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Subject: Physical Sciences, Acoustics Keywords: Neutrino-Induced Fission; Neutron-Induced Fission; Neutrino-Environments; Neutrino-Zeta; Fission Fragments; Supernova; High Energy Physics

Online: 4 November 2020 (09:21:48 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0003.v1

Present and Future Contributions of Reactor Experiments to Mass Ordering and Neutrino Oscillation Studies

Vito Antonelli, Lino Miramonti, Gioacchino Ranucci

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: reactor antineutrino experiments; neutrino oscillations; neutrino mass ordering; JUNO experiment

Online: 2 January 2020 (02:36:06 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0011.v1

Solar and Atmospheric Neutrino Mass Splitting with SMASH Model

Chitta Ranjan Das, Katri Huitu, Timo Kärkkäinen

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: neutrino mass; Planck neutrino mass limit; Higgs metastability; SMASH model

Online: 3 December 2018 (08:09:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202410.0272.v1

High-Energy Neutrino Flavor State Transition Probabilities

John Harrison, Richard Anantua

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Neutrinos; neutrino oscillation; detection

Online: 4 October 2024 (04:17:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0224.v1

BBN Constraints and Indications for Beyond Standard Model Neutrino Physics

Daniela Kirilova, Mariana Panayotova, Emanuil Chizhov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Other Keywords: BSM physics; BBN constraints; neutrino oscillations; sterile neutrino; lepton asymmetry; drak radiation.

Online: 4 December 2023 (17:30:57 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.0105.v1

Analytic Formulae for T Violation in Neutrino Oscillations

Osamu Yasuda

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: neutrino oscillation; T violation; μTRISTAN

Online: 2 May 2024 (08:07:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0452.v1

Solar Neutrinos Spectroscopy with Borexino Phase-II

Lino Miramonti, M. Agostini, K. Altenmueller, S. Appel, V. Atroshchenko, Z. Bagdasarian, D. Basilico, G. Bellini, J. Benziger, D. Bick, I. Bolognino, G. Bonfini, D. Bravo, B. Caccianiga, F. Calaprice, A. Caminata, S. Caprioli, M. Carlini, P. Cavalcante, F. Cavanna, A. Chepurnov, K. Choi, L. Collica, S. Davini, A. Derbin, X.F. Ding, A. Di Ludovico, L. Di Noto, I. Drachnev, K. Fomenko, A. Formozov, D. Franco, F. Gabriele, C. Galbiati, M. Gschwender, C. Ghiano, M. Giammarchi, A. Goretti, M. Gromov, D. Guffanti, C. Hagner, T. Houdy, E. Hungerford, Aldo Ianni, Andrea Ianni, A. Jany, D. Jeschke, V. Kobychev, D. Korablev, G. Korga, T. Lachenmaier, M. Laubenstein, E. Litvinovich, F. Lombardi, P. Lombardi, L. Ludhova, G. Lukyanchenko, L. Lukyanchenko, I. Machulin, G. Manuzio, S. Marcocci, J. Maricic, J. Martyn, E. Meroni, M. Meyer, M. Misiaszek, L. Papp, O. Penek, L. Pietrofaccia, N. Pilipenko, A. Pocar, A. Porcelli, G. Raikov, G. Ranucci, A. Razeto, A. Re, M. Redchuk, A. Romani, N. Rossi, S. Rottenanger, S. Schönert, D. Semenov, M. Skorokhvatov, O. Smirnov, A. Sotnikov, L.F.F. Stokes, Y. Suvorov, R. Tartaglia, G. Testera, J. Thurn, M. Toropova, E. Unzhakov, A. Vishneva, R.B. Vogelaar, F. von Feilitzsch, S. Weinz, M. Wojcik, M. Wurm, Z. Yokley, O. Zaimidoroga, S. Zavatarelli, K. Zuber, G. Zuzel

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: solar neutrinos; neutrino oscillation; Borexino

Online: 19 October 2018 (11:49:06 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0558.v1

Neutrino Masses in Supersymmetric Models with R-Symmetry

Marcos Cardoso Rodriguez, Ion Vasile Vancea

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: neutrino mass; supersymmetric models; R-symmetry

Online: 7 September 2023 (15:32:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.1107.v1

Analyzing the Time Spectrum of Supernova Neutrinos to Constrain Their Effective Mass or Lorentz Invariance Violation

C. Moura, L. Quintino, F. Rossi-Torres

Subject: Physical Sciences, Nuclear And High Energy Physics Keywords: neutrino; supernova; Lorentz Invariance violation; mass

Online: 28 April 2023 (04:31:14 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0533.v1

A Standard Model Neutrino Oscillation

Robert B. Hayes

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: neutrino; standard model; entanglement; flavor conservation

Online: 26 January 2021 (11:25:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0275.v1

Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics with the JUNO Detector

Lino Miramonti

Subject: Physical Sciences, Nuclear And High Energy Physics Keywords: JUNO; liquid scintillator; neutrino mass hierarchy.

Online: 12 October 2018 (16:38:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0441.v1

From Black Holes to Neutrino Stars

Roumen Tsekov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Atomic And Molecular Physics Keywords: self-gravitation, black holes, neutrino stars

Online: 21 September 2018 (16:41:04 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0309.v2

From Black-Body Radiation to Gravity: Why Neutrinos are Left-Handed and Why the Vacuum is not Empty

Engel Roza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: neutrino; Fermi constant; parity violation; dark matter

Online: 24 April 2023 (10:49:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0346.v1

Dynamics of Neutrino Wave Packet in the Tachyon-like Dirac Equation

Luca Nanni

Subject: Physical Sciences, Mathematical Physics Keywords: Dirac equation; superluminal neutrino; mass oscillation; Zitterbewegung

Online: 24 February 2020 (05:21:43 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0012.v1

Dialectic of Homochirality

Alexander Kholmanskiy

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: homochirality; dialectics; energoform; chiral factor; neutrino; biophysics

Online: 3 June 2019 (09:50:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0366.v1

The Evolution of the Majorana Neutrino Mass Renormalization Group in the Super-Weak Theory

Chitta Ranjan Das

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: super-weak theory; renormalization group; majorana neutrino mass

Online: 20 December 2022 (10:25:56 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0519.v1

Review on Dark Matter Searches with Neutrino Telescopes

Juan de Dios Zornoza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: dark matter; neutrino telescopes; icecube; antares; km3net; superk

Online: 30 September 2021 (14:15:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0775.v1

Two Proposed Experiments for the Tachyon-Neutrino Theory of Dark Matter

Charles Schwartz

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: neutrinos; tachyons; dark matter; detection of Cosmic Neutrino Background

Online: 12 December 2023 (05:06:23 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0026.v1

Dark Energy is Dark Matter below Absolute Zero in Black Holes

Roumen Tsekov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: Neutrino, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Black Holes, Negative Temperature

Online: 2 February 2022 (09:35:52 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201912.0067.v1

Production of Tachyonic Neutrino in Matter

Luca Nanni

Subject: Physical Sciences, Optics And Photonics Keywords: superluminal neutrino; quantum tunnelling; mass oscillation; generalised Lorentz transformations

Online: 5 December 2019 (11:14:58 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1002.v6

Dark Energy and Dark Matter from Extra Dimensional Symmetry as Different Manifestations of Vacuum Energy

Kabir Umar

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: chirality; dark energy; dark matter; extra dimension; gravity; neutrino; vacuum energy

Online: 23 September 2024 (12:19:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0899.v1

Ordinary Muon Capture on ¹³⁶Ba: Comparative Study Using the Shell Model and pnQRPA

Patricia Gimeno, Lotta Jokiniemi, Jenni Kotila, Marlom Ramalho, Jouni Suhonen

Subject: Physical Sciences, Nuclear And High Energy Physics Keywords: neutrino physics; muon-capture rates; double beta decays; weak interaction

Online: 25 April 2023 (08:01:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201904.0048.v1

Evanescent Waves and Superluminal Behavior of Matter

Luca Nanni

Subject: Physical Sciences, Quantum Science And Technology Keywords: Evanescent waves; quantum tunneling; relativistic wave packet; neutrino; mass oscillation

Online: 4 April 2019 (11:36:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0080.v1

Theory on Neutrino Self-Energy and Neutrino Oscillation with Consideration of Superconducting Energy Gap and Fermi’s Golden Rule

Shinichi Ishiguri

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: neutrino; neutrino’s flavor; neutrino oscillation; many-body interactions; superconducting energy gap; a quantized space-time; zero-point energy; lepton; Fermi’s golden rule; mass gap

Online: 8 October 2019 (08:47:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0538.v1

Lepton Pair Production with Only One Charge Available - Neutrino

Ari Lehto

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: neutrino; period doubling; muon decay; elementary charge; electron mass; Planck units

Online: 26 January 2021 (12:16:30 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1078.v1

Fast Coincidence Filter for Silicon Photomultiplier Dark Count Rate Rejection

Diego Real, David Calvo, Juan de Dios Zornoza, Mario Manzaneda, Rebecca Gozzini, Carlos Ricolfe-Viala, Rafael Lajara, Francisco Albiol

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: time-to-digital converters; neutrino telescopes; silicon photomultipliers; dark noise rate filtering

Online: 20 February 2024 (10:52:18 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0544.v1

Constraining Neutrino Mass in Dynamical Dark Energy Cosmologies With the Logarithm Parametrization and the Oscillating Parametrization

Rui-Yun Guo

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: dynamical dark energy; neutrino mass; mass hierarchies of neutrinos; the observational constraints

Online: 31 March 2023 (07:21:41 CEST)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0461.v1

Finding New Physics, Phenomenological, Experimental, and Astrophysical Predictions from Neutrino Mass

Chitta Ranjan Das, Katri Huitu, Zhanibek Kurmanaliyev, Bakytbek Mauyey, Timo Kärkkäinen

Subject: Physical Sciences, Acoustics Keywords: neutrino mass; KATRIN experiment; GERDA experiment; cosmological probe; Beyond the Standard Model

Online: 18 December 2020 (11:55:31 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0100.v1

On the Cosmological Origin of the Rest Mass of Elementary Particles: The Ideas of Maximons and Minimons Revisited

Vikraman Vipindas, Trivandrum Easwaraiyer Girish, Chellappan Radhakrishnan Nair

Subject: Physical Sciences, Nuclear And High Energy Physics Keywords: elementary particles; cosmological origin; maximon; Hawking radiation; neutrino mass; primordial black holes

Online: 12 June 2019 (03:45:41 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1499.v1

A Note on the Solar Neutrino Problem

M. Apostol

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: solar neutrinos; neutrino oscillations; coupled dirac equations; interaction with matter; admixture angle; superfluid correlations

Online: 24 October 2023 (07:45:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0114.v1

Unified Modeling that Explains Dark Matter Data, Dark Energy Effects, and Galaxy Formation Stages

Thomas J. Buckholtz

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Beyond the Standard Model; Dark matter; Galaxy formation; Neutrino masses; Evolution of the universe

Online: 5 August 2022 (03:25:10 CEST)

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Physics lacks a confirmed description of dark matter, has yet to develop an adequate understanding of dark energy, and includes unverified conjectures regarding new elementary particles. This essay features modeling that addresses those problems and explains otherwise unexplained data. Our modeling starts from five bases – multipole expansions for the electromagnetic and gravitational fields associated with an object, the list of known elementary particles, some aspects of mathematics for isotropic harmonic oscillators, concordance cosmology, and a conjecture that the universe includes six isomers of most elementary particles. The multipole expansions – which have use in conjunction with Newtonian kinematics modeling, special relativity, and general relativity – lead to a catalog of kinematics properties such as charge, magnetic moment, mass, and repulsive gravitational pressure. The multipole expansions also point to all known elementary particles, some properties of those particles, and properties of some would-be elementary bosons and elementary fermions. The harmonic-oscillator mathematics points to Gauge symmetries regarding some elementary bosons. The would-be elementary fermions lack charge and would measure as dark matter. The conjecture regarding six isomers of most elementary particles rounds out and dominates our specification for dark matter. Five of the isomers form the basis for most dark matter. Our modeling explains ranges of observed ratios of dark matter effects to ordinary matter effects – for the universe, galaxy clusters, two sets of galaxies observed at high redshifts, three sets of galaxies observed at modest redshifts, and one type of depletion of cosmic microwave background radiation. Our description of repulsive gravitational pressure points toward resolution for tensions – between data and modeling – regarding the recent rate of expansion of the universe, resolution for possible tensions regarding large-scale clumping, and resolution for possible tensions regarding interactions between neighboring galaxies. Our work regarding gravity, dark matter, and elementary particles suggests characterizations for eras that might precede the inflationary epoch, a mechanism that might have produced baryon asymmetry, mechanisms that govern the rate of expansion of the universe, and insight about galaxy formation and evolution.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.2125.v4

Tachyonic Neutrinos: From the Cosmic Rays to Extragalactic Supernovae

Robert Ehrlich

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: cosmic rays; tachyons; tachyonic neutrinos; neutrino line; monochromatic neutrinos; SN 1987A; supernova; dark matter; Laniakea

Online: 8 August 2023 (07:14:47 CEST)

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The question of whether some neutrinos are tachyons remains unresolved although various evidence from cosmic ray and other data exists that the electron neutrino has an effective $m_\nu^2\approx -0.25 eV^2,$ which would require that one or more mass states is also tachyonic. In 2013 the $3+3$ model of the neutrino masses, which includes one tachyonic mass state, was proposed based on supernova SN 1987A neutrino data. Here we update evidence for tachyonic electron neutrinos and the $3+3$ model and discuss one test which could prove conclusive. The update of earlier evidence includes many new elements, including new data which makes the earlier cosmic ray evidence more robust, new results on cosmic ray composition, the ankle of the spectrum, leptonic cosmic ray data, and the statistical significance of finding the three large neutrino masses stipulated in the $3+3$ model. Barring a galactic supernova, which occur only around twice a century, a decisive test of the $3+3$ model could involve observing an extragalactic supernova neutrino burst, that is a cluster of neutrinos in a specific time window well beyond what chance would predict. Even though existing searches for such bursts have yielded only upper limits on the extragalactic supernova frequency within a certain distance, it is shown that the choice of a one-day window for possible neutrino clusters in time might be far more sensitive. A search using a one day time window could be done using existing data, and if a signal is found it would confirm the $3+3$ model. Of course, the absence of any day-long neutrino burst would not disprove the model, since it could mean only that the nearest supernova during the period when detectors were active was simply too far to be detected. Finally, apart from testing the 3 + 3 model, an alternative type of search is suggested using existing hadronic cosmic ray data (from the IceCube Collaboration) that might verify the tachyonic neutrino hypothesis.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0118.v3

Beta Decay with No Neutrinos and Parity Conservation

Bryan Sanctuary

Subject: Physical Sciences, Quantum Science And Technology Keywords: Neutrinos; beta decay; Dirac equation; Spin; Quantum Theory; helicity; ; Foundations of physics; no neutrinos; neutrino existence; parity conservation; parity violation; Wu parity experiment

Online: 31 January 2024 (07:17:50 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0348.v1

A Power Sequence Model as a Bridge between Fundamental Natural Constants and Macroscopic Liquid Systems

Otto G. Piringer

Subject: Physical Sciences, Mathematical Physics Keywords: coupling constants; natural constants; neutrino mass; Higgs mass; Z boson mass; proton mass; nuclear binding; interaction function

Online: 23 September 2022 (02:04:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0491.v5

Models That Link and Suggest Data about Elementary Particles, Dark Matter, and the Cosmos

Thomas J. Buckholtz

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Beyond the Standard Model; Dark matter; Evolution of the universe; Cosmological tensions; Galaxy formation; Cosmic inflation; Neutrino masses

Online: 28 February 2022 (10:48:58 CET)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0469.v1

Application of Integrated Geophysical Methods for Site Suitability of Research Infrastructures (RIs) in China

Yanjun Shang, Changgen Yang, Weijun Jin, Yanwei Cheng, Hasan Muhammad, Yue Wang, Kun Li, Daming Lin, Min Zhou

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: Research Infrastructures (RIs); Engineering Geological conditions; Integrated geophysical methods; Daya Bay Neutrino Laboratory (DBNL); China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS)

Online: 21 July 2021 (08:17:01 CEST)

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Research Infrastructures (RIs) are essential to achieve excellence in innovative scientific research. However, because of limited land availability and specific geological requirements, evaluating the viability of a site for a new RI can be a challenging task. Stringent safety construction requirements include developing site-specific architectural and geoengineering solutions, minimizing construction disturbances, and reinforcing rock and soil in a timely fashion. For successful development of the RIs in China, such as the Daya Bay Neutrino Laboratory (DBNL), and the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), an integrated approach of joint geophysical methods including the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), controlled-source audio-frequency magneto telluric (CSAMT)), gravity and seismic refraction methods, and geological mapping and surveys were carried out. Geophysical parameters, such as electrical resistivity, density, and seismic velocity show inverse proportion to the degree of rock fracturing or weathering. The results show that the low values of geophysical parameters suggest the weathered/fractured rock, while high values reveal the fresh bedrock. The Engineering Geological Suitability Index (EGSI) value can represent the individual EGSI values at a constant and summed over varying depths. EGSI methodology is an improvement on the existing siting process, and has been applied this to CSNS. Our integrated approach provides clearer insight of the subsurface for site suitability of RIs in challenging engineering geological conditions, and removes any ambiguity caused by a single geophysical parameter. The obtained geological knowledge of the area not only provides engineers with much-needed information about the construction conditions of a potential site, but also gives scientists the opportunity to explore the local geology. In this study, we demonstrate our innovative approach for siting RIs, as demonstrated by the synthetic evaluation of the site location and utilization for two established RIs (DBNL and CSNS).

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0340.v2

Spin g Factors and Neutrino Magnetic Moment of Elementary Fermions

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Anomalous spin g factor; Lepton charge (LC); Neutrino magnetic moment; Weak force decay; EC and LC partial masses; Three-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM)

Online: 1 March 2022 (11:25:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1277.v2

Quaternion-Spin and Some Consequences

Bryan Sanctuary

Subject: Physical Sciences, Quantum Science And Technology Keywords: EPR paradox; non-locality; entanglement; Bell’s Inequalities; Bell’s theorem; quantum mechanics; EPR; , spin theory; CHSH; Dirac equation; singlet state; locality; antimatter; parity conservation; neutrino existence; interpretations of qm

Online: 21 August 2024 (10:42:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0703.v5

On the Fundamental Particles and Reactions of Nature

Jian-Bin Bao, Nicholas P. Bao

Subject: Physical Sciences, Quantum Science And Technology Keywords: aether; hypoatom; neutrino; inflation; gravity; negative pressure; dark energy; dark matter; black hole; spinning universe; quantum mechanics; first galaxies; spin-1/2 particle; matter-antimatter asymmetry; baryogenesis-through-leptogenesis; fabric of space; conformal cyclic cosmology; center of the universe; fate of the universe; general theory of relativity; parity non-conservation in weak interactions

Online: 4 January 2023 (02:26:55 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0326.v1

A Unified Theory of All the Fields in Elementary Particle Physics Derived Solely from the Zero-Point Energy in Quantized Spacetime

Shinichi Ishiguri

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: zero-point energy; quantized time-space static electromagnetic field; gravity field; weak interaction; strong interaction; masses of W and Z; mass of a neutrino; β collapse; quantized Einstein gravity equation

Online: 29 July 2019 (04:13:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1888.v1

Origins of Attractive Gravitational and Boson Forces, and Wave Mechanics of the Elementary Particles

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: TQSM model; gravitational force; wave forms of the particles; massive graviton; time fluctuations (G); space fluctuations (E, M, 2EM); oscillating mass waves; boson forces; neutrino oscillations; dartk matter oscillations; TC symmetry and energy conservation

Online: 24 September 2024 (10:18:39 CEST)

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In the standard model (SM) and general relative theory (GR) based on the 4-D Minkowski space, the graviton and photon are massless. In that case, two particles with the positive masses are attracted to each other by the gravitational (graviton) waves. The origin of the attractive gravitational force is not understood in terms of SM and GR. In the present work, the 3-D quantized space model (TQSM) based on the 4-D Euclidean space is applied to explain the attractive gravitational force. The repulsive Coulomb force between two particles with the positive charges is explained by using the destructive interference of the electric waves emitted from two particles. Therefore, the destructive interference of the gravitational (graviton) waves emitted from two particles with the positive masses should make the repulsive gravitational force (F_r). The observance of the attractive gravitational force (F_g) indicates the non-zero graviton mass because the attractive gravitational force can be explained if the gravitational (graviton) waves are the oscillating mass waves. The masses lost during the destructive interference of the gravitational (graviton) waves are converted to the gamma rays. These induced gamma rays make the new attractive force (F_a). The observed attractive gravitational force (F_g) should be originated by the equation of F_g = F_a – F_r > 0. This can explain the reason why the gravitational force (F_g) between the elementary particles is so weak when compared with the Coulomb forces. The properties of elementary particles in terms of the TQSM model are analyzed by the wave mechanics of G, E and M waves of the 3-D quantized photon space. The G wave is the time fluctuations along the (absolute) time axis and E (electric) and M (magnetic) waves are the space fluctuations along the space axes. The elementary particles exist as the particle forms with the constant (rest) masses (m) at the low speed. The elementary particles at the high speed have the (particle) wave forms with the oscillating masses or the particle forms with the relativistic masses (gm). The graviton has the very small mass moving with the very high-speed close to the light speed of c. This means that most of the gravitons exist as the graviton wave forms. The particle waves are coupled with the photon waves (2EM, gamma rays) because of the energy conservation. It is concluded that the gravitational waves are the coupled oscillating forms (GEM waves) of the graviton waves and photon waves. The existence of the wave forms for the particles can explain the double slit experiment for the electron beams. And the attractiveness of the dark matter, weak and strong forces is explained by the virtual two boson processes with the TC symmetry and total energy conservation. All elementary bosons and neutrinos are considered as the wave forms with the high speed close to the light speed of c. Because of the charge and energy conservations, only the neutrino oscillations and dark matter (baston) oscillations are allowed.

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