The usability of glass fibers as immobilization support with porous open structure has been explored. We have developed a method for immobilization of β-galactosidase on special glass fiber rolls. The new method provides a simple, non-expensive and industrially applicable method. Glutaraldehyde was used as a non-specific crosslinking agent for covalent binding of β-galactosidase on modified glass fibers. The efficiency of immobilization was tested with the known hydrolysis of lactose. All experiments were performed in a continuous laboratory reactor. The effect of reaction temperature (20, 25, and 30) °C, substrate flow rate (1, 2, and 3) mL/min, and pH of the reaction medium (6, 7, and 8) on the conversion was studied. The reaction efficiency was monitored by measuring the glucose concentration with a spectrophotometer. High immobilization efficiency and enzyme activity and stability were obtained. The optimum reaction temperature, substrate flow rate and pH were found. The activity and stability of the enzyme entrapped on the glass fiber rolls remained almost unchanged during reuse, which is a good prospect for potential industrial applications.

In this study pH, temperature of the contents of the forestomach of cows and cow activity were measured using specific smaXtec boluses manufactured for animal care. Rumination time, body weight, milk yield, milk fat/protein ratio, milk lactose, milk somatic cell count, milk electrical conductivity and conception of concentrates were registered with the help of Lely Astronaut® A3 milking robots. The following parameters were obtained: base excess in blood, partial carbon dioxide pressure, partial oxygen pressure, bicarbonate, hydrogen potential, total carbon dioxide carbon, base excess in extracellular fluid, sodium, calcium, potassium, packed cell volume, chlorides, hemoglobin concentration and lactate. According to the concentration of lactose in milk, cows were grouped into two groups: group 1 - milk lactose <4.70% (n = 20), group 2 - milk lactose ≥ 4.70% (n = 15). Data of cows were also divided by milk fat and protein ratio: F/P<1.2 (class 1), F/P=1.2 (class 2) and F/P>1.2 (class 3). According our results we can conclude that inline registered milk lactose concentration can be used as indicator for the health status of fresh dairy cows. Cows with higher lactose concentration (≥ 4.70%) developed more activity (54.47%) and had less risk of mastitis (lover milk EC, and SCC) and metabolic disorders according to F/P. Cows with higher lactose concentration showed higher glucose concentrations. Low level of lactose can be used as indicator of mastitis (milk SCC ≥ 100 thousand/ml) and metabolic disorders according to F/P.

Lactic acid production from lactose by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum AC 11S was studied. The influence of initial substrate concentration was investigated, and optimal pH and temperature were determined. An unstructured mathematical model was developed comprising equations for bacterial growth, substrate consumption, and product formation. The model was solved with different terms for specific growth rates considering substrate and/or product inhibition. The best bacterial growth and lactic acid production were achieved at pH = 6.5 and 30 oC. Production of lactic acid was mainly growth-associated and at substrate concentration over 15 g/L a considerable product inhibition was observed. The parameters of different models were determined and compared. While the modified Gompertz equation gave the best fit for biomass growth, a variant of the logistic equation including a term for product inhibition described in the best way the entire set of equations comprising bacterial growth, substrate consumption, and product formation at different initial substrate concentrations.

Cow’s Milk (CM) is a healthy food consumed worldwide by individuals of all ages. Unfortunately, 'lactase deficient' individuals cannot digest milk's carbohydrate lactose depriving themselves of highly beneficial milk proteins like casein, lactoalbumin and lactoglobulin, due to lactose intolerance (LI), while other individuals develop cow milk allergy specifically against these proteins (CMPA). The management of these conditions is distinctly different and an inappropriate diagnosis or treatment may have significant implications for the patients, especially if they are infants or very young children, resulting in unnecessary dietary restriction or avoidable adverse reactions. Omics technologies play a pivotal role in elucidating the intricate interactions between nutrients and the human body, spanning from genetic factors to the microbiota profile and metabolites. This comprehensive approach enables the precise delineation and identification of distinct cohorts of individuals with specific dietary requirements, so that tailored nutrition strategies can be developed. This is what is called personalized nutrition or precision nutrition (PN), the area of nutrition that focuses on the effects of the nutrients over the genome, proteome and metabolome, promoting well-being and health, preventing diseases, reducing chronic disease incidence, and so increasing life expectancy. Here, we report the scientific community opinion proposing to replace the approach “one size fits all” with tailor-made nutrition programs, designed by integrating nutrigenomic data together with clinical parameters and microbiota profiles, taking into account the individual lactose tolerance threshold and needs in terms of specific nutrients intake. This customized approach could help LI patients to improve their quality of life, overcoming depression or anxiety, often resulting from the individual perception of this condition as different from a normal state.

Lameness on dairy goat farms is a welfare concern and could negatively affect milk production. This study's objective was to evaluate the effects of clinical lameness on the daily milk production of dairy goats. Between July 2019 and June 2020, 11,847 test-day records were collected from 3,145 goats on three farms in New Zealand. Locomotion scoring of goats used a 5-point scoring system (0 to 4). The dataset was split into two groups by lactation type, where goats were classified as being in seasonal lactation (≤305 days in milk) or extended lactation (>305 days in milk). A linear mixed model was used to analyze datasets using milk characteristics as the dependent variables. Clinically lame goats (score 3 or 4) in seasonal and extended lactation produced 2.63% and 4.66% less milk than goats not lame, respectively. Severely lame goats (score 4) in seasonal and extended lactation produced 7.10% and 8.56% less milk than goats not lame, respectively. The estimated average daily milk income lost was between NZD 26 and 104 per goat. This study established the negative impact of lameness on milk production and annual income in dairy goats on three farms.

The aim of this study was to investigate succinic acid production from lactose concentrate, a by-product of cheese-making, using Actinobacillus succinogenes and Basfia succiniciproducens. Although the capability of these strains to metabolize different sugars is already known, their application in the conversion of lactose bears high potential for optimization. With regard to B. succiniciproducens this approach is completely novel. In particular the influence of the mediums sugar concentration and its supplementation with yeast extract to prevent a lack of proteins and vitamins were examined. Lactose based media containing sugar concentrations between 20 and 65 g L-1 and 5 g L-1 yeast extract were fermented, whereby both strains showed comparable performances. The best results in succinic acid yield and acid concentration, 0.57 g g-1 initial sugar and 23 g L1, were achieved at an initial sugar concentration of 43 g L-1. The necessity of yeast extract was demonstrated using the sugar optimized medium without supplementation. As a result, yield and concentration of succinic acid dropped to 0.34 g g-1 and 13 g L-1, the sugar consumption decreased from more than 99 to less than 55 %. Therefore the supplementation amount of 5 g L-1 yeast extract can be regarded as well-balanced.

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are common in children and adolescents. In recent years, interest in the role of diet in the treatment of FGIDs has increased. Currently, interest focus-es on the low-FODMAP diet (LFD), the fructose- or lactose-restricted diet (FRD or LRD), the glu-ten-free diet (GFD), and the Mediterranean diet (MD). In this review, we focus on the role of these dietary patterns in the FGIDs most commonly diagnosed in clinical practice, namely irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional abdominal pain (FAP), functional dyspepsia (FD), and func-tional constipation (FC). Fifteen clinical trials were systematically reviewed (both RCTs and sin-gle arm clinical trials). We demonstrated the lack of high-quality intervention trials. Based on current evidence, low-FODMAP diet, LRD, FRD, or GFD have no place in daily practice for the management of children and adolescents with FGIDs. Nevertheless, some patients with IBS or RAP may have some benefit from the use of a low-FODMAP diet or FRD/LRD. Limited data sug-gest that MD may be promising in the management of FGIDs, especially in IBS patients, but more data are required to investigate the mechanisms of its protective effects.