This paper presents the perturbation theory for the double–sine–Gordon equation. We obtain a system of differential equations that shows the amplitude and phase modulation of the approximate solution.. In the particular case λ = 0 we get the well-known perturbation theory for the sine–Gordon equation. For a special value λ=-1/8, we derive a phase-locked solution with the same frequency of the linear case. In general we obtain both coherent (solitary waves, lumps and so on) solutions as well as fractal solutions. We can demonstrate the existence of envelope wobbling solitary waves, because of the phase modulation depending on the solution amplitude and on the position. The main conclusion is that it is too reductive focus only on coherent solutions for the double sine-Gordon equation, because of the very rich behavior for the DSG nonlinear equation, including wobbling chaotic and fractal solutions.

Four methods in two different families have been constructed to derive the exact solutions to Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation in two space dimensions. Simply defined hyperbolic tangent, hyperbolic secant and hyperbolic cosecant ansatzes and the expansion method based on the Sine-Gordon equation in two dimensions are directly substituted into the governing ODE reduced from the two dimensional BBM equation. Classical algebraic method is used to find the relations among the target parameters representing the nonzero coefficients in the predicted solutions and the wave transform parameters. Some complex and real solutions have been constructed in explicit forms.

New exact solutions to conformable time fractional EW and modified EW equations are constructed by using Sine-Gordon expansion approach. The fractional traveling wave transform and homogeneous balance have significant roles in the solution procedure. The predicted solution is of the form of some finite series of multiplication of powers of cos and sin functions. The relation among trigonometric and hyperbolic functions in sense of Sine-Gordon expansion gives opportunity to construct the solutions in terms of hyperbolic functions.

An expansion method based on time fractional Sine-Gordon equation is implemented to construct some real and complex valued exact solutions to the Korteweg-de Vries and modified Korteweg-de Vries equation in time fractional forms. Compatible fractional traveling wave transform plays a key role to be able to apply homogeneous balance technique to set the predicted solution. The relation between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions based on fractional Sine-Gordon equation allows to form the exact solutions with multiplication of powers of hyperbolic functions.

The response of the Cold-Electron Bolometers (CEBs), integrated into a 2-D array of dipole antennas, has been measured by irradiation from YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-\delta}$ (YBCO) 50 $\mu$m long Josephson junction into the THz region at frequencies from 0.1 to 0.8 THz. The possibility of controlling the amplitude-frequency characteristic is demonstrated by the external magnetic field in the traveling wave regime of a long Josephson junction. YBCO junction has been formed on the bicrystal Zr$_{1-x}$Y$_x$O$_2$ (YSZ) substrate by magnetron sputtering and etching of the film. CEBs have been fabricated using an Al multilayer structure by a self-aligned shadow evaporation technique on Si substrate. Both receiver and oscillator have been located inside the same cryostat at 0.3K and 2.7K plates, respectively.

In the present study, we derive a new B-spline technique namely trigonometric B-spline collocation algorithm to solve some initial boundary value problems for the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation. In order to carry out the time integration with Crank-Nicolson implicit method, the order of the equation is reduced to give a coupled system of nonlinear partial differential equations. The collocation approximation based on trigonometric cubic B-splines for spatial discretization is followed by the linearization of the nonlinear term. The efficiency and accuracy of the present method are validated by measuring the error between the numerical and analytical solutions when exist. The conservation laws representing momentum and energy are also computed for all problems.

The correspondence between classical and quaternion quantum equations, permits considering the universe (vacuum) as an ideal elastic solid. Elementary particles would have to be standing or soliton-like waves. Tension induced by the compression and twisting of the elastic medium would increase the energy density, consequently generate a gravity forcing and affect the wave speed. Consequently the gravity could be described by an index of refraction. Theory was created by combining the Cauchy model of the elastic continuum with the Planck-Kleinert crystal hypothesis. The quaternion-imaginary Lagrange’an, the quaternion motion equation and the quaternionic oscillator allowed deriving: - The Schrödinger equation from the functional integral, which identifies the quaternion-imaginary quantum Hamiltonian. - The 2nd order wave equation system describing both the bosons and the gravity in terms of quaternionic Poisson equation. - The first order quaternionic wave equation system. - The family of the second order wave equation systems describing both the particles and the generated quaternionic force-fields (four-potentials). - The fundamental Planck and gravity constants. - The quaternionic continuity equation in an ideal elastic solid.

Oscillons, fundamental to various physical domains, are examined in-depth in this paper. From Josephson junctions in superconducting circuits to classical and quantum field theories, oscillators reveal profound insights into diverse phenomena. The study primarily focuses on oscillons, distinctive field configurations with enduring localization, establishing intriguing connections with well-known models like the Sine-Gordon breather. Surprising parallels in the weak coupling limit illuminate the rich dynamics of oscillators. A semi-classical quantization method, discretizing the field into spatially homogeneous regions, exposes stability angles, providing insights into the quantum nature of oscillons. The application of this quantization framework to specific cases, including the Sine-Gordon breather, showcases its versatility. The results offer a comprehensive perspective on the quantization of oscillons, unraveling the intricate interplay between classical and quantum dynamics. In conclusion, this paper provides a profound exploration of quantum oscillators, unveiling novel connections and presenting a rigorous quantization framework. The gained insights contribute significantly to the broader understanding of oscillatory systems and their pivotal role in diverse physical phenomena.

In this paper, the functional variable method is used to establish solitary wave solutions and periodic wave solutions of the loaded quadratic non-linear Klein-Gordon equation, the loaded cubic non-linear Klein-Gordon equation and the loaded coupled non-linear Klein-Gordon equation. All solutions of these equations have been examined and three dimensional graphics of the obtained solutions have been drawn by using the Matlab software. The main advantage of the proposed functional variable method over other methods is that it provides more new exact traveling wave solutions along with additional free parameters. The graphical representations of the soliton solutions and the periodic wave solutions by using distinct values of random parameter are demonstrated to better understand their physical features. The exact solutions have its great importance to reveal the internal mechanism of the physical phenomena.

The Sine-Gordon expansion method is implemented to construct exact solutions some conformable time fractional equations in Regularized Long Wave(RLW)-class. Compatible wave transform reduces the governing equation to classical ordinary differential equation. The homogeneous balance procedure gives the order of the predicted polynomial-type solution that is inspired from well-known Sine-Gordon equation. The substitution of this solution follows the previous step. Equating the coefficients of the powers of predicted solution leads a system of algebraic equations. The solution of resultant system for coefficients gives the necessary relations among the parameters and the coefficients to be able construct the solutions. Some solutions are simulated for some particular choices of parameters.

We approximate the trigonometric function sine and cosine on the interval . This analysis provides two formulas to approximate sine and cosine. At first, we try to derive the formula which involves a square root, and then we derive another formula that does not require any use of a square root. Nevertheless, after deriving the procedure which requires no square root, we further try to increase its accuracy and then derive another formula that approximates trigonometric functions more accurately on the interval [0, pi/2]. So, this analysis provides mainly two types of procedures. One uses square roots, whereas the other does not. We also focus on ensuring the accuracy of these trigonometric functions in the interval [0,pi/2]. This accuracy analysis is portrayed using the graph. This graph shows the difference between the values generated by the functions defined here and the actual value of these functions. So, these graphs also indicate the error of these functions on that interval. Finally, we compare our approximation with the approximation formula of the 7th-century Indian Mathematician Bhaskara I.

Up to now, Schrödinger equation, Klein-Gordon equation (KGE) and Dirac equation are believed the fundamental equations of quantum mechanics. Schrödinger equation has a defect that there is no NKE solutions. Dirac equation has positive kinetic energy (PKE) and negative kinetic energy (NKE) branches. Both branches should have low momentum, or nonrelativistic, approximations: one is Schrödinger equation and the other is NKE Schrödinger equation. KGE has two problems: it is an equation of second time derivative, and calculated density is not definitely positive. To overcome the problems, it should be revised as PKE and NKE decoupled KGEs. The fundamental equations of quantum mechanics after the modification have at least two merits. They are of unitary in that everyone contains the first time derivative and are symmetric with respect to PKE and NKE. This reflects the symmetry of the PKE and NKE matters, as well as matter and dark matter, of our universe. The problems of one-dimensional step potentials are resolved by means of the modified fundamental equations for a nonrelativistic particle.

Xenotransplantation is, like allotransplantation, usually associated with microchimerism, e.g., the presence of cells from the donor in the recipient. Microchimerism was reported in first xenotransplantation trials in humans as well as in most preclinical trials in non-human primates (for review see Denner, Viruses 2023, 15, 190). When using pigs as xenotransplantation donors, their cells contain porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) in their genome. That makes it difficult to discriminate between microchimerism and PERV infection of the recipient. Here, we demonstrate which virological methods should be used to identify microchimerism, first of all screening for porcine cellular genes. Using porcine short interspersed nuclear sequences (SINES), which have hundred thousands of copies in the pig genome significantly increased the sensitivity of the screening for pig cells. Second, absence of PERV RNA demonstrated an absence of viral genomic RNA or expression as mRNA. Finally, absence of antibodies against PERV proteins conclusively demonstrated an absence of a PERV infection. When applying these methods for analyzing baboons after pig heart transplantation, microchimerism could be demonstrated in all animals. These methods can be used in future clinical trials.

Transposable elements (TEs) ubiquitously exist in the human genome, and some have the ability to copy and paste themselves to other locations, resulting in new insertions. Organisms have evolved with mechanisms and machineries to repress such activity. TEs are also co-opted for beneficial functions by the host and are thus maintained in the genome. During the lifetime of humans, aberrant TE activity might cause or contribute towards diseases including neurological conditions such as Alzheimers Disease (AD) and cancer. While inflammatory pathways linked to TEs may be a part of the disease pathology, on the other hand altered TE activity involving inflammatory pathways could be recognised by disease suppression mechanisms. For this reason, TEs could be targeted for therapeutic applications aiming to prevent TE activity or reduce initial inflammatory pathways as well as to activate disease suppression mechanisms. In this review, we describe the contributory and potential preventative roles of TEs in neurological conditions and cancer from a molecular and evolutionary perspective. Evolutionary paradigms both at the unicellular and organismal level aid understanding the role of TEs in disease. These observations could pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic approaches targeting TEs.

Malignant growth is the most widely recognized repulsive infections winning around the world, and the patients with disease are saved just when the malignant growth is distinguished at the beginning phase. Each kind of disease is interesting, with its own arrangement of development properties and hereditary changes. This paper presents the lung knob division and disease characterization by proposing an enhancement calculation. The general technique of the created approach includes four stages, such as pre-processing, division, highlight extraction, and the order. From the outset, the CT picture of the lung is taken care of to the division. When the division is done, the highlights are extricated through morphological and measurable and surface highlights like LOOP and LGP. At long last, the extricated highlights are given to the order step. Here, the characterization is done dependent on the Deep Belief Network (DBN) which is prepared by utilizing the proposed Chicken-Sine Cosine Algorithm (CSCA) which distinguish the lung tumor, giving two classes in particular, knob or non-knob. The presentation assessment of lung knob division and malignant growth grouping dependent on CSCA is figured utilizing three measurements to be specific, precision, affectability, and the explicitness.

In this article, we review some of the key results concerning the stress-energy-momentum tensor in general theory of relativty. First, we derive Einstein's field equation using analytic approach. Then, we discuss different properties of stress-energy-momentum tensor for physical and scalar fields.

In this article, the general solution of the tachyonic Klein-Gordon equation is obtained as a Fourier integral performed on a suitable path in the complex \omega-plane. In particular, it is proved that under given boundary conditions this solution does not contain any superluminal components. On the basis of this result, we infer that all possible spacelike wave equations describe the dynamics of subluminal particles endowed with imaginary mass. This result is validated for the Chodos equation, used to describe the hypothetical superluminal behaviour of neutrino. In this specific framework, it is proved that the wave packet propagates in spacetime with subluminal group velocities and that for enough small energies it behaves as a localized wave.

We developed a novel hybrid approach for solving global optimization, computer science, bio-medical and engineering real life applications that is based on the coupling of the Whale Optimizer and Sine Cosine Algorithms via a surrogate model. We relate the whale optimizer algorithm to balance between the exploitation and the exploration process in the proposed method. There exist confirmed techniques for searching approximate best optimal solutions, but our algorithm will further guarantee that such numerical and statistical solutions satisfy physical bounds of the standard and real life functions. Our experiments with the benchmark, bio-medical, computer science and engineering real life problems have illustrated the advantages of using a newly hybrid approach based on mixing Whale Optimizer and Sine Cosine algorithms. It holds considerable potential for reducing execution time for solving standard and real life problems and at the same time improving the quality of the solution.

In the paper, the author finds bounds of the sine and cosine along a circle on the complex plane in terms of two double inequalities for the norms of the sine and cosine along a circle on the complex plane.

The Dirac and Klein-Gordon equations have proven to be some of the most accurate theories for describing particle behaviour and have laid the foundations of Relatavistic Quantum Mechanics. We extend the formulations to consider a 5 Dimensional spacetime with two time dimensions (as first conceptualised by Sajjad Zahir) and extend the notions to Quantum Field Theory to arrive at the behaviour of particles through the Dirac and Klein-Gordon counterparts of the 5 Dimensional spacetime. The implications of this to anti-matter are discussed.

We consider the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the Friedman – Lemaître – Robertson – Walker metric. The exact solutions for plane and spherical wave are written down. The corresponding redshift, amplitude change, and dispersion are discussed. We also speculate about the connection of the electromagnetic wave equation to the Klein–Gordon equation.

In the paper, the author discusses and computes bounds of the sine and cosine along straight lines on the complex plane.

High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) uses an 8-point filter and a 7-point filter, which are based on the discrete cosine transform (DCT), for the 1/2-pixel and 1/4-pixel interpolations, respectively. In this paper, discrete sine transform (DST)-based interpolation filters (IF) are proposed. The first proposed DST-based IFs (DST-IFs) use 8-point and 7-point filters for the 1/2-pixel and 1/4-pixel interpolations, respectively. The final proposed DST-IFs use 12-point and 11-point filters for the 1/2-pixel and 1/4-pixel interpolations, respectively. These DST-IF methods are proposed to improve the motion-compensated prediction in HEVC. The 8-point and 7-point DST-IF methods showed average BD-rate reductions of 0.7% and 0.3% in the random access (RA) and low delay B (LDB) configurations, respectively. The 12-point and 11-point DST-IF methods showed average BD-rate reductions of 1.4% and 1.2% in the RA and LDB configurations for the Luma component, respectively.

The multiobjective optimization problem is a key research direction in the field of optimization. Based on the multivariant optimization algorithm (MOA), this paper puts forward a multiobjective multivariant optimization algorithm (MMOA). A good point set is adopted for population initialization and to ensure the homogeneity of the initial solution set and avoid prematurity; global atoms are acquired by non-dominated sorting and an external archiving strategy; a nonlinear search radius is designed to balance global and local searches and enhance the convergence precision of the algorithm. Levy Flight and Sine chaotic mapping are introduced to redesign the update formula for local atoms, increase the convergence rate of the algorithm, and boost the optimization efficiency. Comparative experiments are conducted between MMOA and NSGA-II, MOEA/D, NSWOA, MOGWO, NSMFO on multiobjective test functions and an engineering example. The simulation results show that MMOA has superior convergence and diversity to the other five algorithms.

We show that the quaternion quantum mechanics has well-founded mathematical roots and can be derived from the model of elastic continuum by French mathematician Augustin Cauchy, i.e., it can be regarded as representing physical reality of elastic continuum. Starting from the Cauchy theory (classical balance equations for isotropic Cauchy-elastic material) and using the Hamilton quaternion algebra we present a rigorous derivation of the quaternion form of the non- and relativistic wave equations. The family of the wave equations and the Poisson equation are a straightforward consequence of the quaternion representation of the Cauchy model of the elastic continuum. This is the most general kind of quantum mechanics possessing the same kind of calculus of assertions as conventional quantum mechanics. The problem of the Schrödinger equation, where imaginary ‘i’ should emerge, is solved. This interpretation is a serious attempt to describe the ontology of quantum mechanics, and demonstrates that, besides Bohmian mechanics, the complete ontological interpretations of quantum theory exists. The model can be generalized and falsified. To ensure this theory to be true, we specified problems allowing exposing its falsity.

By expressing the Schrödinger wave function in the form $\psi =R{e}^{iS/\hslash }$ , where R and S are real functions, we have shown that the expectation value of S is conserved. The amplitude of the wave (R) is found to satisfy the Schrödinger equation while the phase (S) is related to the energy conservation. Besides the quantum potential that depends on R, viz., $V_Q=-\frac{{\hslash }^2}{2m}\frac{{\nabla }^{2}R}{R}$ , we have obtained a spin potential $V_S=-\frac{S{\nabla }^{2}S}{m}$ that depends on S which is attributed to the particle spin. The spin force is found to give rise to dissipative viscous force. The quantum potential may be attributed to the interaction between the two subfields S and R comprising the quantum particle. This results in splitting (creation/annihilation) of these subfields, each having a mass $m{c}^2$ with an internal frequency of $2m{c}^2/\hslash$ , satisfying the original wave equation and endowing the particle its quantum nature. The mass of one subfield reflects the interaction with the other subfield. If in Bohmian ansatz R satisfies the Klein-Gordon equation, then S must satisfies the wave equation. Conversely, if R satisfies the wave equation, then S yields the Einstein relativistic energy momentum equation.

Understanding surface water evaporation in tropical catchments is pivotal for effective water management, but limited research exists on stable isotopic (δ2H and δ18O) assessment of water evaporation losses. Our study bridges that gap, examining stable isotopes in meteoric water and surface waters across tropical regions, both humid and semi-arid. Using the Craig-Gordon model, we calibrated evaporation-to-inflow (E/I) ratios, identifying distinct E/I variations between seasons and regions. Notably, the semi-arid region consistently exhibited higher E/I ratios due to climatic characteristics. By integrating the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo and the No-U-Turn Sampler, we were able to quantify uncertainties in isotopic and meteorological parameters, resulting in E/I estimates within 68% and 95% confidence intervals. Our Bayesian model insights are critical for freshwater resource optimization and hydrological modeling in tropical regions.

This paper presents an improved indoor localization system based on RF and ultrasonic signal which we named SNSH system. This system composes of a transmitter mounted in a mobile target, and a series of receiver nodes which are managed by a coordinator. By measuring Time Delay of Arrival (TDoA) of RF and ultrasonic signal from the transmitter, distance from target to receiver node is calculated and sent to the coordinator through CAN network, and all the information are gathered in PC to estimate 3D position of the target. Sine wave detector and dynamic threshold filter are applied to provide excellent accuracy of range measurement from TDoA result, and multilateration algorithms is realized to optimize coordinate determination accuracy. Specifically, Linear Least Square and Non-linear Least Square techniques are implemented to contrast their performances in target coordinate estimation. RF signal encoding/decoding time, time delay in CAN network and math calculating are carefully considered to ensure optimal system performance and get ready for field application. Experiments show that sine wave detector algorithm has greatly improved range measurement accuracy, with mean error at 2.2mm and maximum error at 6.7 mm, for distance below 5m. In addition, 3D position accuracy is greatly enhanced by multilateration methods, with mean error in position stay under 15mm, and 90% confident error values at 23mm for LLS, 20mm for NLS. Overall system update period has been verified in real system operation, with maximum rate at 25ms, and compared with other existing researches.

The object of this paper is the analysis of isotropic rectangular thin plates supported (simply supported or clamped) along two opposite edges whereby the other edges have arbitrary support conditions; the plates are subjected to external bending moments, concentrated or distributed, and perpendicular to the supported edges. The standard approach to this problem is to replace the bending moment with a couple of forces infinitely close and to use the known expressions of efforts and deformations for the plate subjected to concentrated forces; the results are then related to the first derivatives of those efforts and deformations with respect to the position of application of the load. In this study, the external bending moment was expanded into a Fourier series, leading to a distributed external bending moment, and the boundary conditions and continuity equations were applied. Various types of rectangular plates were analyzed, as well as plates of infinite length whose results were identical to those in the literature. In addition, results for cantilever plates of infinite length were presented.

This paper aims to analyze arbitrarily loaded isotropic rectangular thin plates with two opposite edges supported (simply supported or clamped), from which one or both are clamped, and the other edges have arbitrary support conditions. Rectangular thin plates with two opposite edges simply supported are routinely analyzed using for the deflection the simple trigonometric series of Lévy or the double trigonometric series of Navier, while the loads are expanded in Fourier series. In this paper the flexibility method (or force method) of the linear beam theory was applied whereby the unknowns were the bending moments along the opposite edges; in this regard, the primary system was the plate simply supported along the above-mentioned opposite edges and subjected to the external loads, system solved using the Lévy solution, and the redundant system was the plate simply supported along the opposite edges and subjected to bending moments along those edges. In the redundant system, a modified Lévy solution was introduced to account for the edge moments. The compatibility equations (vanishing of the slopes at selected positions of the opposite edges) were set to determine the unknowns and so the efforts in the plate. The results obtained were in good agreement with the exact results.

The object of this paper is the bending analysis of isotropic rectangular Kirchhoff plates subjected to non-uniform heating (NUH) using the Fourier transform method. The bottom and top surfaces of the plate are assumed to have different changes in temperature, whereas the change in temperature of the mid-surface is zero. According to classical plate theory, the governing equation of the plate contains second derivatives of the NUH; these derivatives are zero by constant value of the NUH, which leads to its absence in the governing equation. This paper presented an approach by which Fourier sine transform was utilized to describe the NUH, while the double trigonometric series of Navier and the simple trigonometric series of Lévy were utilized to describe the deflection curve. Thus, the NUH appeared in the governing equation, which simplified the analysis. Rectangular plates simply supported along all edges were analyzed, bending moments, twisting moments, and deflections being determined. In addition, rectangular plates simply supported along two opposite edges were analyzed; the other edges having various support conditions (free, simply supported, and fixed).

Jellyfish search (JS) algorithm impersonates the foraging behavior of jellyfish in the ocean. It is a new developed meta-heuristic algorithm that solves complex and real world optimization problems. The global explore capability and robustness of JS are strong, but JS still has great development space in solving complex optimization problems with high dimensions and multiple local optima. Therefore, an enhanced jellyfish search (EJS) algorithm is developed in this study, and three improvements are made: (i) By adding sine and cosine learning factors, the jellyfish can learn from both random individual and best individual during Type B motion in swarm to enhance the optimization capability and convergence speed; (ii) Adding local escape operator can skip local optimal trap and boost the exploitation ability of JS; (iii) Opposition-based learning operator and quasi-opposition learning operator can increase and strengthen the population distribution more diversified, and better individuals are selected from present and new opposition-solution to participates in the next iteration, which can boost the solution’s quality, meanwhile convergence speed is fasted and its precision is increased. In addition, the performance contrast of the developed EJS and some previous outstanding and advanced methods are evaluated on CEC2017, CEC2019 test suite and six real engineering example of case. It is demonstrated that EJS algorithm escaped the trap of local optimum, enhanced the solution’s quality and the calculation speed. What’s more, the practical engineering applications of EJS algorithm also verify its superiority and effectiveness in solving both constrained and unconstrained optimization problems, and it stretched one’s mind for solving such optimization problems.

A method is proposed for describing the dynamics of systems of interacting particles in terms of an auxiliary field, which in the static mode is equivalent to given interatomic potentials, and in the dynamic mode is a classical relativistic composite field. It is established that for interatomic potentials, the Fourier transform of which is a rational algebraic function of the wave vector, the auxiliary field is a composition of elementary fields that satisfy the Klein-Gordon equation with complex masses. The interaction between particles carried by the auxiliary field is nonlocal both in space variables and in time. The temporal non-locality is due to the dynamic nature of the auxiliary field and can be described in terms of functional-differential equations of retarded type. Due to the finiteness mass of the auxiliary field, the delay in interactions between particles can be arbitrarily large. A qualitative analysis of the dynamics of few-body and many-body systems with retarded interactions has been carried out, and a non-statistical mechanisms for both the thermodynamic behavior of systems and synergistic effects has been established.

Transposable elements (TEs) are repetitive elements which make up around 45% of the human genome. A class of TEs known as SINE-VNTR-Alu (SVA) demonstrate the capacity to mobilise throughout the genome, resulting in SVA polymorphisms for presence or absence within the population. Although studies have previously highlighted the involvement of TEs within neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), however the exact mechanism has yet to be identified. In this study we used whole genome sequencing and RNA sequencing data of ALS patients and healthy controls from the New York Genome Center ALS Consortium, to elucidate the influence of reference SVA elements on gene expression genome-wide within central nervous system (CNS) tissues. To investigate this, we applied matrix expression quantitative trait loci analysis and demonstrated that reference SVA insertion polymorphisms can significantly modulate the expression of numerous genes, preferentially in the trans position, and in a tissue-specific manner. We also highlight that SVAs significantly regulate mitochondrial genes as well as genes within the HLA and MAPT loci, previously associated within neurodegenerative disease. In conclusion, this study continues to bring to light the effects of polymorphic SVAs on gene regulation and further highlights the importance of TEs within disease pathology.

The complex adaptive systems (CAS) research study investigates into the theoretical link of a sustained economic growth as a critical pathway to lift people out of poverty and improve their quality of life. The results show a left-skewed global behavior of an economy-driven human development of 189 countries with 20% or 27 countries obtaining low human development; 80% or 162 countries obtaining medium to very high human development of which 21.16% or 39 countries with medium HDI, 53 or 28.04% or 53 countries with high HDI, and 31.22% or 59 countries with very high HDI. Using the Log (GDP) for visual transformation, closer investigation into the scatterplot diagram reveals that there are also bimodal patterns where countries in the high amplitude and low amplitude groups obtained different human development outcomes despite less or more on economic growth variances mirror on the government policy priorities resulting in four differentiating conditions. Very few countries experience virtuous cycles where both growth and human development are successful; few countries with vicious cycles where both are weak; and many countries with lopsided conditions where the economy is strong but human development is weak, or conversely ones where human development is strong but the economy is weak. The global pattern of economy and human development illustrated by an upward sinusoid or sine wave refutes the conventional linear approach. Uniquely and most importantly, the sinusoidal wave illustrates a decreasing amplitude and decreasing periods as countries manifest apparently complex behaviors that emerge as a result of often nonlinear spatio-temporal interactions among a large number of component systems at different levels of organizations and governments leading to an emergence of a behavior characterizing of a complex adaptive system.

In this study we introduce the new classes $\mathcal{M}_{\alpha}(\sin)$ and $\mathcal{M}_{\alpha}(\cos)$ of $\alpha$-convex functions associated with sine and cosine functions. Also, we obtain the initial coefficient bounds for the first five coefficients of the functions that belong to these classes. Further, we determine the upper bound of Zalcman functional for the class $\mathcal{M}_{\alpha}(\cos)$ for the case $n=3$, showing that the Zalcman conjecture holds for this value. Moreover, the problem of the Fekete-Szeg\H{o} functional estimate for these classes is studied.

Retired Electric vehicles (EVs) batteries are reused in second life energy storage applications. However, the overall performance of repurposed energy storage system (ESS) is limited by the unevenness of individual batteries use in it. Therefore, battery grading is required for optimal performance of ESS. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) based evaluation of battery aging is a promising way to grade lithium-ion batteries. However, it is not practical to measure impedance of mass retired batteries due to high complexity and slowness. In this paper, a broadband multi-sine binary signal (MSBS) perturbation integrated with multichannel EIS system is presented to measure impedance spectra for high-speed aging evaluation of lithium-ion batteries or modules. The measurement speed is multi-times higher than conventional EIS with single-channel configuration. The broadband MSBS is validated with reference sinusoidal sweep perturbation and corresponding root-mean-square error (RMSE) analysis is performed. Moreover, the accuracy of the presented multichannel EIS system is validated by impedance spectra measurement of Samsung INR18650-29E batteries and comparing it with those measured with commercial EIS instrument. A chi-squared error under 0.641% is obtained for all 8-channels. Since the non-linearity of battery has significant impact on quality of impedance spectra. Therefore, Kronig-Kramer (KK) transform validation is also performed.

The aim of the present work is to explore a different non-traditional approach to higher dimensional spacetime which differs from the usual approaches such as large extra space dimensions, warped extra space dimensions and multiple extra time dimensions. This approach will be referred to as "Dynamic" higher dimensional spacetime. By this term will be introduced a new kind of higher dimensional spacetime (more than the usual 3+1 dimensions), which behaves dynamically in the sense that time is not a fixed dimension but is the extra plus one dimension to the spatial dimensions of the phenomenon we are studying. For a higher dimensional phenomenon, the lower dimensional time will behave as space and the new time will be a plus one dimension, meaning if we study a 3-dimensional phenomenon then time is the usual 4th dimension but if we are studying a 4-dimensional phenomenon then its time will be an extra 5th dimension and for this phenomenon the 4th dimension will behave as space. All spatial dimensions are indistinguishable from each other and behave in the exact same way, which means that the important parameter is not the dimension we are studying (for example the 4th or the 5th) but the number of dimensions in which a phenomenon can interact and how higher dimensional phenomena interact with lower ones. This non-traditional approach to higher dimensional spacetime may appear confusing at first but will become clearer in the rest of the paper. For this reason, we will first associate the time dimension with propagation relative to space dimensions and change orthogonal to them in order to give the reader a better intuition. Following that, we will describe how higher - dimensional phenomena would appear to us, the 3 - dimensional observer and try to set some guidelines on how we should mathematically model higher - dimensional phenomena in order for us to make accurate predictions of their behaviour. Then we will express the general framework of a "Dynamic" higher - dimensional spacetime and turn our gaze to 4+1 – dimensional phenomena. We will explore how a mass term arises for 4 – dimensional waves by generalizing the frequency – speed – wavelength relation of 3D waves and give a basic description on a possible way to describe a 4+1 – dimensional disturbance in a scalar Energy Field in order to make accurate predictions on our 3+1 dimensional plane. In this framework we will derive the Klein – Gordon equation by generalizing the wave equation and ignoring all lower than 4+1 - dimensional disturbances and compere our mass term findings with the Klein – Gordon equation mass term and with results from gravity – induced quantum interference experiments. Lastly, we will describe how a "Dynamic" 5 - dimensional spacetime would appear in a 3D observer and examine whether our findings are compatible with quantum mechanics and the special theory of relativity.