Transferring in vitro-cultured Eustoma seedlings to an ex vitro condition (acclimation) is a big challenge that may expose the seedlings to biotic and abiotic stresses, and affect the internal and external structure of the plants. In addition, in vitro-cultured seedlings of Eustoma are difficult to handle and phenotype and physiological traits such as survival and rosette rate may have altered in the acclimation stage. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the effects of blue, red, and white LED light on the growth and development ex vitro of in vitro-cultured seedlings of Eustoma. The results showed that blue LEDs resulted in greater plant height, internode length, and leaf number, increased upper and lower fresh biomass, and higher chlorophyll content compared with treatment by the other LED lights. Higher stomatal density on the abaxial leaf surface was also observed in the blue LED-treated plants, which also showed a higher survival rate and lower rosette rate. In contrast, the white LED-treated plants had the highest leaf width and internode diameter. Acclimation of the Eustoma plants ex vitro suggests that a combination of blue and white LEDs may be advantageous for better growth and development for large-scale production in a controlled environment.

Lodging poses a significant challenge to rice yield, prompting the need to identify elite alleles for lodging resistance traits to improve cultivated rice varieties. In this study, a natural population of 518 rice accessions was examined to identify elite alleles associated with plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), stem anti-thrust (AT/S), and various internode lengths: (first (FirINL), second (SecINL), third (ThirINL), fourth (ForINL), and fifth (FifINL) internode lengths). 262 SSR markers linked to these traits were uncovered through association mapping in two environmental conditions. Phenotypic evaluations revealed striking differences among cultivars, and genetic diversity assessments showed polymorphisms across the accessions. Favorable alleles were identified for PH, SD, AT/S, and 1 to 5 internode lengths, with specific alleles displaying considerable effects. Noteworthy alleles include RM6811-160 bp on chromosome 6 (which reduces PH) and RM161-145 bp on chromosome 5 (which increases SD). The study identified a total of 42 novel QTLs. Specifically, seven QTLs were identified for PH, four for SD, five for AT/S, five for FirINL, six for SecINL, five for ThirINL, six for ForINL, and four for FifINL. QTLs qAT/S-2, qPH2.1, qForINL2.1, and qFifINL exhibited the most significant phenotypic variance (PVE) of 3.99% for the stem lodging trait. AT/S, PH, ForINL and FifINL had additive effects of 5.31 kPa, 5.42 cm, 4.27cm and 4.27cm, respectively, offering insights into eight distinct cross-combinations for enhancing each trait. This research suggests the potential for cross-breeding superior parents based on stacked alleles, promising improved rice cultivars with enhanced lodging resistance to meet market demands.