

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: space systems bioengineering; human exploration; mars; in situ resource utilization; life support systems; biomanufacturing

Online: 29 December 2020 (07:57:37 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0050.v1

Neural Implants: A Review Of Current Trends And Future Perspectives

Halima-Tul-Rokeya Mim, Munima Haque, Salman Khan Promon

Subject: Engineering, Bioengineering Keywords: Neuroprosthetics; Brain Computer Interface; Neural Implants; Deep Brain Stimulation

Online: 3 February 2022 (11:06:15 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0410.v3

Cross-sectional Analysis of Beams Subjected to Saint-Venant Torsion Using the Green’s Theorem and the Finite Difference Method

Valentin Fogang

Subject: Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Keywords: Theory of elasticity; Saint-Venant torsion; Green’s theorem; finite difference method; additional nodes; thin-walled sections; stress concentration at reentrant corners; multiply connected cross-section; warping displacement

Online: 1 June 2022 (11:01:06 CEST)

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This paper presents an approach to the elastic analysis of beams subjected to Saint-Venant torsion using Green’s theorem and the finite difference method (FDM). The Saint-Venant torsion of beams, also called free torsion or unrestrained torsion, is characterized by the absence of axial stresses due to torsion; only shear stresses are developed. A solution to this torsion problem consists of finding a stress function that satisfies the governing equation and the boundary conditions. The FDM is an approximate method for solving problems described with differential equations; it does not involve solving differential equations, equations are formulated with values at selected nodes of the structure. In this paper, the beam’s cross-section was discretized using a two-dimensional grid and additional nodes were introduced on the boundaries. The introduction of additional nodes allowed us to apply the governing equations at boundary nodes and satisfy the boundary conditions. Beams with solid sections as well as multiply connected cross-sections were analyzed using this model; shear stresses and localized stresses at reentrant corners, torsion constant, and warping displacements were determined. Furthermore, beams with thin-walled closed sections, single-cell or multiple-cell, were analyzed using the Prandtl stress function whereby a linear distribution of the shear stresses over the thickness was considered; closed-form solutions for shear stresses and torsion constant were derived. The results obtained in this study showed good agreement with the exact results for rectangular cross-sections, and the accuracy was increased through a grid refinement. For thin-walled closed sections, the shear stresses obtained at the centerline using the closed-form solutions were in agreement with the values using Bredt’s analysis but the maximal values in the cross-section, which did not necessarily occur at the position with the smallest thickness, were higher; in addition, the results using the closed-form solutions were in good agreement with those using FDM.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0083.v1

Experimental Analysis of Liter of Night light for Potential Use in Rural Electrification

Wubishet Degife, Wondwossen Bogale

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: liter of light; experimental analysis; LED

Online: 6 August 2019 (16:24:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0041.v1

Chlorella sp Microalgae Suspensions—Rheological Behaviour Analyzes at Different Culture Times

Daniela Guimarães, Messias Silva, Carla Loures

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: Chlorella; rheology; culture time

Online: 4 August 2016 (10:19:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201702.0078.v1

Resonant Rectifier ICs for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Using Low-voltage Drop Diode Equivalents

Amad Ud Din, Seneke Chamith Chandrathna, Jong-Wook Lee

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: AC-DC converters; energy harvesting; piezoelectric; rectifier

Online: 20 February 2017 (18:23:13 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0039.v2

Recognition of Handwritten Digit using Convolutional Neural Network in Python with Tensorflow and Comparison of Performance for Various Hidden Layers

Fathma Siddique, Shadman Sakib, Md. Abu Bakr Siddique

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: Handwritten digit recognition; Convolutional Neural Network (CNN); Deep learning; MNIST dataset; Epochs; Hidden Layers; Stochastic Gradient Descent; Backpropagation

Online: 20 September 2019 (10:12:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0046.v1

The Finite Element Analysis for Concrete Filled Steel Columns under Blast Load

Fereydoon Omidinasab, Peyman Beiranvand, Saeideh Sadeghi Golmakani, Mohammad Zarei

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: blast load; concrete-filled steel columns; finite element analysis

Online: 13 October 2016 (05:11:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0329.v1

Synthetic Aperture Radar Doppler Tomography Reveals Details of Undiscovered High-Resolution Internal Structure of the Great Pyramid of Giza

Filippo Biondi, Corrado Malanga

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: Synthetic Aperture Radar; Doppler frequencies; multi-chromatic analysis; micro-motion; Pyramid of Khnum-Khufu; sonic images

Online: 18 August 2022 (03:45:58 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0348.v1

Analysis of The Covid-19 Impact on Electricity Consumption and Production

Mehmet Bulut

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: Covid-19 process; Electricity production; Electricity consumption; Energy demand

Online: 16 October 2020 (12:06:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0109.v1

Development of a Simulation Framework for Analyzing Security of Supply in Integrated Gas and Electric Power Systems

Kwabena Addo Pambour, Burcin Cakir Erdener, Ricardo Bolado-Lavin, Gerard P. J. Dijkema

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: combined simulation; power and gas interdependence; security of supply; transient gas simulation; scenario analysis; power system contingency

Online: 22 November 2016 (09:33:38 CET)

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Gas and power networks are tightly coupled and interact with each other due to physically interconnected facilities. In an integrated gas and power network, a contingency observed in one system may cause iterative cascading failures, resulting in network wide disruptions. Therefore, understanding the impacts of the interactions in both systems is crucial for governments, system operators, regulators and operational planners, particularly, to ensure security of supply for the overall energy system. Although simulation has been widely used in the assessment of gas systems as well as power systems, there is a significant gap in simulation models that are able to address the coupling of both systems. In this paper, a simulation framework that models and simulates the gas and power network in an integrated manner is proposed. The framework consist of a transient model for the gas system and a steady state model for the power system based on AC-Optimal Power Flow. The gas and power system model are coupled through an interface which uses the coupling equations to establish the data exchange and coordination between the individual models. The bidirectional interlink between both systems considered in this studies are the fuel gas offtake of gas fired power plants for power generation and the power supply to LNG terminals and electric drivers installed in gas compressor stations and underground gas storage facilities. The simulation framework is implemented into an innovative simulation tool named SAInt (Scenario Analysis Interface for Energy Systems) and the capabilities of the tool are demonstrated by performing a contingency analysis for a real world example. Results indicate how a disruption triggered in one system propagates to the other system and affects the operation of critical facilities. In addition, the studies show the importance of using transient gas models for security of supply studies instead of successions of steady state models, where the time evolution of the line pack is not captured correctly.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0210.v1

Driving Factors of Smart City Construction in China—An Exploratory Method by Grounded Theory and Empirical Research

Qinghong Cui, Guangbin Wang

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: smart city; smart city construction; urban sustainability; driving factors; grounded theory; empirical research

Online: 26 August 2016 (11:18:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0347.v1

Applying the PDCA Cycle to Reduce the Defects in the Manufacturing Industry. A Case Study

Arturo Realyvásquez-Vargas, Karina Cecilia Arredondo-Soto, Teresa Carrillo, Gustavo Ravelo

Subject: Engineering, Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Keywords: lean manufacturing; PDCA; defects; Pareto chart; flowchart

Online: 16 October 2018 (09:09:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0017.v1

Long-range WindScanner System

Nikola Vasiljevic, Guillaume Lea, Michael Courtney, Jean-Pierre Cariou, Jakob Mann, Torben Mikkelsen

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: coherent Doppler lidar; multi-Doppler lidar; WindScanner; wind energy

Online: 7 October 2016 (12:19:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0050.v1

Simulation of Boiling Process in a Nanochannel with 700000 Argon Particles by Molecular Dynamics

Amin Etminan, Davood Toghraie, Ahmad Sharifian, Zambri Harun

Subject: Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Keywords: Nanochannel; Molecular Dynamics Method; Nanoparticle, Argon; Boiling Process

Online: 18 July 2016 (10:37:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0026.v1

Propose of Mix Design Method for CO₂ Reduction Concrete Using the Regression Analysis

Tae Hyoung Kim

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: concrete; sustainability; regression analysis mix design; CO2 emission; cost

Online: 3 August 2016 (06:05:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0061.v1

Wing Tip Drag Reduction at Nominal Take-Off Mach Number: An Approach to Local Active Flow Control with a Highly Robust Actuator System

Matthias Bauer, Thomas Grund, Wolfgang Nitsche, Vlad Ciobaca

Subject: Engineering, Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Keywords: flow control; leading edge; fluidic actuator

Online: 20 July 2016 (04:09:12 CEST)

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Preprint DATASET | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0047.v1

Dataset for Eye-Tracking Tasks

Ildar Rakhmatulin

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: eye tracking dataset; gaze tracking dataset; iris tracking dataset; CNN for eye-tracking; neural networks for eye-tracking

Online: 2 December 2020 (08:00:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201705.0045.v1

Methodology for a Dump Design Optimization in Large-Scale Open Pit Mines

Jorge Puell Ortiz

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: mine planning; dump design; open pit; optimization

Online: 5 May 2017 (05:29:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0035.v1

Real-Time Performance of Mechatronic PZT Module Using Active Vibration Feedback Control

Francesco Aggogeri, Alberto Borboni, Angelo Merlo, Nicola Pellegrini, Raffaele Ricatto

Subject: Engineering, Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Keywords: real-time control; mechatronics; PZT actuators; vibration; hardware-in-the-loop

Online: 4 August 2016 (06:20:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0224.v2

Propeller Cavitation in Non-Uniform Flow and Correlation with the Near Pressure Field

Francisco Alves Pereira, Fabio Di Felice, Francesco Salvatore

Subject: Engineering, Marine Engineering Keywords: propeller; cavitation pattern; unsteady cavitation; induced pressure fluctuations; high-speed visualization; volume acceleration; cavitation-pressure correlations

Online: 5 September 2016 (09:37:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0064.v3

Sonar for Environmental Monitoring: Configuration of a Multifunctional Active Acoustics Platform Applied for Marine Renewables

Francisco Gemo Albino Francisco, Jan Sundberg

Subject: Engineering, Marine Engineering Keywords: Active acoustics; Multibeam Sonar; Dual-beam Sonar; Split-beam Sonar, Environmental monitoring; Offshore renewable energy

Online: 10 December 2018 (15:44:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0104.v1

The Effect of Green Logistics on Economic growth, Social and Environmental Sustainability: An Empirical Study of Developing Countries in Asia

Syed Abdul Rehman Khan

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: renewable energy; education expenditure; environmental degradation; health expenditure; carbon emissions; and foreign direct investments

Online: 11 January 2019 (07:06:47 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0071.v1

An Implementation of Real-Time Phased Array Radar Fundamental Functions on DSP-Focused, High-Performance Embedded Computing Platform

Xining Yu, Yan Zhang, Ankit Patel, Allan Zahrai, Mark Weber

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: phased array radar; embedded computing; serial RapidIO, MPAR

Online: 23 July 2016 (10:43:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0059.v1

The Behavior of Arsenic during the Thermal and Chemical Decomposition of the Ammonium–Arsenic Jarosite

Mizraim Flores, Francisco Patiño, Elia G. Palacios, Iván Reyes, Martín Reyes, Victor H. Flores, Julio C. Juárez, Thangarasu Pandiyan

Subject: Engineering, Metallurgy And Metallurgical Engineering Keywords: ammonium–arsenic jarosite; characterization; chemical decomposition and thermal decomposition

Online: 14 October 2016 (11:27:36 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0045.v1

Risks of Climate Change on the Singapore-Malaysia High Speed Rail System

Sazrul Leena Binti Sa’adin, Sakdirat Kaewunruen, David Jaroszweski

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: railway infrastructure; high-speed rail; tracks; risk; management and monitoring; climate change; global warming; adaptation; operational readiness

Online: 5 August 2016 (05:11:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0063.v1

A Formal Methodology to Design and Deploy Dependable Wireless Sensor Networks

Juan Carlos Augusto, Marcello Cinque, Antonio Coronato, Alessandro Testa

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks; Formal Methods; Dependability; Metrics; Modeling

Online: 11 November 2016 (14:08:48 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0112.v1

Influence of Temperature on the Formation of Ag Complexed in S₂O₃^2--O₂ System

Aislinn M. Teja-Ruiz, Julio C. Juárez-Tapia, Leticia E. Hernández-Cruz, Martín Reyes-Pérez, Francisco Patiño-Cardona, Ivan A. Reyes-Dominguez, Mizraim U. Flores-Guerrero, Elia G. Palacios-Baes

Subject: Engineering, Chemical Engineering Keywords: silver; dissolution; thiosulfate; characterization; complex; temperature; arsenic

Online: 26 October 2016 (10:26:54 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0174.v1

Variation of Ambient Air Quality Scenario in Chittagong City: A Case Study of Air Pollution

Md. Arif Hossen, Asiful Hoque

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Air Quality; Gaseous Pollutants; AQI, PM2.5; PM10

Online: 18 August 2016 (10:36:09 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0763.v1

Overview of Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Recent Advancement from Fundamentals to Applications: MFC Designs, Major Elements, and Scalability

Sami G. A. Flimban, Taeyoung Kim, Iqbal Mohammad Ibrahim Ismail, Sang-Eun Oh

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: Microbial fuel cell (MFC); fuel cell elements; design; energy generation; Scaling up; configuration

Online: 2 November 2018 (10:04:38 CET)

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