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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0187.v1

Technical Potential of Salt Caverns for Hydrogen Storage in Europe

Dilara Caglayan, Nikolaus Weber, Heidi Ursula Heinrichs, Jochen Linßen, Martin Robinius, Peter A. Kukla, Detlef Stolten

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: Salt caverns; salt structures; technical storage potential; hydrogen storage

Online: 16 October 2019 (11:40:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0508.v1

Moringa Oleifera L. Extracts as Bioactive Ingredients That Increasing Safety of Body Wash Cosmetics

Zofia Nizioł-Łukaszewska, Dominika Furman-Toczek, Tomasz Bujak, Tomasz Wasilewski

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Moringa oleifera L., antioxidant activity, cell culture, irritant potential

Online: 26 September 2018 (13:16:14 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0710.v1

40-Hz Auditory Steady State Response (ASSR) as a Biomarker of Abnormalities in SHANK3 Gene: a Case-Report of 15-years Old Girl with Rare Microduplication in 22q13.33

Anastasia K Neklyudova, Galina V Portnova, Anna B Rebreikina, Victoria Yu Voinova, Olga V Sysoeva

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: 22q13.3 duplication; Auditory steady state response, ASSR; SHANK3; biomarker; auditory event-related potential, ERP; autism spectrum disorders; intellectual disabilities

Online: 30 November 2020 (08:33:26 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0084.v1

Explicit Exact Solutions to Some One Dimensional Conformable Time Fractional Equations

Alper Korkmaz

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Applied Mathematics Keywords: modified Kudryashov method; conformable time fractional RLW-Burgers Equation; conformable time fractional potential KdV Equation; conformable time fractional CRWP equation; conformable derivative

Online: 16 December 2016 (08:01:56 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0157.v1

Guided Self-Accelerating Airy Beams—A Mini-Review

Yiqi Zhang, Hua Zhong, Milivoj R. Belic, Yanpeng Zhang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Optics And Photonics Keywords: airy beam; harmonic potential; dynamic linear potential; self-Fourier beam; phase; transition; soliton

Online: 20 March 2017 (09:48:40 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0198.v1

Conformational Flexibility and the Interaction of Huperzine A in the Active Site of Acetylcholinesterase: A Quantum Chemical and Charge Density Study

Renuga Parameswari Azhagesan, Saravanan Kandasamy, Kumaradhas Poomani

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Theoretical Chemistry Keywords: huperzine A-AChE; molecular docking; intermolecular interaction; quantum chemical calculation; charge density distribution; atomic charges; dipole moment; electrostatic potential; toxicity analysis

Online: 23 August 2016 (12:33:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0318.v1

Microencapsulation and Characterization of Natural Polyphenols from PHF Extract

Syed Ammar Hussain, Ahsan Hameed, Yusuf Nazir, Tahira Naz, Yang Wu, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Yuanda Song

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Food Science And Technology Keywords: microencapsulation; polyphenols; freeze-drying; antioxidant activity; in vitro dialyzability; in vitro anti-diabetic potential

Online: 23 May 2018 (08:11:46 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0024.v1

A Historical Review of Slope Based SCS Method and its Effect on CN and Runoff Potential Globally

Tauseef Ahmad Ansari, Yashwant B Katpatal, C Rishma

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: Slope based SCS Curve Number; Antecedent Moisture Condition; Land Use; Runoff potential; Urban watersheds

Online: 15 October 2020 (15:14:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0055.v1

Bioelectricity Potential through Plant Microbial Fuel Cell System Using by Cynodon dactylon (Dooba ghas)

Atit Jawre, Priyanshi Chauhan, Anket Patel, Hari Prajapati, Sardul Singh Sandhu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: P-MFCs; Cynodon dactylon; energy; bioelectric potential; electricity generation

Online: 5 September 2019 (09:55:54 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0126.v1

Brine-Dependent Recovery Processes (Smart-Water/Low-Salinity-Water) in Carbonate and Sandstone Petroleum Reservoirs: Review of Laboratory-Field Studies, Interfacial Mechanisms and Modeling Attempts

Adedapo N. Awolayo, Hemanta K. Sarma, Long X. Nghiem

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: state-of-the-art review; brine-dependent recovery; potential determining ions; chemical mechanisms; sandstone and carbonate rocks; wettability alteration; waterflooding; modeling

Online: 8 October 2018 (05:18:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0049.v1

Electrochemical Instrumentation of an Embedded Potentiostat System (EPS) for a Programmable-System-On-a-Chip

Adrián Iván Muñoz-Martínez, Omar Israel González Peña, Jordi Colomer-Farrarons, José Manuel Rodríguez-Delgado, Alfonso Ávila-Ortega, Graciano Dieck-Assad

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Electrochemistry Keywords: Chronoamperometry, Potential Sweep Methods, Reconfigurable Embedded Potentiostat, Portable Potentiostat, Programmable-System-on-a-Chip, Wireless electronics, Smart Instrumentation, Electrochemical low current detection, slave-master setup

Online: 3 October 2018 (13:03:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0705.v1

A Solution of the Interpretation Problem of Lorentz Transformations

Grit Kalies

Subject: Physical Sciences, Thermodynamics Keywords: interpretation problem; Lorentz transformation; special relativity; thermodynamics; potential energy; space; time; entropy; non-mechanistic ether theory

Online: 30 July 2020 (06:08:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0196.v1

The Future of European Onshore Wind Energy Potential: Detailed Distribution and Simulation of Advanced Turbine Designs

David Severin Ryberg, Dilara Gulcin Caglayan, Sabrina Schmitt, Jochen Linßen, Detlef Stolten, Martin Robinius

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: renewable energy systems; land eligibility; Onshore wind energy; technical potential; economic potential; simulation

Online: 17 December 2018 (11:12:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201706.0095.v1

China’s economy growth prospects and its potential drivers of future

Jean-Noël BEKA BE NGUEMA

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Finance Keywords: China；economic growth；export market；economic policy； potential drivers

Online: 20 June 2017 (11:18:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0022.v1

A Simple, Cost-Effective Sensor for Detecting Lead Ions in Water Using Under-Potential Deposited Bismuth Sub-Layer with Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV)

Yifan Dai, Chung Chiun Liu

Subject: Engineering, Bioengineering Keywords: under-potential deposition; bismuth sub-layer; lead ions; DPV

Online: 4 April 2017 (10:43:35 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0062.v1

Nernst Voltage Loss in Oxyhydrogen Fuel Cells

Jinzhe Lyu

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Electrochemistry Keywords: Nernst voltage; activation overvoltage; concentration loss; equilibrium potential; exchange current density; net current density

Online: 4 September 2018 (11:56:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0202.v1

Improvements in Electric Power Potential Generation from Plants Microbial Fuel Cells

Melisa Acosta-Coll, Adalberto Ospino-Castro, Stalin Carbonell-Navarro, Jaider Escobar-Duque, Rafael Peña-Gallardo

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: Plants-Microbial Fuel Cells; clean energy; electric potential; power output; resistivity

Online: 18 September 2019 (08:21:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0138.v1

Mesoporous Silica Modified Luminescent Gd₂O₃:Eu Nanoparticles: Physicochemical and Luminescence Properties

Ali Aldalbahi, Mostafizur Rahaman, Anees Ansari

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Biomaterials Keywords: Gadolinium oxide, mesoporous, silica, biocompatible, zeta potential, luminescence properties

Online: 7 September 2018 (13:22:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0185.v1

Surface Properties and Biocompatibility of Thick Film Materials Used in Ceramic Bioreactors

Heike Bartsch, Ralf Peipmann, Marcel Himmerlich, Marion Frant, Holger Rothe, Klaus Liefeith, Hartmut Witte

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Ceramics And Composites Keywords: LTCC; thick film metallization; biocompatibility; surface properties; chemical composition; zeta potential

Online: 18 January 2019 (11:18:05 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Theoretical Calculation of Wind (Or Water) Turbine: Extending the Betz Limit

Pierre Lecanu, joel Breard, Dominique Mouaze, Bertil Smorgrav

Subject: Physical Sciences, Applied Physics Keywords: n/a; wind turbine; tidal turbine; betz limit; Betz's law; HAWT; VAWT; potential energy; kinetic energy

Online: 27 August 2021 (11:15:35 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0323.v1

Atomic Surface Segregation and Structural Characterization of PdPt Bimetallic Nanoparticles

Carlos A. Rodríguez-Proenza, Juan P. Palomares-Báez, Marco A. Chávez-Rojo, Amado F. García-Ruiz, Cristy L. Azanza-Ricardo, Alan Santoveña-Uribe, Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas, José L. Rodríguez-López, Rodrigo Esparza

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Nanotechnology Keywords: bimetallic nanoparticles; electron microscopy; molecular dynamics simulation; Gupta potential; PdPt alloys; nanostructures

Online: 18 August 2018 (05:59:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0488.v1

Renewable Energy Startups and SME

Roshani Goel

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: renewable energy; startups; affordability; current condition; future potential

Online: 22 August 2020 (03:34:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0435.v1

Vector Potential, Magnetic Field, Mutual Inductance, Magnetic Force, Torque and Stiffness Calculation between Current-Carrying Arc Segments with Inclined Axes in Air

Slobodan Babic

Subject: Physical Sciences, Applied Physics Keywords: Magnetic vector potential; magnetic field; mutual inductance; magnetic force; torque; stiffness

Online: 24 September 2021 (12:56:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0047.v1

Partial Isolation Type Saddle-FinFET(Pi-FinFET) for Sub-30 nm DRAM Cell Transistors

Myoung Jin Lee, young kwon kim, taesik park, geon kim, jin sung lee, young pyo cho, huijung kim, young june park

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL), drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL), recessed channel array transistor (RCAT), on-current (Ion), off-current (Ioff), subthreshold slope (SS), threshold voltage (VTH), saddle FinFET (S-FinFET), Potential Drop Width (PDW), Shallow Trench Isolation (STI).

Online: 2 November 2018 (10:21:47 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0456.v1

The Impact of Isolation on the Transmission of COVID-19 and Estimation of Potential Second Epidemic in China

Haitao Song, Fang Liu, Feng Li, Xiaochun Cao, Hao Wang, Zhongwei Jia, Huaiping Zhu, Michael Li, Wei Lin, Hong Yang, Jianghong Hu, Zhen Jin

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Health Policy And Services Keywords: COVID-19; mathematical model; basic reproduction number; potential second epidemic; isolation; close contacts

Online: 31 March 2020 (10:20:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0133.v1

In Silico Evaluation of the Antioxidant Potential of Two Caffeine Analogs with Recognized Epithelial Anticancer Potential

Josivan da Silva Costa, Cleydson Breno Rodrigues dos Santos, Karina da Silva Lopes Costa, Ryan da Silva Ramos, Davi do Socorro Barros Brasil, Rosivaldo dos Santos Borges, Joaquín María Campos Rosa, Williams Jorge da Cruz Macêdo

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Medicinal Chemistry Keywords: antioxidant potential; molecular docking; molecular descriptors; binding free energy; free radicals; oxidative stress

Online: 8 May 2018 (15:38:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0152.v1

Exergy Analyses of Onion Drying by Convection: Influence of Dryer Parameters on Its Performance

María Castro, Celia Román, Marcelo Echegaray, Germán Mazza, Rosa Rodriguez

Subject: Engineering, Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Keywords: onion drying; exergy analysis; exergetic improvement potential rate; sustainability index

Online: 19 March 2018 (09:44:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0474.v1

Offshore Wind Energy Potential for Bahrain via Multi-criteria Evaluation

Diane Palmer, Mohamed Elgabiri, Hanan Al Buflasa, Murray Thomson

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: Offshore wind farm siting; Suitability maps; Geographical Information Systems (GIS); Multi-criteria; Analytic hierarchy process (AHP); Offshore wind energy potential.

Online: 18 December 2020 (14:54:47 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0065.v1

Estimating the Potential Habitat of Breeding Egrets and Herons (Family Ardeidae) for Urban Forest Management in Daejeon Metropolitan City, Korea

Man-Seok Shin, Eun-Jae Lee, Hyun-Ju Cho

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior And Systematics Keywords: Egrets and herons; MaxEnt; potential habitat; residential district

Online: 3 August 2018 (11:59:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0090.v1

Flood Potential Mapping of Pesanggrahan River Watershed in South and West Jakarta with LIDAR Data Segmentation

Indra Riyanto, Lestari Margatama, S. Samsinar, Babag Purbantoro, Luhur Bayuaji, Dodi Sudiana, Josaphat Tetuko Sri Sumantyo

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Remote Sensing Keywords: flood mapping; urban flood potential; LIDAR; image segmentation; Digital Surface Model; Digital Elevation Model

Online: 8 April 2018 (10:02:20 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0118.v1

Molecular Study on Dominant Fatty Acid Esters Characterized from Waste Beef Tallow Biodiesel – A Quantum Computational Approach

Gokul Raghavendra Srinivasan, Vijayalakshmi Shankar, Ranjitha Jambulingam

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Theoretical Chemistry Keywords: beef tallow biodiesel; fatty acid esters; atomic charge; molecular dipole moment; HOMO-LUMO energy gap; electrostatic potential

Online: 13 June 2019 (09:37:39 CEST)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0166.v1

The Correlation between Rotational Gravity and Magnetic Field of Celestial Body

Ying-Qiu Gu

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: Earth magnetic field; celestial magnetic field; magnetic dipole; Clifford algebra; Dirac equation; spin-gravity coupling potential; curved space-time

Online: 13 February 2020 (10:48:46 CET)

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The magnetic field of the earth plays an important role in the ecosystem, and the magnetic field of celestial bodies is also important in the formation of cosmic large-scale structures, but the origin and evolution of the celestial magnetic field is still an unresolved mystery. Many hypotheses to explain the origin have been proposed, but there are some insurmountable difficulties for each one. At present, the theory widely accepted in scientific society is the dynamo model, it says that, the movement of magnetofluid inside celestial bodies, which can overcome the Ohmic dissipative effect and generate persistent weak electric current and macroscopic magnetic field. However, this model needs an initial seed magnetic field, and the true values of many physical parameters inside the celestial body are difficult to obtain, and there is no stable solution to the large range of fluid motion. These are all difficulties for the dynamo model. Furthermore, it is difficult for the dynamo to explain the correlation between the dipole magnetic field and angular momentum of a celestial body. In this paper, by calculating the interaction between spin of particles and gravity of celestial body according to Clifford algebra, we find that a rotational celestial body provides a field $\Omega^\alpha$ for spins, which is similar to the magnetic field of a dipole, and the spins of charged particles within the celestial body are arranged along the flux line of $\Omega^\alpha$, then a macroscopic magnetic field is induced. The calculation shows that the strength of $\Omega^\alpha$ is proportional to the angular momentum of the celestial body, which explains the correlation between the magnetic intensity and angular momentum. The results of this paper suggest that further study of the effects of internal variables such as density, velocity, pressure and temperature of a celestial body on $\Omega^\alpha$ may provide some new insights into the origin and evolution of celestial magnetic field.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0146.v1

Entropy Production as the Origin of Information Encoding in RNA and DNA

Julián Mejía, Karo Michaelian

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: entropy; entropy production; non-equilibrium thermodynamics; information encoding; nucleic acids; DNA; RNA; origin of life; origin of codons; amino acids; stereochemical era; photon potential

Online: 14 September 2019 (19:44:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0092.v1

Fracture and Lineament Patterns across the Midcontinent Indicate Post-Cretaceous Reactivation of Basement-Involved Faults

Caroline M. Burberry, Jerlyn L. Swiatlowski, Mindi L. Searls, Irina FIlina

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: fractures; potential fields; lineament analysis; fault reactivation; Midcontinent rift system; Nemaha uplift

Online: 8 April 2018 (10:52:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0323.v1

Potential Active Ingredients of Traditional Chinese Medicine NaoMaiTong for Ischemia Stroke Treatment

Yu Zhang, Xulei Fan, Li Lu, Shumei Wang

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Analytical Chemistry Keywords: Potential active ingredients; Naomaitong; PK - PD correlation; Support vector machines

Online: 24 May 2018 (10:38:35 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0085.v1

A Global Perspective on H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus

Thomas Peacock, Joe James, Joshua E. Sealy, Munir Iqbal

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: H9N2; avian influenza viruses; zoonotic; pandemic potential; poultry

Online: 11 June 2019 (07:44:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.3390/sci2020046

Portable XRF Quick-Scan Mapping for Potential Toxic Elements Pollutants in Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems: A Methodological Approach

Guri Venvik, Floris Boogaard

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (pXRF); Potential Toxic Elements (PTE); lead (Pb), zinc (Zn); copper (Cu); topsoil; sustainable urban drainage systems; SuDS; LID; BMPs; WSUD; GI; SCMs

Online: 13 June 2020 (00:00:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0290.v1

Analysis of Small Hydropower Generation Potential : (2) Future Prospect of the Potential Under Climate Change

Jaewon Jung, Sungeun Jung, Junhyeong Lee, Myungjin Lee, Hung Soo Kim

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: Climate Change Scenario; Generation Potential; Hydropower; Renewable Energy

Online: 10 March 2021 (16:08:37 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0284.v1

Special Orthogonal Polynomials in Quantum Mechanics

Abdulaziz D. Alhaidari

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Applied Mathematics Keywords: tridiagonal representation; orthogonal polynomials; potential functions; asymptotics; recursion relation; spectrum formula

Online: 29 January 2019 (04:37:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0516.v1

Preparation and Characterization of Bioplastics from Grass Pea Flour Cast in the Presence of Microbial Transglutaminase

C. Valeria L. Giosafatto, Asmaa Al-Asmar, Antonio D'Angelo, Valentina Roviello, Marilena Esposito, Loredana Mariniello

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Surfaces, Coatings And Films Keywords: grass pea; bioplastics; mechanical properties; transglutaminase; zeta potential

Online: 23 October 2018 (04:23:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0200.v1

Impact of Farmland Change on Soybean Production Potential in Recent 40 Years: a Case Study in Western Jilin, China

Luoman Pu, Shuwen Zhang, Fei Li, Ranghu Wang, Jiuchun Yang, Liping Chang

Subject: Social Sciences, Geography, Planning And Development Keywords: farmland change; soybean; production potential; GAEZ; Western Jilin

Online: 12 June 2018 (16:01:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0205.v1

Modelling the Origin, Fate, and Ecological and Health Impacts of Heavy Metals from an Abandoned Mercury Mine in a Paradise Island in the Philippines

Reymar R. Diwa, Custer C. Deocaris, Lhevy D. Geraldo, Lawrence P. Belo

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: heavy metals; abandoned mine; soil pollution; potential ecological risk; multivariate analysis; health index; soil; sediments

Online: 15 March 2022 (10:58:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0166.v1

Relativistic Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Electrode Processes

Mirza Wasif Baig

Subject: Physical Sciences, Thermodynamics Keywords: relativistic cell potential; relativistic thermodynamics; time dilation; graviton; virtual photon.

Online: 10 July 2018 (10:43:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0314.v1

Application of Clifford Algebra in Solving the Eigen Equations of Quantum Mechanics

Ying-Qiu Gu

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Algebra And Number Theory Keywords: Clifford algebra; Abelian Lie algebra; eigen function; separation of variables; Dirac equation; Pauli equation, dipole magnetic field; axisymmetric potential

Online: 20 March 2020 (09:55:59 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0260.v2

Bohmian Quantum Mechanics Revisited

Arbab Arbab

Subject: Physical Sciences, Quantum Science And Technology Keywords: quantum mechanics; bohmian quantum mechanics; quantum potential; schrodinger equation; dirac equation; klein-gordon equation; spin

Online: 31 August 2018 (05:39:53 CEST)

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By expressing the Schrödinger wave function in the form

ψ = R e^{i S / ℏ}

, where R and S are real functions, we have shown that the expectation value of S is conserved. The amplitude of the wave (R) is found to satisfy the Schrödinger equation while the phase (S) is related to the energy conservation. Besides the quantum potential that depends on R, viz.,

V_{Q} = - \frac{ℏ^{2}}{2 m} \frac{\nabla^{2} R}{R}

, we have obtained a spin potential

V_{S} = - \frac{S \nabla^{2} S}{m}

that depends on S which is attributed to the particle spin. The spin force is found to give rise to dissipative viscous force. The quantum potential may be attributed to the interaction between the two subfields S and R comprising the quantum particle. This results in splitting (creation/annihilation) of these subfields, each having a mass

m c^{2}

with an internal frequency of

2 m c^{2} / ℏ

, satisfying the original wave equation and endowing the particle its quantum nature. The mass of one subfield reflects the interaction with the other subfield. If in Bohmian ansatz R satisfies the Klein-Gordon equation, then S must satisfies the wave equation. Conversely, if R satisfies the wave equation, then S yields the Einstein relativistic energy momentum equation.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0119.v1

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Intraparietal Sulcuschanges the Grip Force Modulation Exerted by Manual Action-Verbs – An Exploratory Study

Ronaldo Luis da Silva, Victor Frak, Johanne Higgins

Subject: Social Sciences, Behavior Sciences Keywords: embodied language, grip force modulation, intraparietal sulcus, motor-evoked potential, right hemisphere

Online: 11 January 2019 (16:08:14 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0944.v1

Groundwater Quality Assessment of Manipur, India, and Worldwide Bibliometric Analysis of Research Progress on Groundwater Quality

Rakshita Chaudhary, Nisha Gaur, Mohit Yadav

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Groundwater; Water Quality Index; Bacteriological Quality; Irrigational indices; Hydro chemical processes; Potential health risk

Online: 14 September 2023 (08:39:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201802.0040.v3

Hard Coating is Because of Oppositely Worked Force-Energy Behaviors of Atoms

Mubarak Ali, Esah Hamzah, Mohd Radzi Mohd Toff

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Surfaces, Coatings And Films Keywords: hard coating; TiN; atomic nature; expansion-contraction; potential energy; force-energy behaviors; ground point; structure evolution

Online: 25 June 2018 (07:43:20 CEST)

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Coatings of reliable materials of thickness in few atoms to several microns on a viable substrate is the basic need of society which attend regular attention of scientific community working in various fields. Decorative and protective coatings, transparent and insulating coatings, coatings of medical implants and surgical instruments, coatings for drug delivery and security purposes, ultra-precision machine coatings and coatings of other miscellaneous uses are in routine demand for research and commercial purposes. Different hard coatings develop with significant composition of different nature atoms where their force-energy behaviors when recovering certain transition states provide provision for electron of outer ring belonging to gas atom to react for another clamp of energy knot clamping unfilled state of outer ring belonging to solid atom. Set suitable process conditions regulate switching force-energy behaviors of different nature atoms, which are nearly opposite to the ones originally existing in them. Thus, different nature transition state atoms locate points of developing hard coating between their original ground points as the gaseous nature atoms increase their potential energy as per increasing the gravitational force exerting at electron level while the solid atoms decrease their potential energy as per decreasing the gravitational force exerting at electron level. Ti-atom to Ti-atom binding is taken place under the difference of expansion level of lattice in the just land atom and landed atom where the position of nitrogen atoms becomes nearly at their interstitial site. Thus, different nature transition state atoms accommodate to be deposited at substrate surface positioned in the deposition chamber under suitable set parameters. In random arc-based vapor deposition system, depositing different nature atoms at substrate surface depends on the supplied energy where non-conserved forces are remained engage to keep adherence. On undertaking electron (of gas atom), another clamp of energy knot (of solid atom) is being endorsed by the mutually adjusting expansion-contraction of lattices belonging to two different nature atoms developing structure in the form of hard coating, which is known since antiquity. Different properties and characteristics of hard coatings emerged as per engaged forces under the set conditions of involved energy. The present study sets new trends not only in the field of films and coatings but also in the diversified class of materials, wherever, atoms recall their roles.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0013.v1

Trust and Distress Prediction in Modal Shift Potential of Long-Distance Road Freight in Containers: Modelling Approach in Transport Services for Sustainability

Elżbieta Szaruga, Elżbieta Skąpska, Elżbieta Załoga, Wiesław Matwiejczuk

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Econometrics And Statistics Keywords: sustainability; trust; distress; transport services; road freight transport; modal shift potential; shift paradigm; modelling; prediction; General Discriminant Analysis

Online: 1 June 2018 (10:44:39 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

An Electronic Skin Readout System for Liquid Metal based Flexible Resistor Sensor Array

Huan Qian Zhang, Jee Chin Teoh, Jian Feng Wu, Longteng Yu, Rui-Heng Wang, Deleon Mark Francis, Chwee Teck Lim

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: Resistive sensor array; measurement error; zero potential methods; liquid metal; flexible electrical skin

Online: 24 January 2020 (14:49:03 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0025.v1

Resource Base Assessment of Acacia Seyal in Eastern Amhara Region

Andualem Ayalew, Derbie Wudu, Gezahagn Getachew, Tegabu Redae, Hoaddis kasshun

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Forestry Keywords: resource potential; point center quarter methods; Acacia seyal structure; species composition; diversity

Online: 2 August 2019 (09:27:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0423.v1

Brewing Efficacy of Non-Conventional Saccharomyces Non-Cerevisiae Yeasts

James Bruner, Andrew Marcus, Glen Fox

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: non-conventional yeasts; Saccharomyces; fermentation; beer; dry-hopping; brewing potential

Online: 19 July 2021 (16:08:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0016.v2

Quantum Nonlocality from Higher-Derivative Gravity

Gregory S. Duane

Subject: Physical Sciences, Quantum Science And Technology Keywords: 4th order gravity; quantum potential; ER = EPR; wormholes

Online: 24 July 2018 (05:15:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0460.v1

Removal Characteristics of N-Nitrosamines and Their Precursorsby Pilot-Scale Integrated Membrane Systems for Water Reuse

Haruka Takeuchi, Naoyuki Yamashita, Norihide Nakada, Hiroaki Tanaka

Subject: Engineering, Chemical Engineering Keywords: N-nitrosamines; formation potential; membrane treatment; reverse osmosis; membrane fouling; pilot-scale

Online: 24 July 2018 (15:46:34 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0671.v1

Pathophysiological Roles of Abnormal Axon Initial Segments in Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Masashi Fujitani, Yoshinori Otani, Hisao Miyajima

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: axon initial segment (AIS); action potential (AP); ankyrin-G; spectrins; plasticity; neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs)

Online: 29 July 2021 (15:49:42 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0278.v1

Structural Changes in the Acceptor Site of Photosystem II Upon Ca2+/Sr2+ Exchange in the Mn4CaO5 Cluster Site and the Possible Long-Range Interactions

Faisal Hammad Mekky Koua

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: photosystem II; redox potential; electron transfer; charge separation; photo-inhibition

Online: 27 June 2019 (05:54:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0191.v1

Insights into Metal Oxide and Zero-Valent Metal Nanocrystal Formation on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Surfaces during Sol-gel Hybridization

Dipesh Das, Indu V. Sabaraya, Tara Sabo-Attwood, Navid B. Saleh

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Nanotechnology Keywords: nanohybrid; synthesis; standard electron potential; crystal phase; reducing agents

Online: 14 May 2018 (11:51:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0412.v1

Simplification of Galactic Dynamic equations

Ying-Qiu Gu

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: Galactic dynamics; Spiral structure; Bared spiral structure; Density wave; Gravitational retarded potential

Online: 27 February 2020 (16:10:59 CET)

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Most fully developed galaxies have vivid spiral structure, but the formation and evolution of spiral structure is still a mystery that is not fully understood in astrophysics. We find that the currently used equations of galactic dynamics contain some unreasonable components. In this paper, the following three working assumptions are introduced to simplify the galactic structural equations. 1. In the research of large-scale structure, the retarded potential of the gravitational field should be taken into account. The propagating time of the gravitational field from center to border is longer than the revolution periods of the stars near the center of galaxy. Newton's gravitational potential is unreasonable for such case, and the weak field and low velocity approximation of Einstein's field equation should be adopted. 2. The stars in a fully developed galaxy should be zero-pressure and inviscid fluid, and the equation of motion is different from that of ordinary continuum mechanics. Stars move along geodesics. 3. The structure of the galaxy is only related to the total mass density distribution. The equation of state of dark halo is different from that of ordinary luminous interstellar matter, so their trajectories are also very different. Dark halo and ordinary matter in galaxy are automatically separated. The total mass density distribution can be presupposed according to the observation data, and then it can be determined by comparing the solution of the equations with the observed data. These assumptions and treatments are supported by theory and observation. The variables of the equations of simplified galactic dynamics are separated from each other, and the equations are well-posed and can be solved according to a definite procedure. Therefore, this simplified dynamic equation system provides a more reasonable and practical framework for the further study of galactic structure, and can solve many practical problems. Besides, it is closely related to the study of dark energy and dark matter.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.3390/sci1010007.v1

Quantum Calcium-Ion Interactions with EEG

Lester Ingber

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Computer Science Keywords: quantum mechanics; EEG; short term memory; astrocytes; neocortical dynamics; vector potential

Online: 11 December 2018 (00:00:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0005.v1

Electrokinetic Characterization of Natural Stones Coated with Nanocomposites for the Protection of Cultural Heritage

Marco Roveri, Simona Raneri, Sabrina Bianchi, Francesca Gherardi, Valter Castelvetro, Lucia Toniolo

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Surfaces, Coatings And Films Keywords: natural stones; alkylalkoxysilane; nanocomposite coatings; surface modification; zeta potential; streaming current

Online: 2 September 2018 (11:48:29 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0414.v2

Improving the Accuracy of the Deep Energy Method

Charul Chadha, Junyan He, Diab Abueidda, Seid Koric, Erman Guleryuz, Iwona Jasiuk

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Computational Mathematics Keywords: Elasticity; Machine learning; Minimum potential energy; Partial differential equations (PDEs); Physics-informed neural network

Online: 3 April 2023 (03:29:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0264.v1

Robot Path Planning Agent for Evaluating Collaborative Machine Behavior

Baoping Ma, Haoyue Yang, Jingcheng Wei, Qingmin Meng

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Robotics Keywords: machine behavior, mobile robots, navigation, path planning, artificial potential field, artificial neural network

Online: 22 May 2019 (08:39:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0218.v1

A Hydrocarbon Resource Plays in Southern Pakistan´s Indus Basin

Yasir Shahzad, Rui Pena dos Reis, Maria Helena Henriques

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Deccan basalts; Indus Basin (Pakistan); Seismic interpretation; Hydrocarbon potential

Online: 14 July 2022 (11:43:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0064.v1

Farmers’ Participatory Evaluation of Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation Method on the Greenhouse Gas Emission, Water Productivity and Paddy Yield in Bangladesh

Mohammad Mobarak Hossain, Mohammad Rafiqul Islam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: methane; nitrous oxide; global warming potential; water productivity; paddy yield

Online: 3 February 2022 (17:02:55 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0082.v1

New Systematic Energy Generation Having Superconductivity Properties without Refrigeration

Shinichi Ishiguri

Subject: Physical Sciences, Applied Physics Keywords: current source; diode; divergent current density; new superconductivity type; zero voltage; symmetric electric circuit; Meissner effect; electric potential; vector potential; Lorentz conservation law

Online: 4 July 2019 (17:26:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0170.v1

Context-aware Caching Distribution and UAV Deployment: A Game-theoretic Approach

Tao Fang, Hua Tian, Xiaobo Zhang, Xueqiang Chen, Xinhong Shao, Yuli Zhang

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: context-aware; UAV-assisted networks; communication probability; cache content; potential game

Online: 10 September 2018 (12:45:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0356.v1

Integrated Geoelectric and Hydrogeochemical Survey to Analyze the Potential of Underground Water in Solok, West Sumatra, Indonesia

Juandi Muhammad, Nur Islami

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: potential; groundwater; geoelectrical; chemical parameter; physical parameter

Online: 30 October 2019 (10:20:22 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0193.v1

Hydrogen Sulfide in the Cardiovascular System: A Small Molecule with Promising Therapeutic Potential

Irina Tikhomirova, Alexei Muravyov

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: gasotransmitters; hydrogen sulfide; cardiovascular system; circulation; hemostasis; erythrocytes; therapeutic potential.

Online: 11 January 2021 (12:48:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0206.v1

An Approach to Delineate Potential Groundwater Zones in Kilinochchi District, Sri Lanka, Using GIS Techniques

Vyddiyaratnam Pathmanandakumar, Nadarajapillai Thasarathan, Manjula Ranagalage

Subject: Social Sciences, Geography, Planning And Development Keywords: Remote sensing; GIS; AHP; Groundwater potential zone; Weighted overlay analysis; Kilinochchi

Online: 9 August 2021 (16:56:29 CEST)

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The scarcity of surface water resources in the dry season in the Kilinochchi district increases the demand for freshwater. Therefore, the existing groundwater resources should be managed to overcome the situation. Several authors worldwide have published studies on the delineation of potential groundwater zone. However, only a few studies addressed the delineation of potential groundwater zones in the Kilinochchi district. This study aims to delineate potential groundwater zones in Kilinochchi, Sri Lanka using integrated Remote Sensing, Geographic Information Systems, and Analytic Hierarchy Process techniques. Groundwater potential zones are demarcated for the Kilinochchi district by overlaying thematic layers: geology, geomorphology, land use/land cover, soil types, drainage density, slope, lineament, and rainfall. Saaty's scale was applied to the assigned weights of the chosen thematic layers and their features. The thematic layers were integrated into a Geographic Information System, and a weighted overlay analysis is carried out to delineate groundwater zones. Thus the resultant map is categorized into five different potential zones: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. It was found that the very high groundwater potential zone is mainly found in the north-eastern part of the study area covering 111.26 km2. The upper north-western, middle, and eastern parts of the study area fall within the high groundwater potential zone covering about 507.74 km2. The moderate groundwater potential zones (309.89 km2) mainly occurred in the western part, and the extreme west part of the study area falls under low (207.78 km2) and very low (59.12 km2) zones. The groundwater potential map was validated with the existing seventy-nine wells, which indicated a good prediction accuracy of 81.8%. This research will help policymakers better manage the Kilinochchi district's groundwater resources and gives scope for further research into groundwater exploration in the area.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0092.v1

Microbiome Assessment of Global Oil Reservoirs Reveals Site-Specific Hydrocarbon Degradation Functional Profiles

Kelly J. Hidalgo, Isabel N. Sierra-Garcia, German Zafra, Valéria M. de Oliveira

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: petroleum; metagenomics; core microbiota, functional potential, oil fields

Online: 3 August 2021 (15:29:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0257.v1

Generation System for Renewable Energy Density Substantially Higher than that of Power Stations and Presentation of Novel Superconductivity

Shinichi Ishiguri

Subject: Physical Sciences, Condensed Matter Physics Keywords: divergent current density; new superconductivity; Meissner effect; new type of condensation; energy generation; electrostatic potential; independent current source; voltage-controlled current source; renewable energy

Online: 16 March 2020 (04:18:23 CET)

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Societies around the world face serious energy problems related to the consumption of fossil fuels and the emission of dangerous radiation. To solve these problems, a new superconductor exhibiting a critical temperature higher than room temperature has been pursued but not achieved. This paper proposes a new energy generation system based on a circuit approach. Secondary to this process, a new type of superconductivity without refrigeration is demonstrated. In our previous paper [1], this system was proposed, but it did not describe the underlying theory in detail and did not mention an actual method to generate energy from the system. The present paper describes the theory of the existence of divergent current density and new superconductivity with no refrigeration. Moreover, the present paper proposes a method for extracting energy from the system by employing a voltage-controlled current source (i.e., a voltage–current converting method).The principle of the system is based on a circuit of two loops and independent current sources. First, the two electric loops are prepared, each with 4 diodes, where the diodes are oriented in the same direction within each loop, but their direction is opposite from loop to loop; four independent current sources connect the loops. In this circuit system, current is added iteratively as it flows along the loop according to Kirchhoff’s circuit law. As a result, a large current and electric potential are present along the loop. To confirm that this system works properly, it is necessary to demonstrate the presence of divergent currents in the transient state, and to do this, the present paper employs the Dirac equation and Lorentz conservation. Electric circuit software is employed to demonstrate that the presented method generates energy actually from our system.Our results confirm the presence of divergent current at a connected point of an independent current source in the transient state. Moreover, in the steady state, the theory demonstrates the Meissner effect (i.e., a London equation) and a new type of macroscopic wave function and condensation. For an initial small input current of 0.1 μA, the simulation reveals a large generating current of 7 kA and electric power of 10¹¹ W, which is much larger than unit of power from an average thermal power station; moreover, the system presents with superconducting electrical transport conditions.The present study is significant because it demonstrates theoretically the existence of divergent current density and a new type of superconductivity requiring no refrigeration. Secondly, the simulations show the generation of a large energy density that can be obtained in a small laboratory room with minimal cost.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0122.v1

Neural is Fundamental: Neural Stemness as the Ground State of Cell Tumorigenicity and Differentiation Potential

Ying Cao

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: neural stemness; neural stem/progenitor cell; tumor-initiating cell; neural ground state; neural default model; differentiation potential; tumorigenicity; tumorigenesis; evo-devo

Online: 7 December 2020 (07:02:34 CET)

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Tumorigenesis is a complex biological phenomenon that includes extensive genetic and phenotypic heterogeneities and complicated regulatory mechanisms. In the recent few years, our studies demonstrate that tumor-initiating cells are similar to neural stem/progenitor cells in regulatory networks, tumorigenicity and pluripotent differentiation potential. In the review, I will make further discussion on these observations and propose a rule of cell biology by integrating these findings with evidence from developmental biology, tumor biology and evolution, which suggests that neural stemness underlies two coupled cell properties, tumorigenicity and pluripotent differentiation potential. Tumorigenicity and phenotypic heterogeneity in tumor is a result of acquirement of neural stemness in cells. The neural stemness property of tumor-initiating cells can hopefully integrate different concepts/hypotheses underlying tumorigenesis. Neural stem cells/neural progenitors and tumor-initiating cells share regulatory networks; both exhibit neural stemness, tumorigenicity and differentiation potential; both are dependent on expression or activation of ancestral genes (the atavistic effect); both rely primarily on aerobic glycolytic metabolism; both can differentiate into various cells or tissues that are derived from three germ layers, resembling severely disorganized or more severely degenerated process of embryonic development; both are enriched in long genes with more splice variants that provide more plastic scaffolds for cell differentiation, etc. The property of neural stemness might be a key point to understand tumorigenesis and pluripotent differentiation potential, and possibly explain certain pathological observations in tumors that have been inexplicable. Therefore, behind the complexity of tumorigenesis might be a general rule of cell biology, i.e., neural stemness represents the ground state of cell tumorigenicity and pluripotent differentiation potential.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0250.v1

A Periodic Potential Underdamped Stochastic Resonance Method and Its Application for Gear Fault Diagnosis

Zhixing Li, Xiandong Liu, Tian He, Yingchun Shan

Subject: Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Keywords: fault diagnosis, stochastic resonance, periodic potential, underdamped, weak signal

Online: 27 March 2019 (08:49:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0319.v1

The Industrial Organism Corynebacterium glutamicum Requires Mycothiol as Antioxidant to Resist against Oxidative Stress in Bioreactor Cultivations

Fabian Stefan Franz Hartmann, Lina Clermont, Quach Ngoc Tung, Haike Antelmann, Gerd Michael Seibold

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Corynebacterium glutamicum; Oxidative stress; Mycothiol; Mrx1-roGFP2; Redox potential

Online: 14 September 2020 (00:58:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0404.v1

Relation between the Fatigue and Fracture Ductile-Brittle Transition in S500 Welded Steel Joints

Finn Sallaba, Franziska Rolof, Sören Ehlers, Carey Leroy Walters, Moritz Braun

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Materials Science And Technology Keywords: Arctic conditions; Weldment fatigue; Temperature dependence of material fatigue; Fatigue and fracture mechanics testing at low temperatures; Fatigue and fracture transitions temperatures; Direct-current potential drop method; Scanning electron microscopy; FTT; FDBT; DBTT

Online: 26 January 2022 (18:42:43 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms

Mubarak Ali

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Materials Science And Technology Keywords: carbon; atomic structure; electron-dynamics; potential energy; force-exertion; atomic binding

Online: 17 May 2019 (08:36:23 CEST)

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Many studies discuss carbon-based materials because of the versatility of its element. They include different opinions for scientific problems and discuss fairly at convincing and compelling levels within the scope and application. A gas-state carbon atom converts into various states depending on its conditions of processing. The electron transfer mechanism in the gas-state carbon atom is responsible to convert it into various states, namely, graphite, nanotube, fullerene, diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene. The shape of ‘energy trajectory’ enables transferring electrons from the left- and right-sides of an atom is like a parabola. That ‘energy trajectory’ is linked to states (filled state and suitable nearby unfilled state) where force-exertion along the poles of transferring electrons is remained balance. So, the mechanism of originating different states of a gas-state carbon atom is under the involvement of energy first. This is not the case for atoms executing confined inter-state electron-dynamics as the force is involved first. Graphite-, nanotube- and fullerene-state atoms ‘partially evolve partially develop’ (form) their structures. These possess one-dimensional, two-dimensional and four-dimensional ordering of atoms, respectively. Their structural formation also comprises ‘energy curve’ having a shape-like parabola. Transferring suitable filled state electron to suitable nearby unfilled state is under a balance force exerting along the poles. The graphite structure under only attained-dynamics of atoms can also be formed but in two-dimension. Here, binding energy between graphite-state carbon atoms is for a small difference of exerting forces along their opposite poles. Structural formation in diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene atoms involve energy to gain required infinitesimal displacements of electrons through which they maintain orientationally-controlled exerting forces along dedicated poles. In this study, the growth of diamond is found to be south to east-west (ground) where atoms bound ground to south. Thus, diamond atoms merge for a tetra-electron ground to south topological structure. Lonsdaleite atoms merge for a bi-electron ground to just-south topological structure. The growth of graphene is found to be north to ground where atoms bound ground to north. Thus, graphene atoms merge for a tetra-electron ground to north topological structure. Glassy carbon exhibits layered-topological structure where, tri-layers of gas-, graphite- and lonsdaleite-state atoms successively bind in repetitive order. Nanoscale hardness is also sketched based on different force-energy behaviors of different state carbon atoms. Here, structure evolution in each carbon state atom explores its own science.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0223.v1

Three-Dimensional Numerical Visualization And Simulation of Multiphysics in Point Source Dc Magnetometric Resistivity Method

Wenlong Gao, Lei Zhou, Liangjun Yan

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: MMR; abnormal potential method; modified Biot-Savart law; finite difference method; three-dimensional visualization simulation

Online: 9 December 2020 (12:11:59 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0083.v2

When Green Infrastructure Turns Grey: Implications of Overdesign on Plant Water Stress

Min-cheng Tu, Joshua S. Caplan, Sasha W. Eisenman, Bridget M Wadzuk

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: evapotranspiration; green infrastructure; HYDRUS; leaf water potential; low impact development; optimization; overdesign; stomatal conductance; simulated runoff test; static sizing; stormwater control measure; tree trench

Online: 15 January 2020 (07:28:40 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0079.v1

On the Wireless Microwave Sensing of Bacterial Membrane Potential in Microfluidic-Actuated Platforms

Marc Jofre, Lluís Jofre, Luis Jofre-Roca

Subject: Physical Sciences, Acoustics Keywords: Bacteria; elasto-inertial focusing; microfluidics; microwaves; membrane potential; sensing; shear stress; single cell detection; system-on-a-chip

Online: 2 March 2021 (11:24:18 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0560.v1

Breeding Potential of Maize Germplasm Line GEMS-0067 for High Amylose Proportion

Nan Han, Wanchen Li, Chuanxiao Xie, Fengling Fu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: ae mutant; amylose; breeding potential; maize; SBEIIb

Online: 24 May 2021 (10:44:31 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0083.v1

Screening Biophysical Sensors and Actuators that Influence Wound Healing in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons

Vaibhav Pai, Ben Cooper, Michael Levin

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: bioelectricity; ion flux; membrane potential; live sensor dyes; pH; serotonin; acetylcholine; GABA; hiNSC

Online: 6 July 2022 (03:52:01 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0092.v2

From the Quantum to the Macroscopic Level: The Journey of Information Through Our Complex System

Sara Diani

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: quantum network; quantum potential; complex system; Coherence Domains; Hopfield Networks; information

Online: 20 November 2020 (11:36:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0194.v2

Theoretical Studies on the Creation of Artificial Magnetic Monopoles

Shinichi Ishiguri

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Artificial magnetic monopole; new electromagnetic equations; superconducting loop; stationary wave; conservation of momentum; Lorentz conservation; magnetic potential; Dirac equation; energy gap in vacuum; pair of two Cooper pairs

Online: 6 September 2021 (14:21:23 CEST)

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The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the existence of an artificial magnetic monopole and to introduce new electromagnetic equations by altering an electric field and a magnetic field vectors.As a principle device, a cylindrical condenser is prepared, and a superconducting loop is inserted into it. By this conduction, radial electric fields take a role as the centripetal force and both counterclockwise and clockwise motions are induced. As a result, a stationery wave is formed in which the nodes take a part in creating a monopole as follows.First, employing the Lorentz conservations and because node of the stationary wave has no phases, the momentum k and the vector potential A vanish and instead a magnetic potential appears in order to maintain the Lorentz conservation. This magnetic potential has relationship with an electric potential, and thus consequently, a dependent relationship is obtained between an electric field and a magnetic field vectors. Using this conclusive dependent relationship, we can derive new Maxwell equation assembly which are created by altering the electric field and the magnetic field vectors. In this process, we derive a divergent equation of magnetic fields which is not zero, i.e., the existence of a magnetic monopole. Employing these newly derived Maxwell equation, an electromagnetic wave is derived whose speed is the same as one the existing Maxwell equations provide. As a monopole configuration, this paper discusses the energy gap of the vacuum, which is a result of the Dirac equation and describes a monopole as pairs between two Cooper pairs (i.e. four electrons) whose interaction is a photon. As mentioned, because the total momenta and phases are zero, this paper defines the wave function as the Dirac function and demonstrate the condensation, employing the Bloch’s theorem. Moreover, using the macroscopic basic equations, we retrace the creation of the divergent magnetic field in view of macroscopic phenomenon., which provides results in this paper.In Result section in this paper, we succeeded in demonstrating the distribution of the divergent magnetic field of monopole in terms of both microscopic and macroscopic scales. Furthermore, Discussion section describes properties a magnetic monopole should follow.

Working Paper ARTICLE

Investigation on the Interaction between Sodium Dodecylsulfate and Cationic Polymer by Using Conductometric, Densimeter and Zeta Potential Technique

Barhoumi Zina, Amdouni Noureddine, Amalendu Pal, Jean Francois Stumbe

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Physical Chemistry Keywords: polymer solution; critical micellization concentration; Zeta Potential

Online: 17 July 2020 (15:29:49 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0350.v1

From Mechanisms to Functions: The Role of Synchronization in the Intrahippocampal Circuits

Ivan Mysin, Liubov Shubina

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: theta rhythm; gamma rhythm; coherence; local field potential; hippocampus

Online: 14 May 2021 (15:48:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0223.v1

The Potential of Variable Renewable Energy Sources in Mexico: A Temporally-Evaluated and Geospatially-Constrained Techno-Economical Assessment

Edgar Ubaldo Pena Sanchez, Severin David Ryberg, Heidi Ursula Heinrichs, Detlef Stolten, Martin Robinius

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: Renewable energy; land eligibility analysis; onshore wind; open-field photovoltaics; Mexico; renewable potential; technical potential

Online: 9 July 2021 (13:23:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0426.v1

Terrestrial Laser Scanning Intensity Captures Diurnal Variation in Leaf Water Potential

Samuli Junttila, Teemu Hölttä, Eetu Puttonen, Masato Katoh, Mikko Vastaranta, Harri Kaartinen, Markus Holopainen, Hannu Hyyppä

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: leaf water potential; lidar intensity; terrestrial laser scanning; diurnal variation; leaf water content; drought; tree health; plant water dynamics

Online: 26 May 2020 (08:26:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0620.v1

Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Trend Analysis of two Evapotranspiration-based droughts products and their mechanisms in Sub-Saharan Africa

Isaac Kwesi Nooni, Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan, Guojie Wang, Waheed Ullah, Shijie Li, Jiao Lu, Asher Samuel Bhatti, xiao shi, Dan Lou, Nana Agyemang Prempeh, Kenny T.C. Lim Kam Sian, Mawuli Dzakpasu, Solomon Obiri Yeboah Amankwah, Chenxia Zhu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: Droughts; NDVI; CHIRPS; precipitation anomalies; potential evapotranspiration; self-calibrating palmer drought severity index

Online: 24 December 2020 (13:14:17 CET)

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Working Paper HYPOTHESIS

Upper Limit on the Thermodynamic Information Content of an Action Potential

Sterling Street

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: information; entropy; energy; thermodynamics; Landauer's principle; action potential

Online: 4 February 2020 (04:42:05 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0345.v2

Generation of the Stream of Consciousness by Neuronal Synaptic Interaction

Andrew Duggins

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: stream of consciousness; quantum mechanics; decoherence theory; synaptic transmission; spike; action potential; neural code; neural correlate of consciousness

Online: 4 March 2020 (04:54:40 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1085.v2

Endogenous Neuromodulation at Infra-Low Frequency: Method and Theory

Siegfried Othmer, Susan FitzGerald Othmer

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Primary Health Care Keywords: Neuromodulation; Neurofeedback; Infra-Low Frequency; Slow Cortical Potential; Infra-Slow Fluctuations; EEG Biofeedback; Developmental Trauma

Online: 12 January 2024 (02:39:15 CET)

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Clinical work conducted over the last seventeen years at the EEG Institute in Los Angeles and by other neurofeedback providers around the world has demonstrated the utility of extending frequency-based neurofeedback deep into the infra-low frequency (ILF) region, using the method of endogenous neuromodulation described herein. The method is characterized by the absence of any overt reinforcements, which makes it possible to extend the clinical reach to extremely low frequencies. As the training frequency is lowered, the signal becomes more difficult to discriminate, and ultimately it can only be discerned by the brain itself, in the process of endogenous neuromodulation. The method emulates how the brain does skill learning in general: It must observe itself performing the skill, with feedback on its performance. While the immediate target of ILF neurofeedback is enhanced self-regulatory competence--with symptomatic relief and functional recovery the secondary consequences, progressive lowering of the target frequencies has led to improved outcomes in application to challenging dysfunctions such as episodic suicidality, migraine, seizures, and bipolar mood swings. The work has also yielded insights into how the frequency domain is organized. The training proceeds best at frequencies that are specific to each individual, and these are referred to as optimal response frequencies (ORFs). These frequencies differ for various placements but stand in two fixed relationships to one another, one that holds over the EEG spectral range, and another that holds over the entire ILF range. Training in the ILF region engages the dynamics of the glial-neuronal networks, which govern tonic, resting state regulation. The collective clinical experience with ILF neuromodulation within a large practitioner network supports the case for making protocol-based, individualized ‘homeodynamic’ regulation a therapeutic priority, particularly for our most impacted clinical populations: addiction, trauma formations, traumatic brain injury, and the dementias. The case is made for further outcome studies and foundational research.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0448.v1

The Emergence of Automated Vehicles and their Potential Implications for Urban Mobility: A Review of the Literature and Synthesis of Use Cases

Abebe Dress Beza, Sesil Koutra, Frederic John, Dimitrios Thomas

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: automated vehicles; land use; potential implication; urban mobility; use cases

Online: 29 July 2022 (04:31:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201902.0021.v2

Analytical Calculations of Quark Confinement, Linear Interaction Potential, and Net Spin in a Proton Using a Quark Rotational Model

Shinichi Ishiguri

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: quark; linear interactive potential; mass of a proton; spin; quark confinement; pi-meson

Online: 22 August 2022 (15:50:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0279.v1

A Framework to Measure the Taxonomic of Economic Anchor: a Case Study of the Three Seas Initiative Countries

Magdalena Kozera-Kowalska, Jarosław Uglis, Jarosław Lira

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Accounting And Taxation Keywords: Three Seas Initiative; entrepreneurial potential; synthetic measure of economic anchor; economic lockdown; economy after COVID-19

Online: 14 January 2021 (16:17:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0268.v1

Stratosphere–Troposphere Exchange and O₃ Decline in the Lower Stratosphere over Irene SHADOZ Site, South Africa

Thumeka Mkololo, Nkanyiso Mbatha, Sivakumar Venkataraman, Nelson Begue, Gerrie Coetzee, Casper Labuschagne

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: ozone enhancement; Irene; ozone decline; potential vorticity; ozonesondes

Online: 18 February 2020 (11:25:41 CET)

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This study aims to investigate the Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange (STE) events and ozone trends over Irene (25.5°S, 28.1°E). Twelve years of ozonesondes data (2000–2007, 2012–2015) from Irene station operating in the framework of the Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesodes (SHADOZ) was used to study the troposphere (0–16 km) and stratosphere (17– 28 km) ozone (O₃) vertical profiles. Ozone profiles were grouped into three categories (2000–2003, 2004–2007 and 2012–2015) and average composites were calculated for each category. Fifteen O₃ enhancement events were identified over the study period. These events were observed in all seasons (one event in summer, four events in autumn, five events in winter and five events in spring), however, they predominantly occur in winter and spring. The STE events presented here are observed to be influenced by the Southern Hemisphere polar vortex. During the STE events, the advected potential vorticity maps assimilated using Modélisation Isentrope du transport Méso–échelle de l’Ozone Stratosphérique par Advection (MIMOSA) model for the 350 K (~12–13 km) isentropic level indicated a transport of high latitude air masses which seems to be responsible for the reduction of the O₃ mole fractions at the lower stratosphere over Irene which takes place at the same time with the enhancement of ozone in the upper troposphere. In general, the stratosphere is dominated by higher Modern Retrospective Analysis for Research Application (MERRA-2) potential vorticity (PV) values compared to the troposphere. However, during the STE events, higher PV values from the stratosphere were observed to intrude the troposphere. Ozone decline was observed from 12 km to 24 km with highest decline occurring from 14 km to 18 km. An average decrease of 6.0 and 9.1% was calculated from 12 to 24 km in 2004–2007 and 2012–2015 respectively. The observed decline occurred in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere with winter and spring showing more decline compared with summer and autumn.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0107.v1

On the Redox-Activity and Health-Effects of Atmospheric Primary and Secondary Aerosol: Phenomenology

Francesca Costabile, Stefano Decesari, Roberta Vecchi, Franco Lucarelli, Gabriele Curci, Dario Massabò, Matteo Rinaldi, Maurizio Gualtieri, Emanuela Corsini, Elena Menegola, Silvia Canepari, Lorenzo Massimi, Stefania Argentini, Maurizio Busetto, Gianluca Di Iulio, Luca Di Liberto, Marco Paglione, Igor Petenko, Mara Russo, Angela Marinoni, Gianpietro Casasanta, Sara Valentini, Vera Bernardoni, Federica Crova, Gianluigi Valli, Alice Corina Forello, Fabio Giardi, Silvia Nava, Giulia Pazzi, Paolo Prati, Virginia Vernocchi, Teresa La Torretta, Ettore Petralia, Milena Stracquadanio, Gabriele Zanini, Gloria Melzi, Emma Nozza, Martina Iulini, Donatella Caruso, Lucia Cioffi, Gabriele Imperato, Flavio Giavarini, Maria Battistoni, Francesca Di Renzo, Maria Agostina Frezzini, Cinzia Perrino, Maria Cristina Facchini

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: atmospheric aerosol; chemical composition; secondary aerosol; source apportionment; ultrafine particles; oxidative potential; exposure; toxicology; forecasting; micrometeorology

Online: 12 April 2022 (09:54:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0363.v1

QSAR Model for Predicting the Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Binding Affinity and Dependence Potential of Synthetic Cannabinoids

Wonyoung Lee, So-Jung Park, Ji-Young Hwang, Kwang-Hyun Hur, Yong Sup Lee, Jongmin Kim, Xiaodi Zhao, Aekyung Park, Kyung Hoon Min, Choon-Gon Jang, Hyun-Ju Park

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Analytical Chemistry Keywords: cannabinoid receptor 1; synthetic cannabinoids; quantitative structure-activity relationship; multiple linear regression; partial least squares regression; dependence and abuse potential

Online: 13 November 2020 (07:19:36 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.2222.v1

Microbiome: The Next Frontier in Psychedelic Renaissance

Robert B. Kargbo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: Psychedelic renaissance; Mental health; Therapeutic potential; Gut microbiome; Psychedelic substances; Personalized medicine; Gut-brain axis; Mood regulation; Microbiome-targeted interventions; Psychopharmacology

Online: 31 May 2023 (10:32:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0149.v1

Cytotoxicity of Diphenyltin(IV) Diisopropyl Dithiocarbamate Compound on Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells, CCL-119 (CCRF-CEM)

Normah Awang, Nurul Farahana Kamaludin

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Toxicology Keywords: organotin(IV) dithiocarbamate; childhood leukemia; antileukemia activity; anticancer potential; inhibitory effects

Online: 11 May 2022 (08:27:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0056.v1

Strange Stars Models in the Color-Flavor Locked State

Manuel Malaver, Hamed Daei Kasmaei

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: color-flavor-locked phase; gravitational potential; adjustable parameter; anisotropy; strange matter

Online: 6 November 2019 (06:56:23 CET)

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