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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0416.v1

Evolution and Development of Extra-Ocular Nerves and Muscles in Vertebrates

Bernd Fritzsch

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: oculomotor neurons; trochlear motor neurons; abducens motor neurons; extraocular eye muscles; vestibular nuclei connections

Online: 6 June 2023 (08:21:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.2165.v1

Cranial Investigations of Crested Porcupine (Hystrix cristata) by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Anatomical Gross-sections

Daniel Morales Bordon, Mario Encinoso Quintana, Alberto Arencibia, José Raduan Jaber

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging; gross sections; rodents; head anatomy; CNS; crested porcupine

Online: 31 May 2023 (03:40:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1643.v1

The Brain Cannot Take Up Polyamines from the Blood Stream Leaving It Solely Dependent on Local Biosynthesis As Demonstrated Here with the Aid of Biotinylated Spermine

Torsten Weiss, René Bernard, Gregor Laube, Julian Rieck, Misty Eaton, Serguei N Skatchkov, Rüdiger W. Veh

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Polyamines; blood brain barrier; local biosynthesis; metabolism; protoplasmic astrocytes; fibrous astrocytes

Online: 23 May 2023 (10:40:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1541.v1

Butyrate Protects Myenteric Neurons Loss in Mice Following Ex-Perimental Ulcerative Colitis

Marcos Antônio Ferreira Caetano, Henrique Inhauser Riceti Magalhães, Jheniffer Rayane de Lima Duarte, Laura Barbosa Conceição, Patricia Castelucci

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Inflammatory bowel diseases; Short-chain fatty acids; Gut microbiota; Butyrate; Enteric nervous system; Free fatty acid receptor 3; GPR41.

Online: 23 May 2023 (03:24:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1294.v1

Effect of Frost on the Different Metabolites of Two Mulberry (Morus nigra L. and Morus alba L.) Leaves

Lu Yang, Jiuyang Zhao, Shaoli Fan, Jinfa Liao, Yicun Chen, Yangdong Wang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: mulberry leaf; frost; metabolomics; DNJ alkaloid; flavonoid

Online: 18 May 2023 (08:01:00 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1129.v1

Lymphatics — Future Perspectives Unrealized Potential

Philip David Houck, Hari function and Dandapantula, Janet Massey

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Lymphangiontrope; salt sensitivity; cardiorenal syndrome; SGLT2 inhibitors; Down’s syndrome; depression; schizophrenia; C Reactive Protein

Online: 16 May 2023 (08:51:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0949.v1

Determining the Relationship between Physical Capacities, Metabolic Capacities and Dynamic Three-Point Shooting Accuracy in Professional Female Basketball Players

Mingxiang Zhang, Xiangjun Miao, Tomislav Rupčić, Pierpaolo Sansone, Tomáš Vencúrik, Feng Li

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: basketball skills; physical fitness; basketball testing; dynamic shooting; shooting accuracy

Online: 12 May 2023 (13:21:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0283.v1

A Unique Specific Jumping Test for Measuring Explosive Power in Basketball Players: Validity and Reliability

Asaf Shalom, Roni Gottlieb, Pedro Emilio Alcaraz, Julio Calleja-Gonzalez

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Performance analysis of sport; fitness field test; explosive power; jumping; basketball.

Online: 5 May 2023 (03:16:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0160.v1

Reaction of Mandarins to Alternaria Brown Spot and Huanglongbing: Identification of Potential Varieties for These Diseases Management in the Field

Marines Bastianel, Rodrigoi Martinelli, Fernando Trevizan Devite, Mariangela Cristofany-Yaly, Rodrigo do Vale Ferrreira, Eduardo Sanches Stuchi, Fernando Alves de Azevedo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: severity; citrus breeding; varieties

Online: 3 May 2023 (14:44:16 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0247.v1

Morphology of the Ventral Process of the Sixth Cervical Vertebra in Extinct and Extant Equus: Functional Implications

Sharon May-Davis, Robert Hunter, Richard White

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Caudal ventral tubercle (CVT); Cranial ventral tubercle (CrVT); Equus ferus caballus; Longus colli; Sixth cervical vertebra (C6); Ventral tubercle.

Online: 12 April 2023 (06:07:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0512.v2

Fewer and Farther Between: Decoupling Changing Abundance and Timing to Characterize Distributional Patterns and Movements of Longfin Smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys) In the San Francisco Estuary

Vanessa Tobias, Randall Baxter

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: fish; functional data analysis; long-term monitoring; habitat; occupancy; modeling; California

Online: 21 March 2023 (10:25:11 CET)

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Coincident changes in abundance and behavior pose a challenge for interpreting abundance data from monitoring programs. In the San Francisco Estuary, long-term monitoring documented the declines of many species including the anadromous Longfin Smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys). We identified seasonal patterns in reginal presence of Longfin Smelt through its life cycle using monitoring data and generalized additive modelling. We then investigated the year-to-year variability in the seasonal patterns of presence using functional data analysis (FDA). FDA separated the variability due to population size from variability due to differences in timing of presence. We found that Longfin Smelt have consistent seasonal distribution patterns and that two trawl types were needed to accurately describe those patterns. After accounting for variability due to year-class strength, shifts in the timing of presence were evident in three regions. The most variable period for the upstream regions Suisun Bay and West Delta was for age-0 fish in summer and for the downstream region Central Bay was for age-0 fish in late fall. This manifested as a delay in the typical fall re-occupation of upstream regions that comprise the study area for another monitoring study (Fall Midwater Trawl). Thus, a portion of the recent reductions in Fall Midwater Trawl abundance of Longfin Smelt resulted from changes in behavior rather than a decline in abundance. The presence of multiple monitoring surveys allowed analysis of distribution from one data set to aid interpretation of patterns in abundance from another monitoring survey. This study highlights how identifying portions of the life cycle with the most and least variability in distribution can help inform the types of management strategies that will be most effective. It also illustrates an analytical method that can be used to address the problem of confounded effects of abundance and behavior on patterns in monitoring data.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0192.v1

The Human Extracellular Matrix Diseasome Reveals Genotype-Phenotype Associations with Clinical Implications for Age-Related Diseases

Cyril Statzer, Karan Luthria, Arastu Sharma, Maricel G. Kann, Collin Y. Ewald

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Phenome; Matrisome; Matreotype; Phenotype; Extracellular Matrix; Data Mining; SNP; PheWAS; GWAS; Electronic Health Records; Drug Repurposing; Precision Medicine; Collagen; Human

Online: 10 March 2023 (09:34:15 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0159.v1

The Emerging Roles of the Cephalic Neural Crest in Brain Development and Developmental Encephalopathies

Emmanuel Bruet, Diego Amarante-Silva, Tatiana Gorojankina, Sophie Creuzet

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: neural crest; mesectoderm; embryology; evolution; forebrain development

Online: 9 March 2023 (01:25:14 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0064.v1

Observation of a 10-day Therapeutic Fast of An Obese Female

Alison Purvis, Alan Ruddock, Dave Hembrough, Mayur Ranchordas, David Claxton

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Fasting; weight loss; obese; ketones.

Online: 3 March 2023 (09:08:53 CET)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0268.v3

Cryptic Persistence of Truncated Abdominal Legs in Insects Enabled Diverse Outgrowths with Novel Functions

Heather S. Bruce, Nipam H. Patel

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: arthropod; leg; evo-devo; exite

Online: 23 February 2023 (04:09:52 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0337.v1

The Role of a Lung Vascular Endothelium Enriched Gene TMEM100

JiaKai Pan, Bin Liu, Zhiyu Dai

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Pulmonary vasculature; BMP signaling; angiogenesis; vascular biology; lung

Online: 20 February 2023 (09:39:09 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0247.v3

Four‑stage Evolution of Diabetes or Whole‑body Insulin Resistance (WBIR) Driven by Sequential Progression of Tissue‑specific Glycation‑induced Insulin Resistance (GIIR)

Song Jae LEE, Sang Won Shin

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: obesity; obesity paradox; diabetes; insulin resistance (IR); whole body insulin resistance (WBIR); tissue specific insulin resistance; muscle insulin resistance (MIR); subcutaneous insulin resistance (s AIR); visceral adipose insulin resistance (v AIR); hepatic insulin resistance (HIR); lipid induced insulin resistance (LIIIR); glycation induced insulin resistance (GIIIR); metabolic syndrome

Online: 14 February 2023 (09:38:06 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0084.v1

A Comparative Analysis of Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis Alterations by Chronic Consumptions of Broiler and Domestic Chicken Meats in Postnatal Sprague Dawley Male Rats

Muhammad Aslam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Domestic chicken; Broiler chicken; Testosterone; Oxidative stress

Online: 6 February 2023 (07:38:07 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0546.v1

Expression of Exploratory Activity of Rat Offspring Depends On the Expression of Exploratory Activity of Their Parents at the Moment of Mating

Sergey K. K. Sudakov, Natalia G. Bogdanova, Galina A. Nazarova

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: motor activity; orienting exploratory activity; epigenetic inheritance; conception; rats

Online: 30 January 2023 (07:53:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0339.v1

Acss2 Deletion Reveals Functional Versatility via Tissue-Specific Roles in Transcriptional Regulation

Narayanan Puthillathu Vasudevan, Dharmendra K. Soni, John R. Moffett, Jishnu K.S. Krishnan, Abhilash P. Appu, Sarani Ghoshal, Peethambaran Arun, John M. Denu, Thomas P. Flagg, Roopa Biswas, Aryan M. Namboodiri

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: acetate; acetyl-coenzyme A; ATP citrate lyase; acetyl-CoA synthetase; acetylation; transcriptional regulation

Online: 19 January 2023 (01:40:55 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0376.v2

A Fresh View at Sports PSM-Systems

Vladimir Savostyanov, Alexander Kobelev

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Sport; Heart Rate; Breathe Rate; Monitoring; Functional Athlete Readiness; Impedance; Rheography

Online: 6 January 2023 (02:04:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0100.v1

Are Antarctic Fish Adapted to Face Global Changes? A Study on Antioxidant Enzymes Gene Expression in Trematomus newnesi from Ross Sea, Experimentally Exposed to PFOA

Sara Pacchini, Elisabetta Piva, Sophia Schumann, Paola Irato, Daniela Pellegrino, Gianfranco Santovito

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Antarctic fish; antioxidant enzymes; oxidative stress; gene expression; PFAS

Online: 5 January 2023 (04:50:42 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0196.v1

SARS-CoV-2 PCR Persistence and Duration of COVID-19 Symptoms in Health Professionals

Tatiana Schäffer Gregianini, Ludmila Fiorenzano Baethgen, Richard Steiner Salvato, Ivone Andreatta Menegolla, CEVS COVID-19 Team, Ana Beatriz Gorini da Veiga

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; PCR persistent positive; respiratory infection; COVID-19

Online: 12 December 2022 (09:04:59 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0074.v1

Bone Laser Patterning to Decipher Cells Organization

Nicolas Touya, Samy Al-Bourgol, Theo Desigaux, Olivia Kérourédan, Laura Gemini, Rainer Kling, Raphaël Devillard

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: tissue engineering; bone; laser; femtosecond; patterning; direct

Online: 5 December 2022 (10:26:46 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0542.v1

Lobe X of the Cerebellum: A Natural Neuro-resistant Region

Carlos Hernández-Pérez, Eduardo Weruaga, David Díaz

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Cerebellum; lobe X; neurodegeneration; neuro-resistance

Online: 29 November 2022 (08:41:51 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0095.v2

Fatty Acid Metabolism in Endothelial Cell

Bin Liu, Zhiyu Dai

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: endothelium; vascular biology; lipid; angiogenesis

Online: 28 November 2022 (02:22:27 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0320.v1

Potential Synergistic Supplementation of NAD+ Promoting Compounds as a Strategy for Increasing Healthspan

Arastu Sharma, Sophie Chabloz, Elisabeth M. Roider, Collin Y. Ewald

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: aging; longevity; supplements; geroprotectors; SIRT1; NAD+; NMN; resveratrol; nutraceuticals; age-related diseases; flavonoids; senolytics; healthspan

Online: 17 November 2022 (02:51:11 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0300.v1

Profiling of G-protein Coupled Receptors in Adipose Tissue and Differentiating Adipocytes Offers a Translational Resource for Obesity/Metabolic Research

Saeed Al Mahri, Meshail Okla, Mamoon Rashid, Shuja Shafi Malik, Jahangir Iqbal, Maria Al Ibrahim, Ghida Dairi, Amer Mahmood, Manikandan Muthurangan, Ahmed Yaqinuddin, Sameer Mohammad

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: adipose tissue; adipogenesis; G-protein-coupled receptors; thermogenesis; obesity; metabolic syndrome

Online: 16 November 2022 (08:52:57 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0215.v1

Alterations in Kidney Structures Caused by Age Vary According to Sex and Dehydration Condition

Susana Quirós Cognuck, Lucas Ferreira de Almeida, Wagner L. Reis, Márcia S. Silva, Gislaine Almeida Pereira, Sandra V. Zorro, André S. Mecawi, Terezila Machado Coimbra, Lucila L.K. Elias, José Antunes Antunes Rodrigues

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: aging; body composition; kidney; sex differences

Online: 11 November 2022 (03:53:06 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0458.v1

Early and Sustained Inflammatory State Induces Muscle Changes and Establishes Obesogenic Characteristics in Wistar Rats Exposed to MSG-Induced Obesity Model

Matheus Felipe Zazula, Diego Francis Saraiva, João Lucas Theodoro, Mônica Maciel, Eliel Vieira dos Santos Sepulveda, Bárbara Zanardini de Andrade, Mariana Laís Boaretto, Jhyslayne Ignácia Hoff Nunes Maciel, Gabriela Alves Bronczek, Gabriela Moreira Soares, Sara Cristina Sagae Schneider, Gladson Ricardo Flor Bertolini, Márcia Miranda Torrejais, Lucineia Fatima Chasko Ribeiro, Luiz Claudio Fernandes, Katya Naliwaiko

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: hyperinsulinemia; monosodium glutamate; metabolic syndrome; distress oxidative; pro-inflammatory profile; skeletal muscle fibre types.

Online: 31 October 2022 (01:00:42 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0242.v1

Discovery of Boar Pheromones and their Functional Role in Reproduction of Mouse Deer (Moschiola Indica)

Vinod Kumar, Shivakumara Manu, Karunakaran Caroline, Anupama Sekhar, Sajwan-Khatri Mamta, Mushkam Sandeep, Wasimuddin Wasimuddin, Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran, Govindhaswamy Umapathy

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: pheromones; androstenone; mouse deer; metabolic pathway; reproduction; hormones

Online: 18 October 2022 (02:44:00 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0154.v1

The Immune Microenvironment in Epstein–Barr Virus-Positive Gastric Cancer: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Keran Sun, Jingyuan Ning, Xiuli Wang, Xiao-Bing Chen

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Epstein–Barr virus; gastric cancer; immune microenvironment

Online: 11 October 2022 (10:43:36 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0127.v1

Detection of Human Case of Sylvatic Dengue Virus 2 During Routine Surveillance of Fever in Senegal, Kolda 2021

Idrissa Dieng, Samba Niang Sagne, Mignane Ndiaye, Mamadou Aliou Barry, Cheikh Talla, Moufid Mhamadi, Diamilatou Balde, Cheikh Talibouya toure, Boly Diop, Amadou Alpha Sall, Gamou Fall, Cheikh Loucoubar, Oumar Faye, Ousmane Faye

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Febrile patient; Kolda; Circulation; Sylvatic Dengue virus 2; 2021; One health

Online: 10 October 2022 (11:24:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0064.v2

Metallothionein Expression as Physiological Response Against Metal Toxicity in the Striped Rockcod Trematomus hansoni

Rigers Bakiu, Sara Pacchini, Elisabetta Piva, Sophia Schumann, Anna Maria Tolomeo, Diana Ferro, Paola Irato, Gianfranco Santovito

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Antarctica; antioxidants; cadmium; copper; fish; metallothioneins

Online: 6 October 2022 (09:57:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0377.v1

Calibrating A Comprehensive Immune Age Metric to Analyze the Cross Sectional Age-Related Decline in Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Peter Bröde, Maren Claus, Patrick D. Gajewski, Stephan Getzmann, Klaus Golka, Jan G. Hengstler, Edmund Wascher, Carsten Watzl

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: aging; immunosenescence; physical fitness; physical activity; obesity; sex

Online: 26 September 2022 (05:00:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0367.v1

Physical Impact of a Typical Training Session With Different Volumes on the Day Preceding a Match in Academy Soccer Players

Tom Douchet, Christos Paizis, Nicolas Babault

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Tapering; Workload; Performance; Microcycle; Youth

Online: 23 September 2022 (09:27:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0235.v1

Lipid Dys-Homeostasis Contributes to APOE4 Associated AD Pathology

Adina-Nicoleta Lazar, Linda Hanbouch, Lydie Boussicaut, Baptiste Fourmaux, Patricia Daira, Mark John Millan, Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac, Marie-Claude Potier

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: lipid homeostasis; APOE4; Alzheimer’s Disease; Aβ peptide; tau

Online: 16 September 2022 (02:57:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0120.v1

The Bioactive Phenolic Agents Diaryl Ether CVB2-61 and Diarylheptanoid CVB4-57 as Connexin Hemichannel Blocker

Anne Dierks, Corinne Vanucci-Bacqué, Anne-Marie Schäfer, Tina Lehrich, Frederike Ruhe, Patrik Schadzek, Florence Bedos-Belval, Anaclet Ngezahayo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: connexin channels; inflammation signals; dye uptake; transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER); polyphenols; curcuminoids; Calu-3 cells

Online: 8 September 2022 (08:22:04 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0020.v1

Macroscopic and Histological Descriptive Gonadal Study in Different Stages of Sexual Maturity of the Burmeister’s Porpoise Phocoena spinipinnis from Peru

Diana Vega, Koen Van Waerebeek, Joanna Alfaro-Shigueto, Julio C. Reyes, Marie-Francoise Van Bressem

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Burmeister’s porpoise; reproduction; sexual maturity; testes; ovarian corpora

Online: 1 September 2022 (10:19:45 CEST)

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The morphology and maturation process of gonads of 70 Burmeister´s porpoises, with body lengths ranging 135–183 cm (n= 34 females) and 64.5-182 cm (n= 36 males) were described. Samples were collected in six ports of central and northern Peru in 1987-1999. In the field, females were classified as immature, mature (resting, lactating, pregnant) and males as immature, pubescent and mature based on, respectively, the presence of ovarian corpora and the relative quantity of semen in cut epididymides. The ovaries of P. spinipinnis are ovoid or bean-shaped and flattened, with corpora modifying surface appearance. In the laboratory, ovaries were examined macro- and microscopically, measured, weighed and sliced in 1-3 mm sections. The number of corpora ovarica (lutea, albicantia, atretica) found in each ovary as well as their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics were documented in some detail. The follicles, their oocytes and nucleus were measured. Follicular development in P. spinipinnis is predominantly left-sided, but occurs in both ovaries in 16.3% of females, mainly in those with numerous corpora. Macroscopically, several corpora atretica with luteinization had characteristics similar to those of corpora albicantia, making microscopic determination essential. Inconclusive evidence of recent ovulation was found in January. Two of three immature females showed good follicular development in March and April. The body length at 50% sexual maturity in females was estimated at 152.7 cm. There was no evidence of reproductive senescence. The testes of P. spinipinnis are elongated and cylindrical. Of the 36 males examined macroscopically, 7 were immature, 5 pubescent and 24 mature. The histological analysis determining the presence and abundance of Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa, the relative amount of interstitial tissue, the elongation and mean diameter of the seminiferous tubules and the relative size of the lumen allowed to confidently determine sexual maturity status. The field evaluation of maturity based on the presence of sperm in the epididymides is a useful but, in 8.3% of cases, not exact method. For males the body length at 50% sexual maturity was estimated at 157 cm. No histological evidence of male reproductive seasonality was found. Spermatogenesis was perceptible year-round and tubule diameters had non-specific variations for each month.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0510.v1

Action Potential and Water Molecules

Hirohisa Tamagawa, Toi Nakahata, Ren Sugimori, Bernard Delalande, Titus Mulembo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: membrane potential; water; adsorption; structured water

Online: 30 August 2022 (06:00:56 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0468.v1

Mechanistic insights into the biochemical and pharmacological profile of esculetin

Sourbh Suren Garg, Jeena Gupta, Debasis Sahu, Chuan Ju Liu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: esculetin; cancer; oxidative stress; inflammation; arthritis; diabetes; fatty liver

Online: 29 August 2022 (05:25:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0385.v1

Gompertz Kinetics in Developmental Fields: An Information Theory Approach

Steven Baranowitz

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Developmental Field; Gompertz Equation; Information Theory; Developmental Biology

Online: 22 August 2022 (15:42:19 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0248.v1

Additional Proposed Tests of the Soliton/Wave-Action Potential Model, and How the Thermodynamic/Theory-Based Philosophical Approach Abandons the Scientific Method

Scott Meissner

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: action potential; soliton/wave; lipid phase transition; scientific method; membrane

Online: 15 August 2022 (04:27:26 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0142.v1

Glycophagy – the Physiological Perspective on A Newly Characterized Glycogen-Selective Autophagy

Lea M.D. Delbridge, Parisa Koutsifeli, Sarah P.T. Fong, Marco Annandale, Kate L. Weeks, James R. Bell, Kimberley M. Mellor

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: glycogen; autophagy; lysosome; Stbd1; Gabarapl1; acid α-glucosidase (Gaa)

Online: 8 August 2022 (09:58:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0456.v1

Effectiveness of Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet in the Management of Overweight Women: the Prospective Interventional Cohort Study

Jana Poráčová, Ivan Uher, Hedviga Vašková, Tatiana Kimáková, Milena Švedová, Mária Konečná, Marta Mydlárová Blaščáková, Vincent Sedlák

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Mediterranean Diet; weight loss; determinants of health; healthy lifestyle; clinically significant weight loss

Online: 29 July 2022 (09:52:36 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0436.v1

SUMOylation in Skeletal Development, Homeostasis, and Disease

Tao Yang, Huadie Liu, Sonya E. L. Craig, Vladimir Molchanov, Joe Floramo, Yaguang Zhao

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: SUMO; MSC; osteoblast; chondrocyte; osteoclast; signaling pathway; arthritis; osteosarcoma; developmental disorders

Online: 28 July 2022 (09:04:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0258.v1

Melatonin Decreases Acute Inflammatory Response to Neural Probe Insertion

Daniela D. Krahe, Kevin M. Woeppel, Qianru Yang, Neetu Kushwah, Xinyan Tracy Cui

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Melatonin; glial scar; insertion trauma; anti-inflammatory; antioxidant

Online: 18 July 2022 (10:08:28 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0083.v1

Screening Biophysical Sensors and Actuators that Influence Wound Healing in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons

Vaibhav Pai, Ben Cooper, Michael Levin

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: bioelectricity; ion flux; membrane potential; live sensor dyes; pH; serotonin; acetylcholine; GABA; hiNSC

Online: 6 July 2022 (03:52:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0329.v1

Prevalence of CAH-X Syndrome in Italian Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) Due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency

Rosa Maria Paragliola, Alessia Perrucci, Laura Foca, Andrea Urbani, Paola Concolino

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: congenital adrenal hyperplasia; Ehlers Danlos Syndrome; CAH-X syndrome

Online: 24 June 2022 (04:09:50 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0284.v1

Building Consensus around the Assessment and Interpretation of Symbiodiniaceae Diversity

Sarah Davies, Matthew H. Gamache, Lauren I. Howe-Kerr, Nicola G. Kriefall, Andrew C. Baker, Anastazia T. Banaszak, Line K. Bay, Anthony J. Bellantuono, Debashish Bhattacharya, Cheong Xin Chan, Danielle C. Claar, Mary Alice Coffroth, Ross Cunning, Simon K. Davy, Javier del Campo, Erika M. Diaz-Almeyda, Jorg C. Frommlet, Lauren E. Fuess, Raul A. Gonzalez-Pech, Tamar L. Goulet, Kenneth D. Hoadley, Emily J. Howells, Benjamin C. C. Hume, Dustin W. Kemp, Carly, D. Kenkel, Sheila A. Kitchen, Todd C. LaJeunesse, Senjie Lin, Shelby McIlroy, Ryan McMinds, Matthew R. Nitschke, Clinton A. Oakley, Raquel S. Peixoto, Carlos Prada, Hollie M. Putnam, Kate Quigley, Hannah G. Reich, James Davis Reimer, Mauricio Rodriguez-Lanetty, Stephanie Rosalas, Osama S. Saad, Eugenia M. Sampayo, Scott Santos, Eiichi Shoguchi, Edward G. Smith, Michael Stat, Timothy G. Stephens, Marie E. Strader, David J. Suggett, Timothy D. Swain, Cawa Tran, Nikki Traylor-Knowles, Christian R. Voolstra, Mark E. Warner, Virginia M. Weis, Rachel Wright, Tingting Xiang, Hiroshi Yamashita, Maren Ziegler, Adrienne M.S. Correa, John Everett Parkinson

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Symbiodinaceae; genetic diversity; coral symbiosis

Online: 21 June 2022 (04:49:04 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0122.v2

Evidence for the Presence of Synovial Sheaths Surrounding the Extensor Tendons at the Metacarpophalangeal Joints

Yousra Dakkak, Bastiaan van Dijk, Friso Jansen, Lambertus Wisse, Monique Reijnierse, Annette van der Helm-van Mil, Marco de Ruiter

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: tendon sheath; metacarpophalangeal; rheumatoid arthritis; tenosynovitis; peritendinitis; anatomy

Online: 8 June 2022 (12:29:32 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0161.v2

Human Muscle Spindles are Wired to Function as Controllable Signal-processing Devices

Michael Dimitriou

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: muscle spindle; proprioception; sensorimotor; fusimotor; signal processing; human

Online: 6 June 2022 (09:17:09 CEST)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0048.v1

Morphometric Characterization of the Asymmetry in the Mandible of the Ferret (Mustela putorius furo Linnaeus, 1758)

Pere M. Parés-Casanova

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: craniofacial; laboratory animal; mental foramen; mental nerve; polecat

Online: 3 June 2022 (11:18:03 CEST)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0044.v1

Bony Orbital Form in Two Groups of Catarrhini Primates: How Asymmetrical Are They?

Pere M. Parés-Casanova

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: drill; gorilla; mandrill; nonhuman primates; papio; stress

Online: 3 June 2022 (10:22:01 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0034.v1

Ca²⁺ Signaling and Hypoxia/Acidic Tumour Microenvironment Interplay in Tumour Progression

Madelaine Magalie Audero, Natalia Prevarskaya, Alessandra Fiorio Pla

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Ca2+ signaling; TRP channels; SOC channels; PIEZO channels tumour acidic microenvironment; hypoxia; tumour progression

Online: 2 June 2022 (11:10:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0400.v1

Effects of Pulsatile Flow Rate and Shunt Ratio in Bifurcated Distal Arteries on Hemodynamic Characteristics Involved in Two Patient-Specific Internal Carotid Artery Sidewall Aneurysms: A Numerical Study

Hang Yi, Mark Johnson, Luke C. Bramlage, Ludwig Bryan, Zifeng Yang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Internal carotid artery sidewall aneurysm (ICASA); hemodynamic behaviors; computational fluid dynamics (CFD); pulsatile flow rate (PFR); bifurcated shunt ratio; wall shear stress (WSS); oscillatory shear index (OSI); time-averaged pressure (TAP)

Online: 30 May 2022 (11:38:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0384.v1

Prussian Blue Nanoparticle-Mediated Scalable Thermal Stimulation for Neuronal Differentiation

Stefania Blasa, Mykola Borzenkov, Valentina Pastori, Lavinia Doveri, Piersandro Pallavicini, Giuseppe Chirico, Marzia Lecchi, Maddalena Collini

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: nanoparticles; thermal stimulation; neuronal differentiation; neurite outgrowth; electrical activity; electrophysiology

Online: 27 May 2022 (12:00:51 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0365.v1

Structural Analysis of Fluid Flow in Complex Biological Systems

Robert Eisenberg

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Fluid flow; conservation laws; Bidomain model; glymphatic system

Online: 26 May 2022 (10:42:20 CEST)

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Biology is about structure. Structures within structures. Organs within animals, tissues within organs, cells within tissues, and molecules, often proteins within cells. The structures are so complex that they can only be described by numbers. No numbers are of more importance than those that describe proteins. The numbers that describe coordinates of its atoms, often determined by Patterson functions (which are inverse Fourier Transforms of intensities) of crystal diffraction. Without these numbers, structural biology would hardly exist. Without numbers, engineering would not exist. Numbers are surely needed by the engineers who produce the x-rays diffracting from atoms of protein crystals. Devices of engineering have function. They are built to implement equations. Engineering devices use structures to implement equations, when power is supplied at the right places, that produces appropriate flows. Flows are the essence of life. Equilibrium means death in most living systems. Flows in biological structures are hard to analyze because we do not know input output equations in advance. Sometimes we do not know their function. Flows, forces, and structures of life (like those of engineering) are related by field equations of conservation laws, partial differential equations, constrained by location and properties of structures. Constraints are boundary conditions located on the complicated domain of biological structure. Dealing with this complexity is simplified if one systematically analyzes structure using the most general field theory known, electricity described by the Maxwell equations, without significant known error. Currents are involved because flows of biology usually involve migration of charges, convection of water and solutes, diffusion of ions that form the plasma of life, and their interactions. Interactions can dominate function. Here I show how a few complex structures can be understood in engineering detail. This approach may be useful in dealing with biological and medical issues in many other cases. In one limited case—the clearance of a toxic waste (potassium ions) from the optic nerve—this approach seems to have succeeded.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0349.v1

Screening and Identification of Novel Small Molecule Inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Dihydrodipicolinate Synthase Enzyme using In Silico and In Vitro Methods

Anasuya Bhargav, Pratibha Chaurasia, Nikita V. Ivanisenko, Vladimir A. Ivanisenko, Bhupesh Taneja, Srinivasan Ramachandran

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Docking; lead discovery; molecular dynamic simulation; tuberculosis; coupled assay

Online: 25 May 2022 (10:11:26 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0293.v1

Neuroprotective and Anti-Epileptic Potentials of Genus Artemisia L.

Bayan Sailike, Wei-Lin Jin, Sholpan Askarova, Altynay Adilbayeva, Janar Jenis, Burkitkan Akbay, Zhannur Omarova, Tursonjan Tokay

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Genus Artemisia; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; antiapoptosis; anti-neuroinflammatory; neuropro-tective; cognitive function

Online: 23 May 2022 (10:20:52 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0212.v1

Biological Constraint as a Cause of Aging

David Gems, Carina Kern

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: aging; antagonistic pleiotropy; biological constraint; hyperfunction; hypofunction; programmatic aging; trade-off

Online: 16 May 2022 (14:02:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0191.v1

Nonlinear Analysis of Beat-To-Beat Variability of Action Potential Time Series Data Identifies Dynamic Reentrant Substrates in a Hypokalaemic Mouse Model of Acquired Long QT Syndrome

Gary Tse, Jiandong Zhou, Xiuming Dong, Guoliang Hao, Sharen Lee, Keith Sai Kit Leung, Tong Liu, Yimei Du, Shuk Han Cheng, Wing Tak Wong

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: repolarization variability; beat-to-beat; entropy; delayed repolarization; long QT

Online: 13 May 2022 (10:44:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0154.v1

Antioxidant Responses Induced by PFAS Exposure in Freshwater Fish in the Veneto Region

Elisabetta Piva, Sophia Schumann, Serena Dotteschini, Ginevra Brocca, Giuseppe Radaelli, Andrea Marion, Paola Irato, Daniela Bertotto, Gianfranco Santovito

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: antioxidant enzymes; freshwater fish; oxidative stress; PFAS; Veneto region

Online: 12 May 2022 (02:47:28 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0153.v1

Heterogeneities in Ventricular Conduction Following Treatment with Heptanol: A Multi-Electrode Array Study in Langendorff-Perfused Mouse Hearts

Xiuming Dong, Gary Tse, Guoliang Hao, Yimei Du

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: conduction; heterogeneity; inhomogeneity; dispersion; mouse; heptanol

Online: 11 May 2022 (13:08:36 CEST)

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Background: Previous studies have associated slowed ventricular conduction in the arrhythmogenesis mediated by the gap junction and sodium channel inhibitor heptanol in mouse hearts but did not study the propagation patterns that might contribute to the arrhythmic substrate. This study used a multi-electrode array mapping technique, to further investigate different conduction abnormalities in Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts exposed to 0.1 or 2 mM heptanol. Methods: Multi-electrode array recordings were made from the left ventricular epicardium in spontaneously beating hearts, during right ventricular regular 8 Hz pacing or S1S2 pacing. Results: In spontaneously beating hearts, heptanol at 0.1 and 2 mM significantly reduced the heart rate from 314±25 to 189±24 and 157±7 bpm, respectively (ANOVA, P<0.05 and P<0.001). During regular 8 Hz pacing, Mean LATs were increased by 0.1 and 2 mM heptanol from 7.1±2.2 ms to 19.9±5.0 ms (P<0.05) and 18.4±5.7 ms (P<0.05). The standard deviation of mean LATs was increased from 2.5±0.8 ms to 10.3±4.0 ms and 8.0±2.5 ms (P< 0.05), and the median of phase differences was significantly increased from 1.7±1.1 ms to 13.9±7.8 ms and 12.1±5.0 ms by 0.1 and 2 mM heptanol (P<0.05). P5 took a value of 0.2±0.1 ms and was not significantly altered by heptanol at 0.1 or 2 mM (1.1±0.9 ms and 0.9±0.5 ms, P>0.05). P50 was increased from 7.3±2.7 ms to 24.0±12.0 ms by 0.1 mM heptanol and then to 22.5±7.5 ms by 2 mM heptanol (P< 0.05). P95 was increased from 1.7±1.1 ms to 13.9±7.8 ms by 0.1 mM heptanol and to 12.1±5.0 ms by 2 mM heptanol (P<0.05). These changes led to increases in the absolute inhomogeneity in conduction (P5-95) from 7.1±2.6 ms to 31.4±11.3 ms, 2 mM: 21.6±7.2 ms, respectively (P<0.05). The inhomogeneity index (P5-95/P50) was significantly reduced from 3.7±1.2 to 3.1±0.8 by 0.1 mM and then to 3.3±0.9 by 2 mM heptanol (P<0.05). Conclusion: Increased activation latencies, reduced CVs and increased dispersion index of conduction were associated with both spontaneous and induced ventricular arrhythmias.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0020.v1

Skeletal Muscle Cells Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: A Platform for Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophies

Celine Bruge, Marine Geoffroy, Manon Benabides, Emilie Pellier, Jamila Dhiab, Evelyne Gicquel, Lucile Hoch, Isabelle Richard, Xavier Nissan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: limb girdle muscular dystrophies; induced pluripotent stem cells; skeletal muscle cells; pathological modeling

Online: 5 May 2022 (03:44:03 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0144.v1

Neuro-Mechanical Control of Movement and Coordination: A New Perspective Based on Somatic Equilibrium Points

Alessandro Garofolini, Daris Svanera

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: reflex; proprioception; sensorimotor; muscle spindle; fascia; human

Online: 15 April 2022 (10:40:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0038.v1

Thermodynamics and the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation

Hirohisa Tamagawa, Toi Nakahata, Ren Sugimori, Bernard Delalande

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz eq.; Nernst eq.; ion adsorption; membrane potential

Online: 6 April 2022 (08:37:53 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0216.v2

The Solid Tumor Microenvironment - Breaking The Barrier For T Cells

Hasan Simsek, Enrico Klotzsch

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: tumor microenvironment; immunology; mechanobiology

Online: 21 March 2022 (10:57:52 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0260.v1

BRAF^V600E Induction in Thyrocytes Triggers Important Changes in the miRNAs Content and the Populations of Extracellular Vesicles Released in Thyroid Tumor Microenvironment

Ophélie Delcorte, Catherine Spourquet, Pascale Lemoine, Jonathan Degosserie, Patrick Van Der Smissen, Nicolas Dauguet, Axelle Loriot, Jeffrey A. Knauf, Laurent Gatto, Etienne Marbaix, James A. Fagin, Christophe E. Pierreux

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: thyroid cancer; PTC; BRAFV600E; mouse model; miRNA; extracellular vesicles; heterogeneity; se-quencing

Online: 18 March 2022 (03:53:48 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0147.v1

Effect of Rehydration with Mineral Water Following Exercise Induced Dehydration on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Athletes

Talal M. Al-Qurashi, Khalid Saad Aljaloud, Abdulaziz A Aldayel, Yahya R. Alsharif, Abdulrahman I. Alaqil, Ghareeb O. Alshuwaier

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: dehydration; rehydration; cardiorespiratory fitness; athlete

Online: 10 March 2022 (12:18:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0086.v1

Ecological Firewalls for Synthetic Biology

Blai Vidiella, Ricard Sole

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: ecological firewalls; synthetic microbiomes; mutualism; cooperation

Online: 4 March 2022 (21:50:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0076.v1

The Advantage of Inactivated Vaccine for Preventing the Omicron Outbreak

Xinbo Lian, Jianping Huang, Li Zhang, Yingjie Zhao, Danfeng Wang, Shuoyuan Gao, Rui Wang, Xiaodong Song

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: COVID-19; Omicron; inactivated vaccines

Online: 4 March 2022 (09:10:15 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0223.v3

A Standardized Nomenclature and Atlas of the Female Terminalia of Drosophila melanogaster

Eden W. McQueen, Mehrnaz Afkhami, Joel Atallah, John M. Belote, Nicolas Gompel, Yael Heifetz, Yoshitaka Kamimura, Shani C. Kornhaeuser, John P. Masly, Patrick O’Grady, Julianne Peláez, Mark Rebeiz, Gavin Rice, Ernesto Sánchez-Herrero, Maria Daniela Santos Nunes, Augusto Santos Rampasso, Sandra L. Schnakenberg, Mark L. Siegal, Aya Takahashi, Kentaro M. Tanaka, Natascha Turetzek, Einat Zelinger, Virginie Courtier-Orgogozo, Masanori J. Toda, Mariana F. Wolfner, Amir Yassin

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Genitalia; terminalia; anatomy; Drosophila melanogaster; nomenclature

Online: 4 March 2022 (08:56:09 CET)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0014.v1

Body Plan Identity: A Mechanistic Model

James DiFrisco, Gunter Wagner

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: body plan; archetype; burden; generative entrenchment

Online: 1 March 2022 (10:17:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0208.v1

Lactobacillus Acidophilus DDS-1 Modulates the Gut Microbial Co-Occurrence Networks in Aging Mice

Ravichandra Vemuri, Christopher J. Martoni, Kylie Kavanagh, Rajaraman Eri

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: aging; intestinal microbiota; dysbiosis; probiotics; microbial co-occurrences

Online: 17 February 2022 (10:59:55 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0067.v1

Progress in Antimalarial Drug Discovery and Development: Obstructions and Opportunities

Rukshi Naaz

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Antimalarial Drug; Malaria Vaccine; Drug Discovery; Artimisnine; K13; Malaria

Online: 4 February 2022 (10:22:34 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0064.v1

Farmers’ Participatory Evaluation of Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation Method on the Greenhouse Gas Emission, Water Productivity and Paddy Yield in Bangladesh

Mohammad Mobarak Hossain, Mohammad Rafiqul Islam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: methane; nitrous oxide; global warming potential; water productivity; paddy yield

Online: 3 February 2022 (17:02:55 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0428.v1

Dynamical Feedback Control: Motor Cortex as an Optimal Feedback Controller Based on Neural Dynamics

Christopher Versteeg, Lee Miller

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Motor Control; Feedback; Dynamical Systems

Online: 28 January 2022 (08:03:31 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0312.v1

Potential Metabolite Markers for Pancreatic Cancer Identified by Metabolomic Analysis of Induced Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts

Yoshihiro Miyazaki, Nobuhito Mori, Yuka Akagi, Tatsuya Oda, Yasuyuki Kida

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: cancer-associated fibroblasts; tumor microenvironment; pancreatic cancer; intracellular metabolism; glycolysis; oxidative phosphorylation; cell differentiation

Online: 20 January 2022 (19:42:29 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0275.v1

Experiencing Forest Therapy in the Italian Landscape: Bathing in the Selva of Castelfidardo

Giovanna Borriello, Elisa Grazioli, Paolo Zavarella, Roberto Paolini, Antonio Ianniello, Dario Silvestri, Claudia Cerulli, Attilio Parisi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: forest bathing; forest medicine; human health

Online: 19 January 2022 (14:24:50 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0254.v1

Formalizing Insect Morphological Data: A Model-Based, Extensible Insect Anatomy Ontology and Its Potential Applications in Biodiversity Research and Informatics

Jennifer C. Girón, Sergei Tarasov, Luis A. González Montaña, Nicolas Matentzoglu, Aaron D. Smith, Markus Koch, Brendon E. Boudinot, Patrice Bouchard, Roger Burks, Lars Vogt, Matt Yoder, David Osumi-Sutherland, Frank Friedrich, Rolf Beutel, István Mikó

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Morphology; insects; biodiversity research; ontology development

Online: 18 January 2022 (11:49:54 CET)

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The spectacular radiation of insects has produced a stunning diversity of phenotypes. During the last 250 years, research on insect systematics has generated hundreds of terms for naming and comparing those phenotypes. In its current form, this terminological diversity is presented in natural language and lacks formalization, which prohibits computer-assisted comparison using semantic web technologies. Here we propose a Model for Describing Insect Anatomical Structures (MoDIAS) which incorporates structural properties and positional relationships for standardized, consistent, and reproducible descriptions of insect phenotypes. We applied the MoDIAS framework in creating the ontology for the Anatomy of the Insect Skeleto-Muscular system (AISM). The AISM is the first general insect ontology that aims to cover all taxa by providing generalized, fully logical, and queryable, definitions for each term. It was built using the Ontology Development Kit (ODK), which maximizes interoperability with Uberon (Uberon multi-species anatomy ontology) and other basic ontologies, enhancing the integration of insect anatomy into the broader biological sciences. A template system for adding new terms, extending and linking the AISM to additional anatomical, phenotypic, genetic, and chemical ontologies is also introduced. The AISM is proposed as the backbone for taxon-specific insect ontologies and has potential applications spanning systematic biology and biodiversity informatics, allowing users to (1) use controlled vocabularies and create semi-automated computer-parsable insect morphological descriptions; (2) integrate insect morphology into broader fields of research, including ontology-informed phylogenetic methods, logical homology hypothesis testing, evo-devo studies, and genotype to phenotype mapping; and (3) automate the extraction of morphological data from the literature, enabling the generation of large-scale phenomic data, by facilitating the production and testing of informatic tools able to extract, link, annotate, and process morphological data. This system will allow for clear and semantically interoperable integration of insect phenotypes in biodiversity studies.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0502.v1

Free Fatty Acid Receptors (FFARs) In Adipose: Physiological Role and Therapeutic Outlook

Saeed Al Mahri, Shuja Shafi Malik, Maria Al Ibrahim, Esraa Haji, Ghida Dairi, Sameer Mohammad

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Adipose tissue; G-protein coupled receptors; Free Fatty acid receptors; Thermogenesis; Adipogenesis

Online: 31 December 2021 (10:43:17 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0384.v1

Function and Plasticity of Electrical Synapses in the Mammalian Brain: Role of Non-Junctional Mechanisms

Sebastian Curti, Federico Davoine, Antonella Dapino

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Gap junctions; Connexins; Connexons; Electrical coupling; Cx36; Coincidence detection; HCN channels; Neuronal synchronization; Lateral Excitation; Oscillatory activity

Online: 23 December 2021 (11:42:39 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0338.v1

Designing Climate-Smart Brinjal That Can Withstand a Variety of Environmental Conditions: A Perspective

Bandi Arpitha Shankar

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Brinjal; Chlorogenic acid content; Climate smart; Breeding; Molecular markers

Online: 21 December 2021 (13:44:30 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0179.v1

Anti-diabetic, Antioxidants, Anti-hepatorenaltoxicity Activities of Cyperus rotundus Rhizome Extract in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

Mohammed Al-Awar, Turki Alqabbani

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Cyperus rotundus rhizomes; Diabetes; Lipids Profile; Hepatorenalprotective; Oxidative marker

Online: 10 December 2021 (13:11:59 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0161.v1

Oxidative Stress-Induced Misfolding and Inclusion Formation of Nrf2 and Keap1

Vy Ngo, Nadun C. Karunatilleke, Anne Brickenden, Wing-Yiu Choy, Martin L. Duennwald

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Nrf2; Keap1; oxidation; oxidative stress; protein misfolding

Online: 9 December 2021 (15:46:41 CET)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0412.v2

Synaptic plasticity is altered by treatment with pharmacological levels of retinoic acid acting nongenomically however endogenous retinoic acid has not been shown to control synaptic plasticity

Gregg Duester

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: synaptic plasticity; retinoic acid; nongenomic action

Online: 9 December 2021 (15:08:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0048.v1

ECMpy, a Simplified Workflow for Constructing Enzymatic Constrained Metabolic Network Model

Zhitao Mao, Xin Zhao, Xue Yang, Peiji Zhang, Jiawei Du, Qianqian Yuan, Hongwu Ma

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Enzyme-constrained model; Escherichia coli; Enzyme kinetics; Protein subunit; Overflow metabolism

Online: 3 December 2021 (10:20:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0479.v1

Hyperinsulinemia Induces Insulin Receptor Dysfunction in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells

Luke S. Watson, Brynna Wilken-Resman, Alexus Williams, Guadalupe Sanchez, Taylor Lowry McLeod, Catrina Sims-Robinson

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Blood-Brain Barrier; Neurodegeneration; obesity; high-fat diet; protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b

Online: 25 November 2021 (13:54:27 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0458.v1

Age-Dependent Decline of NAD+ - Universal Truth or Confounded Consensus?

Augusto Peluso, Mads Vargas Damgaard, Marcelo Alves Mori, Jonas Thue Treebak

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: NAD+; aging; yeast; C. elegans; mouse; rat; monkey; human

Online: 24 November 2021 (13:10:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0414.v1

Quantitative Proteomics and Differential Protein Abundance Analysis after Depletion of PEX3 from Human Cells Identifies Additional Aspects of Protein Targeting to the ER

Richard Zimmermann, Sven Lang, Monika Lerner, Friedrich G Förster, Duy Nguyen, Volkard Helms, Bianca Schrul

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: endoplasmic reticulum; lipid droplets; peroxisomes; PEX3; protein targeting; membrane protein insertion; protein translocation; label-free quantitative mass spectrometry; differential protein abundance analysis; Zellweger syndrome

Online: 23 November 2021 (09:23:16 CET)

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Protein import into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the first step in the biogenesis of about 10,000 different soluble and membrane proteins in humans. It involves co- or post-translational targeting of precursor polypeptides to the ER and their subsequent membrane insertion or translocation. So far, three pathways for ER targeting of precursor polypeptides plus four pathways for ER targeting of mRNAs were described. Typically, these pathways deliver their substrates to the Sec61 polypeptide-conducting channel in the ER membrane. Next, the precursor polypeptides are inserted into the ER membrane or translocated into the ER lumen, which may involve auxiliary translocation components, such as the TRAP and Sec62/Sec63 complexes, or auxiliary membrane protein insertases, such as EMC and the TMCO1 complex. Recently, the PEX19/PEX3-dependent pathway, which has a well-known function in targeting and inserting various peroxisomal membrane proteins into pre-existent peroxisomal membranes, was also found to act in targeting and, putatively, inserting monotopic hairpin proteins into the ER. These either remain in the ER as resident ER membrane proteins or are pinched off from the ER as components of new lipid droplets. Therefore, the question arose if this pathway may play a more general role in ER protein targeting, i.e. represents a fourth pathway for ER targeting of precursor polypeptides. Thus, we addressed the client spectrum of the PEX19/PEX3-dependent pathway in both PEX3-depleted HeLa cells and PEX3-deficient Zellweger patient fibroblasts by an established approach, which involves label-free quantitative mass spectrometry of the total proteome of depleted or deficient cells and differential protein abundance analysis. The negatively affected proteins included twelve peroxisomal proteins and two hairpin proteins of the ER, thus confirming two previously identified classes of putative PEX19/PEX3-clients in human cells. Interestingly, fourteen collagen-related proteins with signal peptides or N-terminal transmembrane helices and belonging to the secretory pathway were also negatively affected by PEX3-deficiency, which may suggest compromised collagen biogenesis as a hitherto unknown contributor to organ failures in the respective Zellweger patients.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0138.v1

Fundamental Clock of Biological Aging: Convergence of Molecular, Neurodegenerative, Cognitive, and Psychiatric Pathways: Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics Meet Psychology

Victor Vasilyevich Dyakin, Nika Victorovna Dyakina-Fagnano, Laura Beth McIntire, Vladimir Nikolaevich Uversky

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: spontaneous; non-enzymatic; post translational modifications; racemization; biological clock; natural selection; allostatic load; psychological aging; psychological stress; stress response sys-tem; phase transitions.

Online: 8 November 2021 (13:08:58 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0348.v1

Functional Conservation and Genetic Divergence of Chordate Glycinergic Neurotransmission: Insights from Amphioxus Glycine Transporters

Matteo Bozzo, Simone Costa, Valentina Obino, Tiziana Bachetti, Emanuela Marcenaro, Mario Pestarino, Michael Schubert, Simona Candiani

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: GlyT; glia; nervous system evolution; central pattern generator; locomotion; cephalochordates

Online: 25 October 2021 (12:45:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0234.v1

An Economic Approach to Energy Budgets: How Many Resources Should Living Organisms Spare?

Arturo Tozzi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: economics; ATP; energy budget; cellular activity; ageing; prebiotic

Online: 15 October 2021 (17:04:45 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Vitamin A Transporters in Visual Function: A Mini Review on Membrane Receptors for dietary Vitamin A Uptake, Storage, and Transport to the Eye

Nicasio Martin Ask, Matthias Leung, Rakesh Radhakrishnan, Glenn Lobo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: vitamin A transporters; all-trans retinol; retinyl esters; LRAT; STRA6; RBPR2; RBP4; retinol-binding proteins; photoreceptors; visual function

Online: 11 October 2021 (14:15:27 CEST)

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Vitamins are essential compounds obtained through diet that are necessary for normal devel-opment and function in an organism. One of the most important vitamins for human physiology is Vitamin A, a group of retinoid compounds and carotenoids which generally function as a mediator for cell growth, differentiation, immunity, and embryonic development, as well as serving as a key component in the phototransduction cycle in vertebrate retina. For humans, vitamin A is obtained through the diet, where provitamin A carotenoids like β-carotene, or preformed vitamin A such as retinyl esters are absorbed into the body via the small intestine and converted into all-trans retinol within the intestinal enterocytes. Specifically, once absorbed, carotenoids are cleaved by carote-noid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs), such as BCO1, to produce all-trans retinal that subsequently gets converted into all-trans retinol. CRBP2 bound retinol is then converted into retinyl esters (REs) by the enzyme lecithin retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) in the endoplasmic reticulum, which is then packaged into chylomicrons and sent into the bloodstream for storage in hepatic stellate cells in the liver or for functional use in peripheral tissues such as the retina. All-trans retinol also travels through the bloodstream bound to retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), where it enters cells with the assistance of the transmembrane transporters, stimulated by retinoic acid 6 (STRA6) in peripheral tissues or retinol binding protein receptor 2 (RBPR2) in systemic tissues (e.g. in the retina and the liver respectively). Much is known about the intake, metabolism, storage, and function of vitamin A compounds, especially with regard to its impact on eye development and visual function in the retinoid cycle. However, there is much to learn about the role of vitamin A as a transcription factor in development and cell growth, as well as how peripheral cells signal hepatocytes to secrete all-trans retinol into the blood for peripheral cell use. This article aims to review literature re-garding the major known pathways of vitamin A intake from dietary sources into hepatocytes, vitamin A excretion by hepatocytes, as well as vitamin A usage within the retinoid cycle in the RPE and retina to provide insight on future directions of novel membrane transporters for vitamin A in retinal cell physiology and visual function.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0339.v2

An Updated Review of the Invasive Aedes Albopictus in the Americas; Geographical Distribution, Host Feeding Patterns, Arbovirus Infection, and the Potential for Vertical Transmission of Dengue Virus

Julian E. Garcia-Rejon, Juan-Carlos Navarro, Nohemi Cigarroa-Toledo, Carlos M. Baak-Baak

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Asian tiger mosquito; feeding pattern; minimum infection rate; emerging arboviruses; dengue virus

Online: 30 September 2021 (11:48:25 CEST)

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Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus is a mosquito native to Southeast Asia. Currently, it has a wide distribution in America where natural infection with arboviruses of medical and veterinary importance has been reported. In spite of their importance in the transmission of endemic arbovirus, basic information of parameters affecting their vectorial capacity is poorly investigated. The aim of the work was to update the distribution range of Ae. albopictus in the Americas, review the blood-feeding patterns and compare the minimum infection rate (MIR) of the dengue virus (DENV) between studies of vertical and horizontal transmission. The current distribution of Ae. albopictus encompasses 21 countries in the Americas. Extensive review has been conducted for the blood-feeding patterns of Ae. albopictus. The results suggest that the mosquito is capable of feeding on 16 species of mammals and five species of avian. Humans, dogs, and rats are the most common host. Eight arboviruses with the potential to infect humans and animals have been isolated in Ae. albopictus. In the United States of America (USA), Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Keystone virus, La Crosse Virus, West Nile virus, and Cache Valley virus were isolated in the Asian mosquito. In Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, and Costa Rica, DENV (all serotypes) has been frequently identified in field-caught Ae. albopictus. Overall, the estimated MIR in Ae. albopictus infected with DENV is similar between horizontal (10.95) and vertical transmission (8.28). However, in vertical transmission, there is a difference in the MIR values if the DENV is identified from larvae or adults (males and females emerged from a collection of eggs or larvae). MIR estimated from larvae is 14.04 and in adults is 4.04. In conclusion, it has to be highlighted that Ae. albopictus is an invasive mosquito with wide phenotypic plasticity to adapt to broad and new areas, it is highly efficient to transmit the DENV horizontally and vertically, it can participate in the inter-endemic transmission of the dengue disease, and it can spread zoonotic arboviruses across forest and urban settings.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0391.v1

Biomechanical Constitutive Modeling of the Gastrointestinal Tissues: Where Are We?

Bhavesh Patel, Alessio Gizzi, Javad Hashemi, Yousif Awakeem, Hans Gregersen, Ghassan Kassab

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Digestive tract; Colon; Biomechanics; Mechanical properties; Strain energy function; Hyperelasticity

Online: 22 September 2021 (22:25:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0320.v1

A Novel Method to Stimulate Lymphatic Clearance of Beta-Amyloid from Mouse Brain Using Non-invasive Music-Induced Opening of the Blood-Brain Barrier with EEG Markers

Oxana Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya, Alexander Khorovodov, Ivan Fedosov, Alexey Pavlov, Alexander Shirokov, Ali Esmat Sharif, Alexander Dubrovskii, Inna Blokhina, Andrey Terskov, Nikita Navolokin, Arina Evsukova, Georgy Karandin, Dariya Elovenko, Maria Tzoy, Vasily Ageev, Ilana Agranovich, Valeria Telnova, Anna Tsven, Elena Saranceva, Tatyana Iskra, Jürgen Kurths

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: music; blood-brain barrier; lymphatic system; amyloid-β protein; detrended fluctuation analysis; electroencephalographic patterns.

Online: 20 September 2021 (09:02:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0316.v1

Short-term Epileptiform Activity Potentiates Excitatory Synapses but does not Affect Intrinsic Membrane Properties of Pyramidal Neurons in the Rat Hippocampus in Vitro

Julia L. Ergina, Dmitry V. Amakhin, Tatyana Y. Postnikova, Elena B. Soboleva, Aleksey V. Zaitsev

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: temporal lobe epilepsy; hippocampus; 4-aminopyridine; epilepsy model; long-term potentiation; AMPA receptor.

Online: 17 September 2021 (12:45:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0250.v1

Folic Acid Exerts Dose-Dependent Biphasic Effects on Cardiac Development of Zebrafish Embryos

Xuhui Han, Bingqi Wang, Hongjie Wang, Yao Zu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: mthfr; folic acid; heart development; zebrafish; CRISPR/Cas9

Online: 15 September 2021 (09:16:39 CEST)

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