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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0675.v1

Sex-biased Expression of Pharmacogenes Across Human Tissues

Maria Laura Idda, ILARIA CAMPESI, Giovanni Fiorito, Andrea Vecchietti, Silvana Anna Maria Urru, Maria Giuliana Solinas, Flavia Franconi, Matteo Floris

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: pharmacogenes; transcripts; sex-bias; drug metabolism; sex differences

Online: 28 June 2021 (15:08:38 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0380.v2

Considerations and Challenges for Sex-Aware Drug Repurposing

Jennifer Fisher, Emma Jones, Victoria Flanary, Avery Williams, Elizabeth Ramsey, Brittany Lasseigne

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: sex differences; drug repurposing; sex-bias; sex-aware; review; therapeutics; pharmaceuticals; computational drug repurposing

Online: 8 March 2022 (10:34:42 CET)

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Sex differences are essential factors in disease etiology and manifestation in many diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegeneration (1). The biological influence of sex differences (including genomic, epigenetic, hormonal, immunological, and metabolic differences between males and females) and the lack of biomedical studies considering sex differences in their study design has led to several policies. For example, the National Institute of Health’s (NIH) sex as a biological variable (SABV) and Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER)) policies to motivate researchers to consider sex differences (2). However, drug repurposing, a promising alternative to traditional drug discovery by identifying novel uses for FDA-approved drugs, lacks sex-aware methods that can improve the identification of drugs that have sex-specific responses (1,3–5). Sex-aware drug repurposing methods either select drug candidates that are more efficacious in one sex or deprioritize drug candidates based on if they are predicted to cause a sex-bias adverse event (SBAE), unintended therapeutic effects that are more likely to occur in one sex. Computational drug repurposing methods are encouraging approaches to develop for sex-aware drug repurposing because they can prioritize sex-specific drug candidates or SBAEs at lower cost and time than traditional drug discovery. Sex-aware methods currently exist for clinical, genomic, and transcriptomic information (3,6,7). They have not expanded to other data types, such as DNA variation, which has been beneficial in other drug repurposing methods that do not consider sex (8). Additionally, some sex-aware methods suffer from poorer performance because a disproportionate number of male and female samples are available to train computational methods (3). However, there is development potential for several different categories (i.e., data mining, ligand binding predictions, molecular associations, and networks). Low-dimensional representations of molecular association and network approaches are also especially promising candidates for future sex-aware drug repurposing methodologies because they reduce the multiple hypothesis testing burden and capture sex-specific variation better than the other methods (9,10). Here we review how sex influences drug response, the current state of drug repurposing including with respect to sex-bias drug response, and how model organism study design choices influence drug repurposing validation.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201902.0098.v1

Perpendicular Exchange Bias of Co/Ni mUltilayers Adjacent to Antiferromagnetic FeRh Layer

Soyoung Jekal, Dao Phoung

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Materials Science And Technology Keywords: exchange bias effect; perpendicular exchange bias

Online: 12 February 2019 (10:18:19 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0055.v1

What Are the Most Common Types of Bias That Forensic Odontologists Face While Analyzing a Human Bitemark? A Scoping Review

Tayyaba Masood, Scheila Manica, Hemlata Pandey

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Other Keywords: ‘ bites’ ; bite marks; human bite marks; bias; cognitive bias; contextual bias

Online: 5 December 2023 (04:32:52 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1540.v3

Revisiting the Political Biases of ChatGPT

Sasuke Fujimoto, Kazuhiro Takemoto

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: ChatGPT; algorithm bias; political bias; large language model

Online: 26 May 2023 (07:37:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0017.v1

Bias in Youth with Functional Abdominal Pain (BY-FAP) – A new experimental design to examine cognitive biases for gastrointestinal related stimuli in children and adolescents

Ellen Bjerre-Nielsen, Karen Hansen Kallesøe, Eva Skovslund Nielsen, Tine Bennedsen Gehrt, Lisbeth Frostholm, Charlotte Ulrikka Rask

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Psychiatry And Mental Health Keywords: Adolescent; children; cognitive bias; functional abdominal pain disorder; functional gastrointestinal disorders; interpretation bias; memory bias

Online: 1 June 2023 (04:16:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0730.v1

Achieving Assessment Equity and Fairness: Identifying and Eliminating Bias in Assessment Tools and Practices

Mohamad Ahmad Saleem Khasawneh, Yusra Jadallah Abed Khasawneh

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: Assessment; Equity; Bias

Online: 9 June 2023 (15:29:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0213.v1

Independent Evolution of Sex Chromosomes in Eublepharid Geckos, a Lineage with Environmental and Genotypic Sex Determination

Eleonora Pensabene, Lukáš Kratochvíl, Michail Rovatsos

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Gekkota; reptiles; DNA-seq; sex chromosomes; sex determination; qPCR

Online: 5 November 2020 (14:14:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0068.v1

Researcher Conduct Determines Data Reliability

Mark N. Wass, Larry Ray, Martin Michaelis

Subject: Social Sciences, Behavior Sciences Keywords: reproducibility crisis; replication crisis; data reliability; bias; publication bias; meta-research

Online: 5 April 2018 (10:54:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0261.v1

Assessing Point Forecast Bias Across Multiple Time Series: Measures and Visual Tools

Andrey Davydenko, Paul Goodwin

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Probability And Statistics Keywords: forecasting; forecast evaluation; forecast bias; mean bias; median bias; MPE; AvgRel-metrics; AvgRelAME; AvgRelAMdE; RelAME; RelMdE; AvgRelME; AvgRelMdE; OPc

Online: 12 May 2021 (09:48:29 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0467.v1

Biases Inherent in Studies of Coffee Consumption in Early Pregnancy and the Risks of Subsequent Events

Alan Leviton

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Obstetrics And Gynaecology Keywords: caffeine; coffee; epidemiology; recall bias; misclassification; residual confounding; reverse causation; publication bias

Online: 25 July 2018 (05:57:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.2003.v1

Repurposing Drugs for Senotherapeutic Effect: Potential Senomorphic Effects of Female Synthetic Hormones

Laura Rosemary Bramwell, Ryan Frankum, Lorna Harries

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Senescence; structure-function screen; synthetic hormone; sex differences; sex-specific; senomorphic

Online: 29 January 2024 (12:49:45 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0593.v1

Sex-Specific Differences in Toxicity Following Systemic Paclitaxel Treatment and Localized Cardiac Radiotherapy

Nicole Chmielewski Stivers, Benoit Petit, Jonathan Ollivier, Virginie Monceau, Pelagia Tsoutsou, Ana Quintela Pousa, Xiaoming Lin, Charles Limoli, Marie-Catherine Vozenin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: chemotherapy; radiotherapy; sex-specificity

Online: 24 June 2021 (08:47:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0078.v1

Oceanic Response Based on the Rectified Data during Three Typhoons in the northern South China Sea

Daoxun Ke, Han Zhang, Youmin Tang, Juncheng Zuo, Dongfeng Xu, Chenghao Yang, Zhixiong Yao, Zheqi Shen, Di Tian

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Oceanography Keywords: rectification; bias; typhoon; kinetic energy

Online: 5 October 2020 (12:05:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0172.v1

The Effect of Cross-Sex Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Metabolism and Hormonal Status in Adult Rats

Andrej Fejes, Paulina Balvoncikova, Dafne Porcel Sanchis, Veronika Borbelyova, Peter Celec, Maria Dzunkova, Roman Gardlík

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: sex differences; testosterone; gut microbiota; microbiome; fecal microbiota transplantation; metabolic disease; cross-sex

Online: 4 December 2023 (10:13:20 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.1276.v1

Understanding Transcription Factors and How They Affect Metabolic Processes in Cucumber Sex Determination

Szymon Turek, Aparna Aparna, Agnieszka Skarzyńska, Wojciech Pląder, Magdalena Pawełkowicz

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Plant Sciences Keywords: transcription factors; interactome network; sex development; sex determination; Cucumber (Cucumis sativus); metabolomic processes

Online: 1 May 2023 (00:01:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0068.v1

Identification, Expression and Evolutional Analysis of Two cyp19-Like Genes in Amphioxus

Yajun Wang, Jingyuan Lin, Wenjin Li, Guangdong Ji, Zhenhui Liu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: Amphioxus; Invertebrates; Sex differentiation; Cyp19

Online: 1 March 2024 (18:54:16 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1831.v1

Expectation of Life at Birth by Sex and Area of Residence in India and Bigger States/UT’s (2013-2017): A Review

KHRITISH SWARGIARY

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: Birth, expectation, sex, states, India

Online: 30 October 2023 (06:12:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0310.v1

Palatal Rugae as a Discriminating Factor in Determining Sex: A Method Applicable in Forensic Odontology?

Andrea Trizzino, Pietro Messina, Fabio M Sciarra, Stefania Zerbo, Antonina Argo, Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dentistry And Oral Surgery Keywords: palatal rugae; sex; forensic dentistry

Online: 5 July 2023 (12:38:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0323.v1

Evaluation of Sex Differences in Murine Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Neutropenic Models of Invasive Mucormycosis

Teclegiorgis Gebremariam, Sondus Alkhazraji, Abdullah Alqarihi, Nathan P. Wiederhold, Laura K. Najvar, Thomas F. Patterson, Scott G. Filler, Ashraf S. S. Ibrahim

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Rhizopus; Mucor; Mucormycosis; Murine; sex

Online: 12 April 2021 (21:07:37 CEST)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0060.v1

Some Potentially Strategic Considerations for the Sex-Bot Industry

Glenn W. Smith

Subject: Social Sciences, Gender And Sexuality Studies Keywords: sexually-enable robot; sex-bot

Online: 8 January 2018 (09:56:06 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0562.v1

Influence of Pvd Deposition Mode on the Quality and Integrity of CrAlN Thin Films: A Study of Magnetron Sputtering Processes on Stationary and Rotating Substrates

Brahim TLILI, Mohamed NASSER, Hichem GUIZENI, Alex MONTAGNE

Subject: Engineering, Metallurgy And Metallurgical Engineering Keywords: CrAlN; corrosion; friction; microstructure; bias voltage

Online: 10 July 2023 (07:15:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0762.v1

Scale Dependence of Errors in Snow Water Equivalent Simulations using ERA5 Reanalysis over Alpine Basins

Susen Shrestha, Mattia Zaramella, Mattia Callegari, Felix Greifeneder, Marco Borga

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: TOPMELT; ERA5; SWE; Drizzle; Bias Adjustment

Online: 10 May 2023 (14:31:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0187.v1

Sample Preservation and Plant Sex Prediction in White Guinea Yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) Seedlings

Asrat Asfaw, Paterne Agre, Chidinma Nwachukwu, Bunmi Olasanmi, Jude Obidiegwu, Emmanuel Nwachukwu, Patrick Adebola, David De Koeyer

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Plant Sciences Keywords: dioecious; DNA quality; flower type; sample preservation method; sex genotype; sex phenotype; visual assay

Online: 14 February 2020 (04:22:20 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0042.v1

Improving Decisions to Mitigate the Risks of Organizational Accidents

Scott Jackson, Avi Harel

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: cognitive bias; organizational bias; decision options; risk; catastrophic, organizational accidents; human error; hierarchy; culture; policy; procedures

Online: 6 March 2018 (05:21:28 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1349.v1

Parkinson's Disease Recognition using Decorrelated Convolutional Neural Networks: Addressing Imbalance and Scanner Bias in rs-fMRI Data

Pranita Patil, W. Randolph Ford

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: Class bias; DcCNN; decorrelation; deep learning; FE-DcCNN; invariant features; Parkinson’s disease; rs-fMRI image; scanner bias

Online: 22 March 2024 (09:21:12 CET)

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Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative and progressive disease that impacts the nerve cells in the brain and varies from person to person. The exact cause of PD is still unknown, and the diagnosis of PD does not include a specific objective test with certainty. Although deep learning has made great progress in medical neuroimaging analysis, these methods are very susceptible to biases present in neuroimaging datasets. An innovative decorrelated deep learning technique is introduced to mitigate class bias and scanner bias while simultaneously focusing on finding distinguishing characteristics in resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) data, which assist in recognizing the PD with good accuracy. The decorrelation function reduces the non-linear correlation between features and bias in order to learn bias-invariant features. The Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) dataset, referred to as a single scanner imbalanced dataset in this study used to validate our method. The imbalanced dataset problem affects the performance of the deep learning framework by overfitting to the majority class. To resolve this problem, we propose a new Decorrelated Convolutional Neural Networks (DcCNN) framework by applying decorrelation-based optimization to Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN). An analysis of evaluation metrics comparisons shows that integrating the decorrelation function boosts the performance of PD recognition by removing class bias. Specifically, our DcCNN model performs significantly better than existing traditional approaches to tackle the imbalance problem. Finally, the same framework can be extended to create scanner invariant features without significantly impacting the performance of a model. The obtained dataset is a multi-scanner dataset which leads to scanner bias due to the differences in acquisition protocols and scanners. The multi-scanner dataset is a combination of two datasets, namely PPMI and FTLDNI - frontotemporal lobar degeneration neuroimaging initiative (NIFD) dataset. The results of t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) and scanner classification accuracy of our proposed Feature Extraction-DcCNN (FE-DcCNN) model validated the effective removal of scanner bias. Our method achieves an average accuracy of 77.80% on a multi-scanner dataset for differentiating PD from healthy control, which is superior to the DcCNN model trained on a single scanner imbalanced dataset.

Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1338.v1

‘Belief-Consistent Information Processing’ vs. ‘Coherence-Based Reasoning’: Pragmatic Frameworks for Exposing Common Cognitive Biases in Intelligence Analysis

Matthew Barrows, George Ellison

Subject: Social Sciences, Decision Sciences Keywords: Cognitive bias
Intelligence analysis
Intelligence assessment
Confirmation bias
Decision-making
Information processing

Online: 18 January 2024 (09:47:50 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0149.v1

Cheiloscopic Evaluation in Forensic Odontostomatology

Emanuele Di Vita, Davide Albano, Andrea Trizzino, Fabio Massimo Sciarra, Simone Vintrici, Lorenzo Reali, Enzo Cumbo, Giuseppa Bilello, Stefania Zerbo, Antonella Argo, Pietro Messina, Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dentistry And Oral Surgery Keywords: Cheiloscopy; Forensic dentistry; Lip prints; Sex

Online: 2 April 2024 (08:52:49 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0130.v1

Sex Differences in Visceral Pain and Comorbidities: Clinical Outcomes, Preclinical Models, and Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms

Namrata Tiwari, Liya Y Qiao

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Anesthesiology And Pain Medicine Keywords: pain; visceral; sex; clinical; preclinical; molecule

Online: 3 January 2024 (07:41:14 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1870.v1

Exploring the Effects of Rearing Densities on Epigenetic Modifications in the Zebrafish Gonads

Alejandro Valdivieso, Marta Caballero-Huertas, Javier Moraleda-Prados, Francesc Piferrer, Laia Ribas

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Aquatic Science Keywords: stress; gonad; sex; methylation; masculinization; rearing

Online: 27 September 2023 (10:46:16 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0215.v1

Alterations in Kidney Structures Caused by Age Vary According to Sex and Dehydration Condition

Susana Quirós Cognuck, Lucas Ferreira de Almeida, Wagner L. Reis, Márcia S. Silva, Gislaine Almeida Pereira, Sandra V. Zorro, André S. Mecawi, Terezila Machado Coimbra, Lucila L.K. Elias, José Antunes Antunes Rodrigues

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: aging; body composition; kidney; sex differences

Online: 11 November 2022 (03:53:06 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0329.v1

Intersectional Stigma, Identity, and Culture: A Grounded Theory of Female Escort Perspectives from Brazil and Pakistan

Belinda Brooks-Gordon, Nasra Poli

Subject: Social Sciences, Sociology Keywords: sex work; stigma; intersectionality; migrant; culture

Online: 15 September 2020 (04:41:50 CEST)

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Intersectional experiences, socio-cultural meanings, ethnic traditions and morals compound stigma-related stress (Jackson et al., 2020; Schmitz 2019). Sex workers are subject to various stigmatizing forces which can lead to secrecy, isolation and lack of social and cultural support (Koken 2012). Stigmatizing forces include structural humanitarian governance and aid interventions that conflate migration and sex work with insidious constraints and coercion. This study explored how migrant female sex workers from distinctive ethnic cultures manage their identity on a day to day basis in relation to the separation of work and home life. Methods: The perspectives of female sex workers were collected via a series of in-depth semi-structured interviews. The inclusion criteria were that the women had worked in sex work for over 18months, defined their involvement in sex work as voluntary, and were over 18yrs of age. The perspectives of seven women from South Asian (Pakistani), Brazilian, and British backgrounds were analyzed using Grounded Theory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967). Ethnicity was considered to explore how the women experienced stigma, how it impacted on the management of their identity, and how the process of change occurred. Results: The women used a variety of methods to maintain work and home life boundaries, processes they used switch into a role and all experienced stigma and tried to deal with it in ways such as concealment from friends and family. Two core categories and properties emerged from the data as participants felt guilt and/or shame but only the South Asian participants spoke of this with reference to their culture and religion. Conclusion: It was not migration per se but rather the relationship of migration to culture that was key to identity management. Participants reflected that as their country was considered collectivist country with interdependent thought, that any negativity felt could not only be reflected on the individual, but also the entire family. For these reasons Pakistani sex workers were subject to more complex stigmatizing forces, shame and guilt as regards risk and exposure. Discussion focusses on the processes and management strategies used to extend social and cultural support.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0034.v1

Problems Associated with Marketing Food and Drink Specifically at Women

Charles Spence

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Marketing Keywords: food marketing; sex/gender; advertising; nutrition

Online: 2 July 2019 (08:27:16 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201706.0127.v1

Sex Determining Mechanisms in Bivalves

Sophie Breton, Charlotte Capt, Davide Guerra, Donald Stewart

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Animal Science, Veterinary Science And Zoology Keywords: sex determination; exual systems; bivalvia; mitochondria

Online: 30 June 2017 (07:28:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1211.v1

Collaborative Modality Fusion for Mitigating Language Bias in Visual Question Answering

Qiwen Lu, Shengbo Chen, Xiaoke Zhu

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: visual question answering; collaborative learning; language bias

Online: 16 January 2024 (08:38:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0259.v1

Evaluation of an Adaptive Soil Moisture Bias Correction Approach in the ECMWF Land Data Assimilation System

David Fairbairn, Patricia De Rosnay, Peter Weston

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Remote Sensing Keywords: satellite; soil moisture; data assimilation; bias-correction

Online: 5 December 2023 (14:37:31 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0598.v1

Framework for Simulation Study Involving Volatility Estimation: The GARCH Approach

Richard T. A. Samuel, Charles Chimedza, Caston Sigauke

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Probability And Statistics Keywords: bias; consistency; efficiency; simulation design; volatility estimation

Online: 8 June 2023 (07:31:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0853.v1

Factors that Affect Perceptions of Gig Workers

Zed Carroll

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: gig work; Gender Bias; Online; Freelance; Stigma

Online: 11 May 2023 (12:40:52 CEST)

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Just 2 years ago, 35% of Americans were involved with gig work. According to Statista, over half of Americans will be freelancing through online gig work by 2027. Research on how consumers select gig workers, or taskers, is still mostly underexplored. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential impact of a tasker's gender and self-presentation in their profile picture on consumer perceptions and choices. We proposed that taskers who have a professional headshot as the profile picture will receive higher ratings on competence, warmth, and trustworthiness than taskers whose profile picture is a selfie. We also proposed that taskers who smile in their profile picture will receive higher ratings on competency, warmth, and trustworthiness than taskers who do not smile. Furthermore, we predicted that professionalism has a stronger positive impact on perceptions of male taskers than on female taskers for our third hypothesis. Lastly, we hypothesized that gender bias exists on gig platforms, such that smiling will have a stronger positive effect on female taskers’ competence, warmth, and trustworthiness than on male taskers. Our study had 292 Kennesaw State University students who were tested online through Qualtrics. Our first and second hypotheses are not supported but our last two have partial support. There is a significant main effect of gender, and we find that male taskers are rated significantly higher on competence, warmth, and trustworthiness, compared to female taskers. Professional photos give male taskers an advantage over professional female taskers and female taskers are punished more for not smiling than male taskers. Future directions include looking into factors such as Race, Age, or background setting could be investigated. Conducting similar tests in a larger and more externally valid setting could yield more concrete results. Continuation into this new area of gig work could lead the way into revolutionizing how freelancers conduct their public appearance or how gig work platforms could handle this new market.

Working Paper ARTICLE

White Liberals Become ‘Anti-White’ when Situationally Frustrated

Micah Amd

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: frustration; racial bias; political ideology; implicit evaluation

Online: 13 September 2021 (10:34:53 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0236.v1

Facing Racism and Sexism in Science by Fighting against Social Implicit Bias: A Latin and Black Woman Perspective.

Karin Calaza, Fatima Erthal, Mirtes Pereira, Kita Macario, Veronica Daflon, Isabel David, Helena Castro, Maria Vargas, Laura Martins, Jasmin Stariolo, Eliane Volchan, Leticia Oliveira

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: implict bias; gender disparity; diversity; racial dispariry

Online: 12 January 2021 (17:51:36 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0452.v1

Optimising ‘Positive’ Findings from Judgement Bias Tests: A Consideration of Inherent Confounding Factors Associated with Test Design and Biology

Alexandra Whittaker, Timothy Barker

Subject: Social Sciences, Sociology Keywords: Judgement Bias; Personality; Social Status; Test Design

Online: 27 May 2020 (12:10:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0035.v1

Models of Automation Surprise: Results of a Field Survey in Aviation

Robert J. de Boer, Sidney W. A. Dekker

Subject: Social Sciences, Decision Sciences Keywords: aviation automation; automation surprise; cognition; complacency; bias

Online: 6 March 2017 (17:59:48 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0589.v2

Revisiting the use of the Gumbel distribution: A Frequency Analysis Perspective

Cristian-Gabriel Anghel

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Gumbel; parameter estimation; variability; theoretical bias; frequency analysis.

Online: 26 February 2024 (12:31:09 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0458.v2

Multi-channel Precision Bias Source for Experiments on Quantum dots

yumei tang, kefu liu, haixing sun

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: quantum dots; bias source; multi-channel; high precision

Online: 9 August 2021 (18:17:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0319.v1

Suzannah Stuijfzand, Shirley Reynolds, Bobby Stuijfzand, Helen Dodd

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: Anxiety; Child; Attention bias; Eye-tracking; Gaze; Development.

Online: 10 November 2020 (14:10:54 CET)

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Preprint DATASET | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0226.v1

Bias, Confounding, Multiplicity and Researchers’ Degrees of Freedom Combined with Segmented Publications are not Likely to Provide Accurate Estimates of Reality: A Case Study of Two Candidate-Gene Association Reports in the First Episode Psychosis Patients

Vladimir Trkulja

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Psychiatry And Mental Health Keywords: candidate-gene association; estimation; bias; confounding; case study

Online: 18 June 2020 (07:50:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0086.v1

How Codon Usage Bias Affects Our Ability to Recover the Tree of Life

Justin B. Miller, Michael F. Whiting, John S.K. Kauwe, Perry G. Ridge

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Life Sciences Keywords: phylogenomics; phylogenetics; codon usage bias; Tree of Life

Online: 8 October 2019 (10:43:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201802.0183.v1

Member Perceptions as a Parsimonious Representation of Collaboration Viability

Benjamin Heslop, Kylie Bailey, Jonathan Paul, Liz Stojanovski

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: PILAR; CATME; collaboration; peer assessment; inter-rater bias

Online: 27 February 2018 (15:23:37 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1531.v1

Sex Differences in Colon Cancer: Genomic and Non‐Genomic Signaling of Estrogen

Brian Joseph Harvey, Harry Myles Harvey

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Endocrinology And Metabolism Keywords: colon cancer; estrogen; estrogen receptors, sex differences

Online: 23 November 2023 (13:35:24 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1406.v1

Lipidomic Analysis on Gender-Dependent Hepatocellular Carcinogenesis in Hras12V Transgenic Mice

Juefu Hu, Huiling Li, Nan Mao, Huaiyuan Di, Yanan Zhao, Jun Chen, Aiguo Wang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: lipidomics; hepatocellular carcinoma; ras oncogene; sex disparity

Online: 22 November 2023 (08:48:05 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1371.v1

The Effect of Sex Differences in Percentage of Body Fat on Speed and Endurance Running Performance

Asma Kacem, Ghassen Ben Mansour, Laurent Grélot, Foued Ftaiti

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Other Keywords: sex; fat mass; speed; maximum aerobic velocity

Online: 22 November 2023 (03:47:40 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1009.v1

Tailoring Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment through a Gender Lens

Loreto Carmona, Elena Aurrecoechea, Maria Jesus Garcia-Yebenes

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Other Keywords: rheumatoid arthritis; gender; sex; susceptibility; treatment effect

Online: 16 November 2023 (03:06:31 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0683.v2

Perception Of Pre-Marital Sex, Courtship among Osun State University Undergraduates, Osogbo, Osun State

Abdulazeez A. Olayiwola, Adeyemi O. Omoge, Abayomi Olarinmoye, Grace Benzard, Halima U. Yahaya, Odunayo G. Aborisade, Jennifer Osolase

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: Pre-Marital Sex; courtship; influences; university; undergraduates

Online: 17 October 2023 (03:38:54 CEST)

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BACKGROUND: Pre-marital sex is a sexual interest practiced by people who are yet to get married and has ended up being accepted specifically in western countries. Sex before marriage is sexual behavior engaged in by single people. In the past, having sex before getting married is seen as a moral dilemma that many cultures forbade and that many people regarded to be sin in many religions, although it has gained wider acceptance across the board. OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to determine the perception, practices, and factors associated with pre-marital sex, courtship, and its influences among Osun State University Undergraduates, Osogbo, Osun State. METHODOLOGY: The study was a descriptive study, and respondents were selected using multi-stage sampling technique. Students of Osun State University, Osogbo main campus form the population of the study and its sample size was calculated using Leslie Kish’s formula. A total of 387 responses were validated from the survey. The instrument for data collection was a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire consisting of four sections. The data obtained were collated, examined for completion, coded, imputed, and analyzed using SPSS v21. RESULTS: The mean age of the respondents was between 19.19±2.17, and the majority were between 18 – 24 years. About 52% of the respondents show a positive perception of premarital sex and courtship. Also, in the practice of courtship majority (88.3%) of the respondents think those that go around together are courting and from the responses obtained and analyzed from the factors leading to pre-marital sex, the findings revealed that peer pressure (90.4%), Internet (86.7%), pornography (83.9%) and drugs (82.9%) are the leading factors which contribute to pre-marital sex among undergraduates. CONCLUSION: The study hereby recommends that Parents should as a matter of responsibility monitor and pays regular visits to their children in the universities and provide them with materials that will make them stay comfortable for them not to fall victim to peer pressure.Pre-marital sex is a practice that should be avoided by undergraduate students, though most students consider courtship as a normal practice, it is still used as a normal factor that leads them to practice pre-marital sex.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0640.v1

Sex Differences in Bone, Muscle, and Inflammatory Markers and Their Associations with Muscle Performance Variables

Pragya Sharma Ghimire, Adam Eckart, Ibtihal K. Al-Makhzoomy, James Stavitz

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy And Rehabilitation Keywords: Wnt signaling; inflammation; muscle performance; sex difference

Online: 10 October 2023 (11:54:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.2021.v1

Developmental Changes and Sex Differences in Infants' Neural Sensitivity to Emotional Prosodies in Spoken Words

Chieh Kao, Yang Zhang

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: emotional prosody; mismatch response; sex differences; infancy

Online: 3 October 2023 (03:44:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.1904.v2

The Indirect Effects of Vitamin D3 on the Aging Process According to Gender

Daniela Florina Trifan, Adrian Gheorghe Tirla, Calin Mos, Adrian Danciu, Florian Bodog, Felicia Manole, Timea Claudia Ghitea

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Surgery Keywords: Face-lifting; vitamin D; collagen; sex difference

Online: 31 July 2023 (11:38:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.1242.v1

Exploring the Evolutionary Relics of Sex-chromosomes of Divergent Animal Species through Comparative Analysis of the Predicted SSR Sequences and CpG Islands

Barinder Singh Grewal, Shilpa Tewari, Håkon Hægland, Chandra Shekhar Mukhopadhyay

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: Microsatellite; CpG island; sex chromosomes; DNA markers

Online: 16 June 2023 (12:41:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0185.v1

De Novo Assembly and Annotation of 11 Diverse Shrub Willow (Salix) Genomes Reveals Novel Gene Organization in Sex-Linked Regions

Brennan Hyden, Kai Feng, Timothy B Yates, Sara Jawdy, Chelsea Cereghino, Lawrence B Smart, Wellington Muchero

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Plant Sciences Keywords: Salix; shrub willow; genome assembly; sex determination

Online: 12 December 2022 (01:46:15 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0169.v1

Girls Outperform Boys in Early Syntactic Development? Negative Evidence from Mandarin-Speaking Preschoolers

Nga Yui Tong, Hui Li

Subject: Social Sciences, Language And Linguistics Keywords: sex differences; syntactic development; Mandarin-speaking children

Online: 14 February 2022 (09:19:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0116.v2

Frail Males on the American Frontier: The Role of Environmental Harshness on Sex Ratios at Birth Across a Period of Rapid Industrialization

Ryan Schacht, Mike Hollingshaus, Heidi Hanson, Tim Bruckner, Shane J Macfarlan, Douglas Tharp, Ken R Smith

Subject: Social Sciences, Gender And Sexuality Studies Keywords: sex ratio; prenatal stress; demography; ecological stress

Online: 6 April 2021 (14:57:54 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0029.v1

On the Difficulty of Marketing Food and Drink Products to Men and/or Women

Charles Spence

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: food marketing; sex/gender; personalization; customization; nutrition

Online: 2 November 2018 (07:00:20 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0245.v1

Objective Priors for Invariant e-Values in the Presence of Nuisance Parameters

Elena Bortolato, Laura Ventura

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Probability And Statistics Keywords: Asymptotic expansions; Adjusted score function; Bias reduction; Evidence; Full Bayesian Significance test; Higher-Order asymptotics; Matching priors; Median bias reduction

Online: 5 December 2023 (14:10:03 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0465.v2

The Role of Sexual Prejudice and Aetiology Beliefs on the Italians’ Attitudes towards Adoption by Same-Sex Couples

Silvia Di Battista, Daniele Paolini, Monica Pivetti, Lucia Mongelli

Subject: Social Sciences, Gender And Sexuality Studies Keywords: beliefs about the aetiology of sexual orientation; sexual prejudice; same-sex couples; same-sex parenting; gay fathers; lesbian mothers

Online: 12 January 2021 (12:34:39 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0560.v1

Questions and Answers in the Negative Footprint Illusion Paradigm: A Reply to Gorissen et al. (2024)

Patrik Sörqvist, John E. Marsh

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: negative footprint illusion; judgment; environmental impact; bias; attribute substitution

Online: 8 April 2024 (15:39:22 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1534.v1

Mitigating Age-related Bias in Predictive Policing Algorithms

Ahmed Saud Almasoud

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: predictive policing; algorithms; fairness; age bias; strategic subject list

Online: 24 November 2023 (02:42:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1408.v1

Formation of Cu Nanotwins on Silicon Carbide Wafers with Cr Adhesive Layer in Different Substrate Bias

Devi Indrawati Syafei, Meng-Ting Chiang, Tung-Han Chuang

Subject: Engineering, Metallurgy And Metallurgical Engineering Keywords: Cu nanotwin; Cr adhesive layer; magnetron sputtering; substrate bias

Online: 21 September 2023 (04:58:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.1944.v1

Asymmetric Kernel Density Estimation for Biased Data

Yoshihide Kakizawa

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Probability And Statistics Keywords: Biased data; nonparametric density estimation; boundary bias; asymmetric kernel

Online: 28 June 2023 (04:36:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0091.v1

Using the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST) to Evaluate Melanoma Prediction Studies

Isabelle Kaiser, Sonja Mathes, Annette B. Pfahlberg, Wolfgang Uter, Carola Berking, Markus V. Heppt, Theresa Steeb, Katharina Diehl, Olaf Gefeller

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: risk prediction; prediction models; risk of bias; PROBAST; melanoma

Online: 7 May 2022 (03:50:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0670.v1

Biomarker Discovery for Meta-Classification of Melanoma Metastatic Progression using Transfer Learning

Jose Marie Antonio Miñoza, Jonathan Adam Rico, Pia Regina Fatima Zamora, Manny Bacolod, Reinhard Laubenbacher, Romulo de Castro

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Algebra And Number Theory Keywords: melanoma; biomarker; transfer learning; ensemble model; bias; machine learning

Online: 27 May 2021 (13:20:55 CEST)

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Working Paper ESSAY

Shifting Our Value System Beyond Citations for a More Equitable Future

Sarah Davies, Hollie Putnam, Tracy Ainsworth, Julia Baum, Colleen Bove, Sarah Crosby, Isabelle Côté, Anne Duplouy, Robinson Fulweiler, Alyssa Griffin, Torrance Hanley, Tessa Hill, Adriana Humanes, Sangeeta Mangubhai, Anna Metaxas, Laura Parker, Hanny Rivera, Nyssa Silbiger, Nicola Smith, Ana Spalding, Nikki Traylor-Knowles, Brooke Weigel, Rachel Wright, Amanda Bates

Subject: Social Sciences, Other Keywords: mentorship; citations; bias; sexism; racism; equity; diversity; inclusion; wellbeing

Online: 22 February 2021 (16:17:45 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0394.v1

Population Genetic Considerations for Using Biobanks as International Resources in the Pandemic Era and Beyond

Hannah Carress, Daniel Lawson, Eran Elhaik

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: bioinformatics; population structure; population stratification bias; genomic medicine; biobanks

Online: 22 April 2020 (07:39:22 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0361.v2

Brief Exposure to Infants Activates Social and Intergroup Vigilance

Bobby Cheon, Gianluca Esposito

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: parental care system; intergroup bias; infant exposure; social vigilance

Online: 27 March 2020 (03:51:50 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0117.v1

An Information Theoretic Approach to Originality and Bias in Science

Laszlo Kish, Chanan Singh, Tamas Erdelyi

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Information Systems Keywords: originality; information entropy; bias; political correctness; errors; error correction

Online: 10 February 2020 (03:55:18 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.1186.v1

A Math Digital Game and Multiple-Try Use in Primary Students: A Gender Analysis on Motivation and Performance

Claudio Cubillos, Silvana Roncagliolo, Daniel Cabrera-Paniagua, Rosa Maria Vicari

Subject: Social Sciences, Gender And Sexuality Studies Keywords: Computer-Based Learning; Sex differences; Multiple attempts; MTF

Online: 18 April 2024 (13:44:06 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.1102.v1

Sex Specificities of Human Placental Adaptive Changes: The Influence of Maternal Obesity

Esther Dos Santos, Marta Hita Hernandez, Valérie Sérazin, François Vialard, Marie-Noëlle Dieudonné

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Endocrinology And Metabolism Keywords: Maternal obesity; placenta; environmental adaptation; sex specificities; reproduction

Online: 28 April 2023 (04:06:35 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0049.v1

Dietary and Sexual Correlates of Gut Microbiota in the Japa-Nese Gecko, Gekko japonicus (Schlegel, 1836)

Xin-Ru Jiang, Ying-Yu Dai, Yu-Rong Wang, Kun Guo, Yu Du, Jian-Fang Gao, Long-Hui Lin, Peng Li, Hong Li, Xiang Ji, Yan-Fu Qu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Animal Science, Veterinary Science And Zoology Keywords: ASVs; diet habit; Gekko japonicus; gut microbiota; sex

Online: 3 March 2023 (01:31:32 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0377.v1

Calibrating A Comprehensive Immune Age Metric to Analyze the Cross Sectional Age-Related Decline in Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Peter Bröde, Maren Claus, Patrick D. Gajewski, Stephan Getzmann, Klaus Golka, Jan G. Hengstler, Edmund Wascher, Carsten Watzl

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: aging; immunosenescence; physical fitness; physical activity; obesity; sex

Online: 26 September 2022 (05:00:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0361.v1

Impact of Sex in Left Atrial Indices for Prognosis of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Shiro Hoshida, Koichi Tachibana, Nobutaka Masunaga, Yukinori Shinoda, Tomoko Minamisaka, Hirooki Inui, Keisuke Ueno, Masahiro Seo, Masamichi Yano, Takaharu Hayashi, Akito Nakagawa, Yusuke Nakagawa, Shunsuke Tamaki, Takahisa Yamada, Yoshio Yasumura, Yohei Sotomi, Shungo Hikoso, Daisaku Nakatani, Yasushi Sakata

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: Ed/Ea; Fine-Gray model; HFpEF; LAVI; sex

Online: 23 September 2022 (08:09:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0295.v1

Sex Differences in Nutritional Status and Associated Risk Factors Among Cardiovascular Disease (Cvd) Patients in Lahore, Pakistan; A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study

Amina Faheem, Qaisar Raza, Sanaullah Iqbal, Rakhshanda Batool, Umer Faheem

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dietetics And Nutrition Keywords: Cardiovascular Diseases; Sex differences; Pakistani; Dietary intake patterns

Online: 23 May 2022 (10:30:30 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0002.v1

Air Pollution Exposure as a Relevant Risk Factor for COPD Exacerbations in Male and Female Patients

Miguel Enrique Silva Rodriguez, Patricia Silveyra

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COPD exacerbation; air pollution; hospital admission; sex differences

Online: 1 October 2021 (10:02:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0110.v1

Effects of Sex and 17β-Estradiol on Cardiac Fibroblast Morphology and Signaling Activities in vitro

Kelsey Watts, Will Richardson

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: cardiac fibroblasts; sex-specific; estrogen; fibrosis; heart failure

Online: 6 September 2021 (17:24:51 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0067.v1

Diagnostic Tools for Autism Spectrum Disorders by Sex: Analysis of Current Status and Future Lines

Esperanza Navarro-Pardo, Fernanda López-Ramón, Yurena Alonso-Esteban, Francisco Alcantud-Marín

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorders; Diagnostic Tools; Sex; Differential Diagnostic.

Online: 2 March 2021 (10:05:57 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0101.v1

Differences between Women and Men Regarding the Security Measures Required of the Hotel Sector to Deal with COVID-19

Alexandra Lenis Escobar, Ramón Rueda López, Antonio Menor Campos, Teresa López-Felipe

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Econometrics And Statistics Keywords: Covid-19; tourism; security measures; sex differences; ANOVA

Online: 4 August 2020 (16:05:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0579.v1

Association between Problematic Internet Use and Sleep Disturbance Among Adolescents: the Role of the Child’s Sex

Jiewen Yang, Yangfeng Guo, Xueying Du, Yi Jiang, Wanxin Wang, Di Xiao, Tian Wang, Ciyong Lu, Lan Guo

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: Problematic Internet use, sleep disturbance, sex difference, adolescents

Online: 24 October 2018 (14:15:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0107.v1

Molecular Sex Identification in Dioecious Hippophae rhamnoides L. via RAPD and SCAR Markers

Wu Zhou, Yuwei Wang, Gong Zhang, Guangxiang Luan, Shasha Chen, Jing Meng, Honglun Wang, Na Hu, Yourui Suo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Plant Sciences Keywords: Hippophae rhamnoides L.; dioecious; sex determination; RAPD; SCAR

Online: 9 April 2018 (10:48:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1497.v1

Ethnic Representation Matters: Investigating Bias in Facial Age Prediction Models

Nenad Panić, Marina Marjanović, Timea Bezdan

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Computer Vision And Graphics Keywords: Facial recognition; Age prediction; Convolutional Neural Network (CNN); Ethnicity bias

Online: 26 March 2024 (08:15:07 CET)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0085.v1

Using Directed Acyclic Graphs (Dags) to Represent the Data Generating Mechanisms of Disease and Healthcare Pathways: A Guide for Educators, Students, Practitioners and Researchers

George Ellison

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Probability And Statistics Keywords: Directed Acyclic Graph; DAG; confounding; collider bias; epistemology; inferential statistics

Online: 8 October 2022 (02:59:34 CEST)

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Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are nonparametric causal path diagrams that have substantial utility as principled representations of disease and healthcare pathways, and of the underlying ‘data generating mechanisms’ these pathways involve. As such, DAGs provide a valuable bridge between: the aetiological knowledge, operational insight and professional experience on which clinical training and practice depend; and the more abstract epistemological and analytical considerations required to extract robust statistical insight from health and healthcare data. DAGs are nonetheless vulnerable to imperfect biomedical paradigms, partial clinical knowledge and limited empirical data. DAGs drawn under such circumstances offer limited scope for statistical insight free from cognitive, analytical or inferential bias if: they misrepresent the data generating mechanisms involved; or ignore the important role that omitted variables (whether measured, unmeasured or unacknowledged) might play therein. To address these weaknesses and broaden the appeal and application of DAGs, this chapter provides ten simple steps that educators can use to improve the analytical competence and statistical confidence of the healthcare students, qualified practitioners and experienced researchers they support. These steps use temporal logic to draw DAGs so as to: reduce reliance on uncertain knowledge, incomplete information, flawed assumptions or guesswork; and avoid, mitigate or acknowledge the errors and biases that each of these incur. The chapter comprises an accessible, non-technical overview of the perspective and thoughtfulness required to generate temporally coherent DAGs as objective representations of the probabilistic causal paths involved in context-specific data generating mechanisms. It encourages a focus on those variables operating as potential sources of analytical or inferential bias when estimating the plausible, probabilistic causal relationship between two pre-specified variables; and specifically addresses the challenges posed by: omitted; time-variant; non-asynchronous; and temporally obscure variables. The chapter includes a worked example based on a published clinical study to demonstrate how each of the steps required to generate temporally-informed DAGs can be applied to: critically appraise the analytical decisions made during applied healthcare research; and inform the decisions required when designing, undertaking and analysing primary and secondary, prospective and retrospective research. The appendices include a summary of ten recommendations for improving the reporting and interrogability of DAGs and DAG-informed analyses.

Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0084.v1

The Strengths and Weaknesses of Directed Acyclic Graphs (Dags) as Cognitive, Analytical and Educational Tools for Medical Statistics

George Ellison

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Other Keywords: directed acyclic graph; DAG; causal inference; bias; inferential statistics; reproducibility

Online: 8 October 2022 (02:57:44 CEST)

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The origins of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) date back to the emergence of ‘graph theory’ in the early 1700s (Biggs et al. 1986). DAGs are conceptual or literal, diagrammatic representations of causal paths between variables which are constructed – as their name suggests – on the basis of two over-riding principles: first, that all causal paths are ‘directed’ (i.e. for each pair of variables, only one can represent the cause, while the other must be its consequence); and second, that no direct cyclical paths, or indirect cyclical pathways (comprising sequences of consecutive paths) are allowed, such that no consequence can be considered its own direct or indirect cause (hence ‘acyclic’; Law et al., 2012). As such DAGs reflect the knowledge, presumptions, assumptions and/or speculation of the analyst(s) concerned regarding the causal relationships between each of the variables included therein. Current convention dictates that variables are represented as nodes/vertices, and that any causal paths between variables are represented as directed arcs/edges/lines, often in the form of arrows (see Figure 1). Although each arc indicates the presence and direction of a known/presumed/assumed/speculative causal relationship between the two variables concerned, drawing an arc does not require the sign, magnitude, precision or shape of the relationship to be known or declared (Tennant et al., 2021). In this respect, DAGs provide a simple, uncomplicated, accessible and entirely nonparametric approach for postulating causal relationships amongst any variables of interest even when these are uncertain, unknown or entirely speculative (Ellison, 2020). Nonetheless, as a result of the parametric constraints imposed by the presence/absence of possible arcs within any given DAG, these also reflect and support a number of more sophisticated statistical applications which make it possible to use DAGs to inform the design of multivariable statistical models that reflect the causal structure(s) involved – albeit without the need to know or understand the mathematical technicalities on which these are based (Lewis and Kuerbis, 2016). These features make DAGs attractive cognitive, educational and analytical tools for strengthening the epistemological, theoretical and empirical basis of causal inference, and there has been a recent proliferation in the use of DAGs across a range of applied scientific disciplines (e.g. Knight and Winship, 2013), and an associated upsurge in analytical methods training (e.g. Elwert, 2011; Gilthorpe, 2017; Hernán 2018; Roy, 2021; Hünermund, 2021). This Chapter reflects on a decade of delivering medical statistics training to undergraduate medical students at the University of Leeds between 2012-2021 in which the third year research, evaluation and special studies module (‘RESS3’) has used DAGs to support the development of applied statistical skills relevant to the extended student-selected research and evaluation projects (ESREP) students undertake in their fourth and final years (Ellison, 2021; Ellison et al., 2014a,b). Based on successive iterations of the structure and content of the RESS3 module, together with notes made during formal and informal planning and review meetings with module leads, lecturers, tutors and students, we draw on the claims and criticisms made of DAGs in the epidemiological literature to identify a number of explicit strengths (and associated, often implicit. weaknesses) that are central to their use in prediction and causal inference modelling. While using DAGs requires (and benefits from) a clear understanding of their non-parametric nature and parametric implications, the weaknesses of DAGs seem likely to reflect both: the challenges inherent in the modelling of data generating processes when these are imperfectly understood; and troublesome cognitive and heuristic tendencies common to all analytical tools – in which the tool facilitates the task in hand by reducing the necessity (and benefits of) exploring uncertainties and identifying assumptions. These, more epistemological considerations appear particularly challenging for medical undergraduates to grasp (Ellison, 2021), but also appear poorly understood by many established analysts and clinical epidemiologists (Ellison, 2020).

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0208.v1

Genome-Wide Analysis of Synonymous Codon Usage Bias in Cycas panzhihuaensis

Luo Yong Jian, Ru Wang, Li Qing, Song Quan Song, Jun Liu, Zhi Jun Deng

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Plant Sciences Keywords: RSCU; ENc-GC3s plot; synonymous codon usage bias; Cycas; CAI

Online: 16 May 2022 (12:12:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0311.v1

The Replicability Crisis and the p-Value Debate – what Are the Consequences for the Agricultural and Food Economics Community?

Thomas Heckelei, Silke Hüttel, Martin Odening, Jens Rommel

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Econometrics And Statistics Keywords: Statistical inference; p-hacking; pre-registration; publication bias; replication crisis

Online: 20 January 2022 (15:32:13 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0177.v3

Simulated Fishing to Untangle Catchability and Availability in Fish Abundance Monitoring

Vanessa Tobias

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Algebra And Number Theory Keywords: bias; simulation; long-term monitoring; Delta Smelt; San Francisco Estuary

Online: 23 June 2021 (11:50:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0770.v1

Representation of Non-Western Cultural Knowledge on Wikipedia: The Case of the Visual Arts

Martin Poulter, Waqās Ahmed

Subject: Social Sciences, Library And Information Sciences Keywords: Wikipedia, knowledge equity, Wikimedia, open culture, visual arts, cultural bias

Online: 29 April 2021 (09:16:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0321.v1

"Bring More Data!" – A Good Advice? Removing Separation in Logistic Regression by Increasing Sample Size

Hana Šinkovec, Angelika Geroldinger, Georg Heinze

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Probability And Statistics Keywords: maximum likelihood; logistic regression; firth's correction; separation; penalized likelihood; bias

Online: 28 October 2019 (12:01:17 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201904.0270.v1

Infeasibility and Structural Bias in Differential Evolution

Fabio Caraffini, Anna Kononova, David Corne

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Data Structures, Algorithms And Complexity Keywords: structural bias, algorithmic design, differential evolution, population-based algorithms, optimisation

Online: 24 April 2019 (12:16:42 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201709.0131.v1

Estimators and Confidence Intervals for Plant Area Density at Voxel Scale with T-LiDAR

Francois Pimont, Denis Allard, Maxime Soma, Jean-Luc Dupuy

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: terrestrial LiDAR; TLS; LAI; LAD; element size; bias; consistency; efficiency

Online: 26 September 2017 (15:42:47 CEST)

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Terrestrial LiDAR becomes more and more popular to estimate leaf and plant area density. Voxel-based approaches account for this vegetation heterogeneity and significant work has been done in this recent research field, but no general theoretical analysis is available. Although estimators have been proposed and several causes of biases have been identified, their consistency and efficiency have not been evaluated. Also, confidence intervals are almost never provided. In the present paper, we solve the transmittance equation and use the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE), to derive unbiased estimators and confidence intervals for the attenuation coefficient, which is proportional to leaf area density. The new estimators and confidence intervals are defined at voxel scale, and account for the number of beams crossing the voxel, the inequality of path lengths in voxel, the size of vegetation elements, as well as for the variability of element positions between vegetation samples. They are completed by numerous numerical simulations for the evaluation of estimator consistency and efficiency, as well as the assessment of the coverage probabilities of confidence intervals. • Although commonly used when the beam number is low, the usual estimators are strongly biased and the 95% confidence intervals can be ≈±100% of the estimate. • Our unbiased estimators are consistent in a wider range of validity than the usual ones, especially for the unbiased MLE, which is consistent when the beam number is as low as 5. The unbiased MLE is efficient, meaning it reaches the lowest residual errors that can be expected (for an unbiased estimator). Also the unbiased MLE does not require any bias correction when path lengths are unequal. • When elements are small (or voxel is large), 103 beams entering the voxel leads to some confidence intervals ≈±10%, but when elements are larger (or voxel smaller), it can remain wider than ±50%, even for a large beam number. This is explained by the variability of element positions between vegetation samples. Such a result shows that a significant part of residual error can be explained by random effects. • Confidence intervals are much smaller (±5 to 10%) when LAD estimates are averaged over several small voxels, typically within a horizontal layer or in the crown of individual plants. In this context, our unbiased estimators show a reduction of 50% of the radius of confidence intervals, in comparison to usual estimators. Our study provides some new ready-to-use estimators and confidence intervals for attenuation coefficients, which are consistent and efficient within a fairly large range of parameter values. The consistency is achieved for a low beam number, which is promising for application to airborne LiDAR data. They entail to raise the level of understanding and confidence on LAD estimation. Among other applications, their usage should help determine the most suitable voxel size, for given vegetation types and scanning density, whereas existing guidelines are highly variable among studies, probably because of differences in vegetation, scanning design and estimators.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1142.v1

Editing Metabolism, Sex, and Microbiome: How can we Help Poplar Resist Pathogens?

Maxim A. Kovalev, Natalya S. Gladysh, Alina S. Bogdanova, Nadezhda L. Bolsheva, Mikhail I. Popchenko, Anna V. Kudryavtseva

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Plant Sciences Keywords: Populus; plant pathogens; plant immunity; plant microbiome; plant sex

Online: 15 December 2023 (08:50:47 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.1817.v1

Sex/gender Differences in the Language Profiles of Italian Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Jessica Barsotti, Gloria Mangani, Roberta Nencioli, Antonio Narzisi, Lucia Pfanner, Anna Maria Chilosi, Paola Cipriani, Alice Mancini, Angela Cosenza, Raffaella Tancredi, Sara Calderoni

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Perinatology And Child Health Keywords: Language and communication; sex/gender; Autism Spectrum Disorder; children

Online: 26 June 2023 (13:54:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0211.v1

Klotho Regulated by Estrogen Plays a Key Role in Sex Differences in Stress Resilience

Zhinei Tan, Yongxia Li, Yinzheng Guan, Javed Iqbal, Chenyue Wang, Xinming Ma

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: klotho; estrogen; hippocampus; chronic stress; sex difference; stress resilience

Online: 13 December 2022 (01:09:36 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0152.v1

Eugenio Martelli, Matilde Zamboni, Giovanni Sotgiu, Laura Saderi, Massimo Federici, Giuseppe Massimo Sangiorgi, Mariangela Valentina Puci, Allegra Rosa Martelli, Teresa Messina, Paolo Frigatti, Maria Pia Borrelli, Carlo Ruotolo, Ilaria Ficarelli, Paolo Rubino, Francesco Pezzo, Luciano Carbonari, Andrea Angelini, Edoardo Galeazzi, Luca Calia Di Pinto, Franco Michelino Fiore, Armado Palmieri, Giorgio Ventoruzzo, Giulia Mazzitelli, Franco Ragni, Antonio Bozzani, Enzo Forliti, Claudio Castagno, Pietro Volpe, Mafalda Massara, Diego Moniaci, Elisa Pagliasso, Tania Peretti, Mauro Ferrari, Nicola Troisi, Pietro Modugno, Maurizio Maiorano, Umberto Marcello Bracale, Marco Panagrosso, Mario Monaco, Giovanni Giordano, Giuseppe Natalicchio, Antonella Biello, Giovanni Maria Celoria, Alessio Amico, Mauro Di Bartolo, Massimiliano Martelli, Roberta Munaó, Davide Razzano, Giovanni Colacchio, Francesco Bussetti, Gaetano Lanza, Antonio Cardini, Bartolomeo Di Benedetto, Mario De Laurentis, Maurizio Taurino, Pasqualino Sirignano, Pierluigi Cappiello, Andrea Esposito, Santi Trimarchi, Silvia Romagnoli, Andrea Padricelli, Giorgio Giudice, Adolfo Crinisio, Giovanni Di Nardo, Giuseppe Battaglia, Rosario Tringale, Salvatore De Vivo, Rita Compagna, Valerio Stefano Tolva, Ilenia D'Alessio, Ruggiero Curci, Simona Giovannetti, Giuseppe D'Arrigo, Giusi Basile, Dalmazio Frigerio, Gian Franco Veraldi, Luca Mezzetto, Arnaldo Ippoliti, Fabio Massimo Oddi, Alberto Maria Settembrini

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Hematology Keywords: chronic limb-threatening ischemia; outcome; sex; age; limb salvage

Online: 8 December 2022 (09:39:30 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0119.v1

CO-St (COVID 19- study): impact of the management of men versus women in the treatment of Covid 19. A Multi-Centric Observational study

Tiziana Ciarambino, filomena pietrantonio, Sara Rotunno, Alessandra Fiorentini, Rosalba Cipriani, Giuseppe Campagna, Giuseppe Straface, Eleonora Pistella, mauro giordano, Francesco Rosiello, Orazio Valerio Giannico, federica lorenzi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; gender role; sex differences

Online: 4 August 2021 (15:30:46 CEST)

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