Since several years there is the discussion about dark matter in the halos of galaxies. This is aconsequence of observation of halo-velocity curves in dependence of distance which don‘t fulfillthe third Kepler-law. Maybe the ansätze are wrong. Shown is a simple physical model in classicalNewton-dynamics which fits qualitative the form of observation curves. Additional Parameters canbe used to fit the curves quantitative exactly without the hypothesis of dark matter.

Elucidating the nature of dark matter in galactic systems remains one of the important unsolved mysteries of modern cosmology. As a thought experiment, we consider a galaxy model where the light radiating outward from stellar objects produces a gravitational effect larger than Einstein's theory of gravity predicts. Using computer simulations, we observe that this assumption allows the basic rotation curve profiles observed in both dwarf and late-type spiral galaxies to be recreated. It is important to highlight that a separate mass model describing the dark matter halo is not needed or used. This toy model may also lead to insights about the nature of dark energy. If the gravitational effects in the universe are currently dominated by radiated light as this toy model may suggest, the cosmic scale factor would be closely linked to the time-history and spatial distribution of star formation and death rates. An accelerating universe may simply be a manifestation of star death rates exceeding star formation rates in the current epoch.

Cosmic Rays (CR) are a powerful tool for the investigation of the structure of the magnetic fields in the galactic halo and the property of the Inter-Stellar Medium. Two parameters of the CR propagation models: the galactic halo thickness, H, and the diffusion coefficient, D, are loosely constrained by current CR flux measurements, in particular a large degeneracy exist being only H/D well measured. The 10Be/9Be isotopic flux ratio (thanks to the 2 My lifetime of 10Be) can be used as a radioactive clock providing the measurement of CR residence time in the galaxy. This is an important tool to solve the H/D degeneracy. Past measurements of 10Be/9Be isotopic flux ratio in CR are scarce, limited to low energy and affected by large uncertainties. Here a new technique to measure 10Be/9Be isotopic flux ratio, with a Data-Driven approach, in magnetic spectrometers is presented. As an example by applying the method to Beryllium events published by PAMELA experiment it is now possible to determine the important 10Be/9Be measurement avoiding the prohibitive uncertainties coming from the Monte Carlo simulation. It is shown how the accuracy of PAMELA data permits to infer a value of the halo thickness H within 25% precision.

Abstract. Results of research into four-membered phosphorus(V)-heterocycles, 2-halogen-1,2λ⁵-oxaphosphetanes are presented. The preparation of 2-halo-1,2λ⁵-oxaphosphetanes by reaction of P-haloylides with carbonyl compounds is described. The mechanism of asynchronous [2+2]-сycloaddition of ylides to aldehydes was proposed on the base of low-temperature NMR investigations. 2-Halogen-1,2λ⁵-oxaphosphetanes were isolated as individual compounds and their structures were confirmed by ¹Н, ¹³C, ¹⁹F and ³¹Р NMR spectra. These compounds are convenient reagents for preparing of various organic and organophosphorus compounds hardly available by other methods. Chemical and physical properties of the 2-halo-1,2λ⁵-oxaphosphetanes are reviewed. The 2-chloro-1,2λ⁵-oxaphosphetanes depending on substituents at the α-carbon atom rearrange with formation of 2-chloroalkylphosphonates or convert into trans-phosphorylated alkenes. Prospective synthetic applications of 2-halo-1,2λ⁵-oxaphosphetanes are analyzed. The 2-halo-1,2λ⁵-oxaphosphetanes may be easily converted to various alkenylphosphonates: allyl- or vinylphosphonates, phosphorus ketenes, thioketenes, ketenimines.

In a recent paper we have a shown that the flattening of galactic rotation curves can be explained by retardation. However, this will rely on a temporal change of galactic mass. In our previous work we have kept only second order terms of the retardation time in our analysis, while higher terms in the Taylor expansion where not considered. Here we consider analysis to all orders and show that indeed a second order analysis will suffice, and higher order terms can be neglected.

This paper presents a simple model and explanation for the flat rotation curves of Spiral Galaxies without resorting to: (1) The introduction of Dark Matter, (2) a modification of Newton's 2nd law (MOND) or (3) a modification of Einstein's theory of General Relativity. The model that is developed involves a rotating baryonic disk (a rotating frame of reference with an "effective angular velocity" about its center surrounded by a rotating cloud of hydrogen (HI). The model also assumes that the measurements that are made on the rotating HI cloud are made from an earth based inertial frame of reference. The predictions of the model rely on the relationship between velocities as measured by earth based radio telescopes and the velocities as measured in the rotating frame. Calculations of the rotation curves of three galaxies are made using this model and compared with readily available experimental data

The efficiency of the MOND theory of Mordehai Milgrom might be unrelated to distance, but instead connected to flatness of galaxies and the fact that the large scale distribution of matter is essentially two-dimensional. A combination of the pushing gravity paradigm with essential flatness of large luminous matter clusters leads to an approximate MOND theory which would allow to avoid the dark matter hypothesis.

Ombrian curves, i.e. curves linking rainfall intensity to return period and time-scale, are well-established engineering tools, crucial to the design against storm waters and floods. Whereas at-site construction of such curves is considered a standard hydrological task, it is a rather challenging one when large regions are of interest. Regional modelling of ombrian curves is particularly complex due to the need to account for spatial dependence together with the increased variability of rainfall extremes in space. We develop a framework for the parsimonious modelling of the extreme rainfall properties at any point in a given area. This is achieved by assuming a common ombrian model structure except for a spatially varying scale parameter which is itself modelled by a spatial smoothing model for the 24 h average rainfall maxima that employs elevation as an additional explanatory variable. The fitting is performed on the pooled all-stations data using an advanced estimation procedure (K-moments) that allows both for reliable high-order moment estimation and simultaneous handling of space-dependence bias. The methodology is applied in the Thessaly region, a 13 700 km2 water district of Greece characterized by varying topography and hydrometeorological properties.

We present a cyclic symmetry type II vacuum spacetime admitting closed timelike curves (CTCs) which appear after a certain instant of time, i.e., a time-machine spacetime. The various authors in past have considered the 2D and 4D flat generalization of Misner space, but in the present work, we have considered the curved spacetime generalzations of 4D Misner space, and is asymptotically flat radially

A primary challenge in isogeny-based cryptography lies in the substantial computational cost associated to computing and evaluating prime-degree isogenies. This computation traditionally relied on Vélu’s formulas, an approach with time complexity linear in the degree but which was further enhanced by Bernstein, De Feo, Leroux, and Smith to a square-root complexity. The improved square-root Vélu’s formulas exhibit a degree of parallelizability which has not been exploited in major implementations. In this study, we introduce a theoretical framework for parallelizing isogeny computations and provide a proof-of-concept implementation in C with OpenMP. While the parallelization effectiveness exhibits diminishing returns with the number of cores, we still obtain strong results when using a small number of cores. Concretely, our implementation shows that for large degrees it is easy to achieve speedup factors of up to 1.74, 2.54 and 3.44 for 2, 4 and 8 cores, respectively.

A bijective analysis is confirming, the expansion of universal space has never been directly observed, and this assumption is unproven thus far. The measurement of the gravitational redshift, which was confirmed using the Mossbauer experiment, proves only the gravitational redshift and nothing more because there is no causality between the gravitational redshift and hypothetical expansion. Thus, even if the universal space is assumed to expand, the gravitational redshift cannot be assumed to be proof of the expansion. In addition, the Doppler effect was never observed in an expanding space; thus, the claim that the cosmological redshift is partially caused by the Doppler effect, which is caused by the expansion of space, is an unproven assumption. Furthermore, the discovery of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation simply proves that the radiation is emitted by the entire universal space, but does not prove the existence of a recombination period. In evidence-based cosmology, every element in the model has a corresponding element in physical reality that is observed and measured. The evidence-based cosmology model is related to the real universe by a bijective function of set theory. Supermassive black holes in the centre of galaxies are rejuvenating systems of the universe. They rotate their local superfluid space which is the physical origin of galactic rotation curves.

In experimental physics, we understand time as the duration of material changes that run into space. This fact is the standpoint for our model of time-invariant space in which causality is only a principle and not a physical actuality, and entropy runs only in space and not in time. Time is merely a duration of entropy that is increasing in time-invariant space. Time is entering existence when measured by the observer. In time-invariant space, motion happens only in space and not in time which means that also in open timelike curves motion happens only in space and not in time.

Closed timelike curves (CTCs), non-intuitive theoretical solutions of general relativity field equations can be modelled in quantum mechanics in a way, known as Deutsch-CTCs, to circumvent one of their most paradoxical implications, namely, the so-called grandfather paradox. An outstanding theoretical result of this model is the demonstration that in the presence of a Deutsch-CTC a classical computer would be computationally equivalent to a quantum computer. In the present study, the possible implications of such a striking result for the foundations of quantum mechanics and the connections between classicality and quantumness are explored. To this purpose, a model for fundamental particles that interact in physical space exchanging carriers of momentum and energy is considered. Every particle is then supplemented with an information space in which a probabilistic classical Turing machine is stored. It is analysed whether, through the action of Darwinian evolution, both a classical algorithm coding the rules of quantum mechanics and an anticipation module might plausibly be developed on the information space from initial random behaviour. The simulation of a CTC on the information space of the particle by means of the anticipation module would imply that fundamental particles, which do not possess direct intrinsic quantum features from first principles in this information-theoretic Darwinian approach, could however generate quantum emergent behaviour in real time as a consequence of Darwinian evolution acting on information-theoretic physical systems.

In this paper the problem of sampling from uniform probability distributions is approached by means of space-filling curves (SFCs), a topological concept that has found a number of important applications in recent years. Departing from the theoretical fact that they are surjective but not necessarilly injective, the investigation focused upon the structure of the distributions obtained when their domain is swept in a uniform and discrete manner, and the corresponding values used to build histograms, that are approximations of their true PDFs. This work concentrates on the real interval [0,1], and the Sierpinski space-filling curve was chosen because of its favorable computational properties. In order to validate the results, the Kullback-Leibler distance is used when comparing the obtained distributions in several levels of granularity with other already established sampling methods. In truth, the generation of uniform random numbers is a deterministic simulation of randomness using numerical operations. In this fashion, sequences resulting from this sort of process are not truly random.

We obtain more straightforwardly the main intrinsic features of dark matter distribution in the halos of galaxies by considering the spherically symmetric space-time, which satisfies the flat rotational curve condition, and the geometric equation of state resulting from the modified gravity theory. In order to measure the equation of state for dark matter in the galactic halo, we provide a general formalism taking into account the modified f(X) gravity theories. Here, f(X) is a general function of X∈{R,G,T}, where R,G and T are the Ricci scalar, the Gauss-Bonnet scalar and the torsion scalar, respectively. These theories yield that the flat rotation curves appear as a consequence of the additional geometric structure accommodated by those of modified gravity theories. Constructing a geometric equation of state wX≡pX/ρX and inspiring by some values of the equation of state for the ordinary matter, we infer the properties of dark matter in galactic halos of galaxies.

It is well known but under-appreciated in astrophysical applications, that it is possible for gravity to take on a life of its own in the form of Weyl-curvature-only metrics (note we are referring to the Weyl-only solutions of ordinary General Relativity, we are not considering Weyl conformal gravity or any other modified gravity theories), as numerous examples demonstrate the existence of gravitational fields not being sourced by any matter. In the weak field limit, such autonomous gravitational contents of our universe manifest as solutions to the homogeneous Poisson's equation. In this note, we tentatively explore the possibility that they may perhaps account for some phenomenologies commonly attributed to dark matter. Specifically, we show that a very simple solution of this kind exists that can be utilized to describe the rising tails seen in many galaxy rotation curves, which had been difficult to reconcile within the cold dark matter or modified Newtonian dynamics frameworks. This solution may also help explain the universal $\sim 1$Gyr rotation periods of galaxies in the local universe.

This article deals with special curves similar to those known in mathematics as Lamé curves. Their equations have a certain similarity with the equations of Lamé curves. But these curves are more like ellipses in appearance. Like ellipses, they have major and minor axes. These are such curves that their major and minor semi-axis coincide with an ellipse but are different than an ellipse. The main feature of these curves is that for any triangle whose base coincides with the axis of a given curve and the vertex is on a given curve, the condition aⁿ+bⁿ=cⁿ is obtained. The number “n” is called the degree or rank of this curve. To distinguish this group of curves, we called them Elbe curves. The equations of these lines are also provided in the paper.

In the last years, advances in materials engineering based on adaptive electronics have found a new paradigm to optimize drawbacks in signal processing. A two-layer MnO/ZnO:Zn heterostructure envisioned for frequency adaptive electronic signal processing is synthesized by sputtering where the use of internal states allows reconfigurability to obtain new operating modes at different frequency input signals. An X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) is performed on each layer, MnO:Mn had a cubic and ZnO:Zn a hexagonal structure with preferential growth in [111] and [002] directions respectively. It is determined that the coupling in this heterojunction is compatible with a mismatch less 1 % due texture in each layer which implies a low number of defects. An electrical characterisation with an oscilloscope and signal generator was carried out to obtain the time-response signals and current-voltage (I-V) curves where no degradation is detected when changing from a range of frequencies (100 Hz – 1 MHz). An equivalent circuit is proposed to explain the effects in the interface. Finally, the MnO/ZnO:Zn heterojunction delivers states that are stable, repeatable, and reproducible and it demonstrates how the interaction of the materials can be used in adaptive device applications applying frequencies and internal states as to create new and innovative design schematics, reducing the numbers of components/connections in a system for future sustainable electronics.

Thermal analysis of a hypereutectic Al-Si alloy used for an automotive part was carried out in this research work. Solidification characteristics are recognized from the Temperature-time curve and its corresponding derivatives. This analysis was successfully used in a simulation software program with the aim of improving the resultant simulation accuracy. In this study, different types of molds, with and without cooling systems, were designed and used. The melt present in the furnaces of the factory was used to simulate the casting process. The effect of different cooling rates (1.2ºC/s, 2ºC/s, 2.3ºC/s and 2.9ºC/s) on the solidification parameters have been investigated. Differences in the resultant microstructure between wall and center of the molds have been analyzed and have been related to the T-t curve. Finally, the experimental results clearly indicate that the water-cooling rate of the molds and the melt temperature directly affects the solidification process as well as the final microstructure.

The present paper provides a new definition for dual spline curves in a geometric intuitive way based on adaptive curve refinement techniques. The dual spline is an implementation of the interpolatory subdivision scheme for curve modeling, which is comprised of polynomial segments of different degrees. Specially, the dual spline curves are mainly aims to solve the difficult geometry defeaturing problems in the existing computer-aided technology. Dual spline curves maintain various desirable properties of conventional curve modeling methods, such as local adaptive subdivision, high interpolation accuracy and convergence, continuous and discontinuous boundary approximation. By adding fictitious and intrinsic nodes inside or at the vertices of interpolation elements, the dual spline is flexible and convenient for approximating a set of ordered points or discrete segments. Combined with the Lagrange interpolation polynomial and meshless method, the proposed approach is capable of approximating the non-smooth boundary for geometry defeaturing. Experimental results are given to verify the validity, robustness, and accuracy of the proposed method.

This work addresses the problem of sampling from Gaussian probability distributions by means of uniform samples obtained deterministically and directly from space-filling curves (SFCs), a purely topological concept. To that end, the well-known inverse cumulative distribution function method is used, with the help of the probit function,which is the inverse of the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution. Mainly due to the central limit theorem, the Gaussian distribution plays a fundamental role in probability theory and related areas, and that is why it has been chosen to be studied in the present paper. Numerical distributions (histograms) obtained with the proposed method, and in several levels of granularity, are compared to the theoretical normal PDF, along with other already established sampling methods, all using the cited probit function. Final results are validated with the Kullback-Leibler and two other divergence measures, and it will be possible to draw conclusions about the adequacy of the presented paradigm. As is amply known, the generation of uniform random numbers is a deterministic simulation of randomness using numerical operations. That said, sequences resulting from this kind of procedure are not truly random. Even so, and to be coherent with the literature, the expression ”random number” will be used along the text to mean ”pseudo-random number”.

Heparins, Unfractionated or Low Molecular Weight, are permanently at the spotlight of both clinical indications and laboratory monitoring. An accurate drug dosage is necessary for an effi-cient and safe therapy. The one-stage anti-FXa kinetics’ assays are the most widely and universally used with full automation for large series, without needing exogenous Antithrombin. WHO in-ternational standards are available for UFH and LMWH, but external quality assessment surveys still report a high inter-assay variability. This heterogeneity results from: assay formulation, designed without or with dextran sulfate to measure all heparin in blood circulation; calibrators for testing UFH or LMWH with the same curve; and automation parameters. The various factors which impact heparin measurements are reviewed, and we share our experience to optimize assays for completely testing plasma heparin. Evidence is provided on the usefulness of low molecular weight dextran sulfate to mobilize all drug present in blood circulation. Other key factors concern adjustment of assay conditions to obtain fully superimposable calibration curves for UFH and LMWH, and automation parameters. The study is illustrated by the performances of the various anti-FXa assays used for testing heparin on UFH or LMWH treated patients’ plasmas and obtained using citrate or CTAD anticoagulants. Comparable results are obtained only when CTAD anti-coagulant is used. Using citrate UFH is underestimated in the absence of dextran sulfate. Heparin calibrators, adjustment of automation parameters and data treatment contribute to other smaller differences.

The aims of this work were to examine the new electrode, based on polymer bacteria modified aluminum electrode for simultaneous production of electricity and degradation of phenol. This electrode is based aluminum modified by bacteria inserted in the polymer matrix, developed in situ on the surface. This electrode, designated subsequently by bacteria-polymer-aluminum, Showed stable response and was characterized with voltametric methods, as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The experimental results revealed that the prepared electrode could be a feasible for degradation of hazardous phenol pollutants. The sensor was successfully applied to the determination of phenol in a real sample with satisfactory results.

In GDI engine applications, high-pressure (H.P.) injectors typically require to be designed to be capable of rapid response for GDI engines in order to be driven in the rapid response with respect to magnetic actuators, allowing for example more precise air-fuel ratio control in the GDI engines. The H.P. fuel injector is a highly dynamic component requiring careful voltage and pressure input modulation to achieve the required fuel injection quantities of GDI engines. The accurate fuel injection curves are a key influence for this technology, therefore will require the estimation of the fuel flow rate to be realized. In this paper, a PIC microchip for programming injector drive circuits is implemented to improve the performance of a H.P. fuel injector and tested to verify its feasibility. In the proposed injector drive circuit, powers MOSFETs directly control the charging/discharging current by a dsPIC30F4011 microchip. Design and analysis of the proposed injector drive circuit are presented. Next, effects of total pulse width, injector supply voltage, fuel system pressure and PWM operation on fuel injection quantities of a H.P. fuel injector are measured. Also, the measured data of the H.P. fuel injector fed by the injector driving circuit are defined as the fuel injection curves. Finally experimental results are provided for verification of the proposed injector drive circuit.

Herein, two title compounds, N-Benzoyl-N’-4-cyanophenyl thiourea (I) and N-(4-nitrobenzoyl)-N’-4-cyanophenyl thiourea (II) were synthesized in high yield, via aroyl isocyanate and 4-aminobenzonitrile. The structure of the prepared compounds was characterized by elementary analysis and FT-IR, ¹H, ¹³C NMR spectroscopic methods. Cyclic voltammetric (CV) experiments were performed with glassy carbon electrode. The reduction potential values of different functional group such as nitro, cyano in title compounds were investigated using CV curves.

Observation of the distribution of the velocity of galactic rotation curves differed from their expected centripetal form and lead to the notion of Dark Matter or modifications to Newtonian and General Relativity, such as MOND, TeVeS and the like and even Quantised Inertia. We aim to show that General Relativity with Dark Energy/the Cosmological Constant is all that is needed, with the proviso that the Cosmological Constant can increase in the presence of a light flux or some other factor from galaxies and become gravitating; the need for Dark Matter may be abated.

The development and use of highly automated vehicles (HAV) in agriculture is a highly important task because of the lack of machine drivers and unsatisfactory level of their qualifications, reducing the impact of harmful factors on employees of agricultural enterprises. HAVs allow to avoid these problems: increase productivity and the efficiency of seasonal use of equipment, and reduce the impact of harmful factors on people. Modern HAVs in agriculture are based on the following methods: parallel driving according to geo coordinates without automatic turning and without obstacles tracking, and on technical vision without the use of a geographic information system (for example Cognitive AgroPilot) and a digital field map, which makes it impossible to generate the optimal path around the field.

Manufacturers of photovoltaic modules do not provide all the information necessary to predict their performance under different climatic conditions. This forces the development of mathematical models of behavior and the application of mathematical methods for the calculation of their associated parameters. A toolbox called PVMSim implemented in MATLAB/GUI is proposed in this paper. PVMSIm provides models allowing the simulation of photovoltaic modules. A two-diode model is used to represent the effect of irradiance and temperature on the V-I and V-P characteristic curves. The accuracy of PVMSim has been vaildated by applying the models to two mono-crystalline and multi-crystalline solar modules of different power ratings and manufacturers. The model PVMSim model accuracy was verified against the manufacturer’s datasheet. This paper shows that this tool is useful for designers and professionals who require an intuitive graphical interface for fast and accurate modeling, simulation and sizing of photovoltaic systems.

This paper presents a new approach to a different proof of "Fermat's Last Theorem.” For the proof of the theorem, it is proposed to use a more straightforward geometrical approach. A special family of curves, the Elba curves, is introduced to facilitate the proof. This approach makes the proof easier to comprehend by mathematicians and those interested in the subject.

This paper presents a new approach to a different proof of "Fermat's Last Theorem.” For the proof of the theorem, it is proposed to use a more straightforward geometrical approach. A special family of curves, the Elba curves, is introduced to facilitate the proof. This approach makes the proof easier to comprehend by mathematicians and those interested in the subject.

Hydraulic relationships are important for water resource management, hazard prediction, and modelling. Since Leopold first identified power law expressions that could relate streamflow to top-width, depth, and velocity, hydrologists have been estimating ‘At-a-station Hydraulic Geometries’ (AHG) to describe average flow hydraulics. As the amount of data, data sources, and application needs increase, the ability to apply, integrate and compare disparate and often noisy data is critical for applications ranging from reach to continental scales. However, even with quality data, the standard practice of solving each AHG relationship independently can lead to solutions that fail to conserve mass. The challenge addressed here is how to extend the physical properties of the AHG relations, while improving the way they are hydrologically addressed and fit. We present a framework for minimizing error while ensuring mass conservation at reach - or hydrologic Feature - scale geometries’(FHG) that complies with current state-of-the-practice conceptual and logical models. Through this framework, FHG relations are fit for the United States Geological Survey’s (USGS) Rating Curve database, the USGS HYDRoacoustic dataset in support of the Surface Water Oceanographic Topography satellite mission (HYDRoSWOT), and the hydraulic property tables produced as part of the NOAA/Oakridge Continental Flood Inundation Mapping framework. The paper describes and demonstrates the accuracy, interoperability, and application of these relationships to flood modelling and presents this framework in an R package.

Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steels are very prone to secondary phases formation related to ferrite decomposition at high temperatures. In the present paper the results on secondary phase precipitation in a 2510 Duplex Stainless Steel, heat treated in the temperature range 850-1050 °C for 3-30 minutes are presented. The precipitation starts at grain boundaries with a consistent ferrite transformation for very short times. The noses of the TTP curves are at 1000 °C for σ-phase and at 900 °C for χ-phase, respectively. The precipitation sequence involves a partial transformation of χ into σ, as previously evidenced in 2205 and 2507 grades. Furthermore, the experimental data were compared to the results of Thermo-Calc calculations.

Extraction of high-resolution surface waves is essential in surface-wave survey. Because reflections usually interfere with surface waves on X component in a multicomponent seismic exploration, it is difficult to extract dispersion curves of surface waves. The situation goes more serious when the frequencies and velocities of higher-mode surface waves are close to those of PS-waves. A method for surface-wave extraction is proposed based on the morphological differences between reflections and surface waves. Frequency-domain high-resolution linear Radon transform (LRT) and time-domain high-resolution hyperbolic Radon transform (HRT) are used to represent surface waves and reflections respectively. Then, the sparse representation problem based on the morphological component analysis (MCA) is built and optimally solved to obtain high-fidelity surface waves. An advantage of our method is its ability to extract surface waves when their frequencies and velocities are close to those of reflections. Furthermore, results of synthetic and field examples confirm that the proposed method can attenuate the distortion of surface-wave dispersive energy caused by reflections, which contributes to extracting accurate dispersion curves.

Drainage systems are usually dimensioned for design storms based on intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves of extreme precipitation. For each location, different IDF curves are established based on local hydrological conditions. Recent research shows that these curves also vary with time, and should be updated with recent data. The purpose of this study is to evaluate IDF curves obtained from precipitation simulations from the Eta RCM, comparing them with IDF curves obtained from data of a rainfall station. Climate models can be a useful tool for assessing the impacts of climate changes on drainage systems, referring precipitation forecasts. In this study, the Eta RCM was forced by two global climate models: HadGEM2-ES and MIROC5. The bias of the precipitation data, generated by RCM models, was corrected using a Gamma distribution. The Juqueriquerê River Basin, in the cities of Caraguatatuba and São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil, was chosen as a case study. The results show a good correlation between the IDF curves of simulated and observed rainfall for the control period (1960-2005), indicating the strong possibility of using the Eta RCM precipitation forecasts for 2007 - 2099 to establish future IDFs thereby, taking into account climate changes in urban drainage design.

In this paper, a swarm trajectory planning method is proposed for multiple autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) in an unknown and obstacle-rich environment. Specifically, based on the point cloud information of the surrounding environment obtained from local sensors, a kinodynamic path searching method is used to generate a series of waypoints in the discretized control space at first. Next, after fitting B-spline curves to the obtained waypoints, a nonlinear optimization problem is formulated to optimize the B-spline curves based on gradient-based local planning. Finally, a numerical optimization method is used to solve the optimization problems in real-time to obtain collision-free, smooth and dynamically feasible trajectories relying on a shared network. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed swarm trajectory planning method for a network of ASVs.

Biomass is a widely distributed and renewable source of carbon. The main objective of this work is to produce an activated carbon from coconut shells with suitable characteristics to separate CO2 from biogas. The textural characterization of the adsorbent has been determined. Pure component adsorption isotherms of CO2 and CH4 at 30, 50 and 70 °C have been measured. Moreover, the performance of the produced activated carbon, as potential adsorbent for CO2 capture from a CO2/CH4 gas mixture has been evaluated under dynamic conditions in a purpose-built fixed-bed setup.

Personalized medicine is an aspect of the P4 medicine (predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory) based precisely on the customization of all medical characters of each subject. In personalized medicine, the development of medical treatments and drugs is tailored to the individual characteristics and needs of each subject, according to the study of diseases at different scales from genotype to phenotype scale. To make concrete the goal of personalized medicine, it is necessary to employ high-throughput methodologies such as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), Mass Spectrometry or Microarrays, that are able to investigate a single disease from a broader perspective. For example, by using genotyping microarrays (e.g. collections of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism - SNP) it is possible to uncover the reasons (i.e. mutation in genes) because a treatment works properly in some patients (for example absence of mutated genes), but it does not work (presence of mutated genes) in others. A side effect of high-throughput methodologies is the massive amount of data produced for each single experiment, that poses several challenges (e.g. high execution time and required memory) to bioinformatic software. Thus a main requirement of modern bioinformatic software is the use of good software engineering methods and efficient programming techniques, able to face those challenges, that include the use of parallel programming and efficient and compact data structures. Thus, to exploit all the potential of this massive amount of data in the short possible time (before that data becomes obsolete), the necessity to develop parallel software tools for efficient data collection and analysis arise. Moreover, due to the heterogeneity of the data produced by the different kinds of experimental platforms, it is necessary to automatize in a comprehensive software pipeline, the various steps that compose a bioinformatic analysis, such as: the preprocessing of raw data to remove noise or corrupted data; the annotation of data with external knowledge (e.g. Gene Ontology), and the integration of molecular data with clinical data. It should be noted that such steps are necessary to make statistical or data mining analysis more effective. This paper presents the design and the experimentation of a comprehensive software pipeline, named microPipe, for the preprocessing, annotation and analysis of microarray-based SNP genotyping data. A case study in pharmacogenomics is presented. The main advantages of using microPipe are: the reduction of errors that may happen when trying to make data compatible among different tools; the possibility to analyze in parallel huge datasets; the easy annotation and integration of data.

We propose a new scheme based on ephemeral elliptic curves over the ring Z/nZ where n=pq is an RSA modulus with p=up^2+vp^2, q=uq^2+vq^2, up≡uq≡3(mod4). The new scheme is a variant of both the RSA and the KMOV cryptosystems. The scheme can be used for both signature and encryption. We study the security of the new scheme and show that is immune against factorization attacks, discrete logarithm problem attacks, sum of two squares attacks, sum of four squares attacks, isomorphism attacks, and homomorphism attacks. Moreover, we show that the private exponents can be much smaller than the ordinary exponents for RSA and KMOV, which makes the decryption phase in the new scheme more efficient.

The general theory of relativity (GR) is known to be invariant under smooth coordinate transformations (diffeomorphism). This group has a subgroup known as the Lorentz group of symmetry which is manifested in the weak field approximation to GR. The dominant operator in the weak field equation of GR is thus the d'Alembert (wave) operator which has a retarded potential solution. Galaxies are huge physical systems having dimensions of many tens of thousands of light years. Thus any change at the galactic center will be noticed at the rim only tens of thousands of years later. Those retardation effects are neglected in present day galactic modelling used to calculate rotational velocities of matter in the rims of the galaxy and surrounding gas. The significant differences between the predictions of Newtonian instantaneous action at a distance and observed velocities are usually explained by either assuming dark matter or by modifying the laws of gravity (MOND). In this paper we will show that taking general relativity seriously without neglecting retardation effects one can explain the radial velocities of galactic matter in the M33 galaxy without postulating dark matter.

This paper describes the dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) method for obtaining glass transition temperature and the onset of crystallinity of skim milk powder (SMP). The methodology consists of exposing SMP samples to numerous constant temperatures, T, and water activities, a_w, and measuring the relaxation time. Measurements are based on changes in the loss-tangent height at its peak frequency. Glass transition times are identified at peaks in the loss-tangent height versus time curve and the onset of crystallinity times are identified when the loss-tangent height collapses. The analysis leads to two boundary curves: glass transition T_g, a_w curve and the onset of crystallinity T_c, a_w curve. They separate the SMP stable (long shelf life) and unstable (short shelf life) regions. Two curve fitting algorithms were developed for (a) a_w², t_g curve where t_g is the time to glass transition and a_w², t_c curve where time t_c is the time to onset of crystallinity and (b) T_g, a_w and T_c, a_w boundary curves. Finally, the DRS data are compared to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results.

The cyclic load applied to civil and mining structures can lead to a reduction of the materials’ strength, different from that which would occur with a monotonous load. Numerous cases can be found where the decay of the rock parameters subjected to this type of stress leads to progressive or sudden collapse: among them, tunnel walls, pillars and slabs in mining operations, roads with a heavy vehicle transit, abutments of bridges and dams can be quoted. The topic can therefore be fundamental for a correct structural design, to avoid problems during the life of the structure. However, given the heterogeneity of the rock materials and the difficulty of their characterization under this aspect, an unequivocal analysis is hardly achievable. Then, the discussion initially develops through a general historical review of the concept of fatigue, with a synthetic collection of case histories. The laboratory tests on rock samples are then examined and the most important results obtained are discussed. Finally, a comparison between different types of tests is proposed. The experimental data are expressed through the Wӧhler diagram. The goal is to fill the lack of design codes or standards in the field of cyclic stresses applied to rock materials, the understanding of its effect being of great interest in order to apply suitable parameters in the design phase.

Spiral galaxies and their rotation curves have key characteristics of differentially spinning objects. Oblate spheroid shapes are a consequence of spin and reasonably describe galaxies, indicating that their matter is distributed in gravitationally interacting homeoidal shells. Previously published equations describing differentially spinning oblate spheroids with radially varying density are here applied to 51 galaxies, mostly spirals. A constant volumetric density (rho, kg m-3) is assumed for each thin homeoid in these formulae, after Newton, which is consistent with RC being reported simply as a function of equatorial radius r. We construct parameter-free inverse models that uniquely specify mass inside any given r, and thus directly constrain rho vs. r solely from velocity v(r) and galactic aspect ratios (assumed as 1:10 when data are unavailable). Except for their innermost zones, rho is proven to be closely proportional to rn, where n for all 36 spirals studied equals -1.80±0.40. Our values for interior densities compare closely with independently measured baryon density in appropriate astronomical environments: for example, calculated rho at galactic edges agrees with estimated rho of intergalactic media (IGM). Our finding that central densities increase with galaxy size is consistent with behavior exhibited by diverse self-gravitating entities. Our calculated mass distributions are consistent with visible luminosity and require no non-baryonic component. Empirical luminosity-velocity relationships for galaxies, such as the Tully-Fisher rule, originate in Newtonian physics.

This work presents a heat transfer and boiling model that computes the evolution of the temperature field in a representative steel workpiece quenched from 850 or 930°C by immersion in water flowing at average velocities of 0.2 or 0.6 m/s, respectively. Under these conditions, all three boiling regimes were present during cooling: stable vapor film, nucleate boiling, and single-phase convection. The model was based on the numerical solution of the heat conduction equation coupled to the solution of the energy and momentum equations for water. The mixture phase approach was adopted using the Lee model to compute the rates of water evaporation-condensation. Heat flux at the wall was calculated for all regimes using a single semi-mechanistic model. Therefore, evolution of boiling regimes at every position on the wall surface was automatically determined. Predictions were validated using laboratory results, namely: a) Videorecording the upward motion of the wetting front along the workpiece wall surface, and b) cooling curves obtained with embedded thermocouples in the steel probe. Wall heat flux calculations were used to determine the importance of the simultaneous presence of all three boiling regimes on the heat flux distribution. It was found that this simultaneous presence leads to high heat flux variations that should be avoided in production lines.

In this paper, we present a high-speed, unified elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) processor for arbitrary Weierstrass curves over GF(p), which to the best of our knowledge, outperforms other similar works in terms of execution time. Our approach employs the combination of the schoolbook long and Karatsuba multiplication algorithm for the elliptic curve point multiplication (ECPM) to achieve better parallelization while retaining low complexity. In the hardware implementation, the substantial gain in speed is also contributed by our n-bit pipelined Montgomery Modular Multiplier (pMMM), which is constructed from our n-bit pipelined multiplier-accumulators that utilizes DSP primitives as digit multipliers. Additionally, we also introduce our unified, pipelined modular adder/subtractor (pMAS) for the underlying field arithmetic, and leverage a more efficient yet compact scheduling of the Montgomery ladder algorithm. The implementation on the 7-series FPGA: Virtex-7, Kintex-7, and XC7Z020, yields 0.139, 0.138, and 0.206 ms of execution time, respectively. Furthermore, since our pMMM module is generic for any curve in Weierstrass form, we support multi-curve parameters, resulting in a unified ECC architecture. Lastly, our method also works in constant time, making it suitable for applications requiring high speed and SCA-resistant characteristics.

Many studies, which try to analyze conditions for debris flow development, ignore the type of initiation. Therefore this paper deals with the following questions: What type of hydro-mechanical triggering mechanisms for debris flows can we distinguish in upstream channels of debris flow prone gullies? Which are the main parameters controlling the type and temporal sequence of these triggering processes and what is their influence on the meteorological thresholds for debris flow initiation? A series of laboratory experiments were carried out in a flume, 8 m long and with a width of 0.3 m. to detect the conditions for different types of triggering mechanisms. The flume experiments show a sequence of hydrological processes triggering debris flows, namely erosion and transport by intensive overland flow and by infiltrating water causing failure of channel bed material. On the basis of these experiments an integrated hydro-mechanical model was developed, which describes Hortonian and Saturation overland flow, maximum sediment transport, through flow and failure of bed material. The model was calibrated and validated using process indicator values measured during the experiments in the flume. Virtual model simulations, carried out in a schematic hypothetical source area of a catchment show that slope angle and hydraulic conductivity of the bed material determine the type and sequence of these triggering processes. It was also clearly demonstrated that the type of hydrological triggering process and the influencing geometrical and hydro-mechanical parameters may have a great influence on rainfall intensity-duration threshold curves for the start of debris flows.

The present paper proposes a fractal analysis of the Covid-19 dynamics in 45 European countries. We introduce a new idea of using the box-counting dimension of the epidemiologic curves as a means of classifying the Covid-19 pandemic in the countries taken into consideration. The classification can be a useful tool in deciding upon the quality and accuracy of the data available. We also investigated the reproduction rate, which proves to have significant fractal features, thus enabling another perspective on this epidemic characteristic. Moreover, we studied the correlation between two meteorological parameters: global radiation and daily mean temperature and two Covid-19 indicators: daily new cases and reproduction rate. The fractal dimension differences between the analysed time series graphs could represent a preliminary analysis criterion, increasing research efficiency. Daily global radiation was found to be stronger linked with Covid-19 new cases than air temperature (with a greater correlation coefficient -0.386, as compared with -0.318), and consequently it is recommended as the first-choice meteorological variable for prediction models.

In case of the maximally rotating Black Holes (BH) through Kerr-Neumann frames, or as described in Boyer-Lindquist coordinates metrics, the rotation axis of the BHs inputs a frame dragging effect i.e., relativistically a Lens-Thirring Precession that accelerates the photon trajectories oscillates with a shaped induced rotations through the ring singularity, between alternate universes, as a means of an induced geodesics that takes a sharp turning points back and forth provided, in the prograde photon sphere, due to magnetorotational instability, the path tracing of a photons circulates as a smooth fiber bundles over the event horizon curves, that when gets interpolate between mixed trajectories behaves as a geodesics and thus forms a smooth Jacobi-fields through Jacobi-lines by mutual intersection of geodesics over the photon sphere which when somehow gets leaked inside the event horizon, then gets sucked in with not sufficient escape velocity for retardation and trapped in the compact singularity, oscillating back and forth through alternate universes.

A mechanical ventilation system is a big support for breathing complications, in which an external solution is quite necessary to keep oxygen compensation in the patients. Its knowledge is well widespread and different equipment has been developed. However, they are very expensive and their quantity in medical centers is not sufficient, especially in Peru. Hence, it has been required to develop new methods to provide oxygen by a low cost equipment; Protofy, a research group from Spain, designed one of the first low cost mechanical ventilation systems which was medically validated by its government. In this sense, a redesign of the mechanical ventilation system was carried out according to the local requirements and available technology, a different airbag resuscitator with different properties and geometry, but maintaining its working concept based on a cam compression mechanism. Sensors and a display were added to improve the performance with a control algorithm for the rotation frequency and to show the ventilation curves over time to the medical staff. It was necessary to develop a mathematical model to relate the behavior between ventilation curves for a patient and physical variables of the design, especially in the epidemic COVID 19, that many countries are dealing with at the time research is being conducted. The mechanical ventilation system was redesigned, fabricated, and tested measuring its ventilation curves over time. Results indicate that this redesign provides a sturdy equipment able to work during a longer lifetime than the original. The replicability of the ventilation curves behavior is assured, while the mechanism dimensions are adapted for a particular airbag resuscitator. The mathematical model of the whole system can predict satisfactorily the ventilation curves over time and was used to provide the air pressure, volume, and flow as a function of the rotation angle measured by sensors.

In this paper we will find that, according to holographic principle {\cite{Holografico}} and thus considering Universe as the ensemble of $\aleph$ information bits or minimum particles of mass $m_{g}$, the contribution to galactic rotation curves can be due the rest of the visible Universe through a non-local collective gravitational interaction of all particles within the Universe's horizon, as a consequence of which all particles are gravitationally entangled and form a unified statistical ensemble. Therefore, we can to describe this global effect in terms of standard local Newtonian gravity within galaxies for the explanation of flatness galactic rotation curves as a possible alternative to the dark matter or MOND hypothesis. We will find a solution for the baryonic Tully-Fischer relation: $M_{b} = A v_{f}^4 \iff A = \left[a_{0}G \right]^{-1}$ with $a_{0} = \frac{cH_{0}}{2\pi}$, where $H_{0}$ is the Hubble constant at present Time $t_{0}$ and $M_{b}$, $G$ and $c$ are the galaxy baryonic mass, gravitational constant and constant speed of light in vacuum respectively. Also we will find the mass discrepancy-acceleration relation, thus obtaining a possible solution for each of the three laws of rotationally supported galaxies proposed in ({\cite{McGaugh}},{\cite{McGaugh1}}).

This paper presents novel feature descriptors and classification algorithms for automated scoring of HER2 in Whole Slide Images (WSI) of breast cancer histology slides. Since a large amount of processing is involved in analyzing WSI images, the primary design goal has been to keep the computational complexity to the minimum possible level and to use simple, yet robust feature descriptors that can provide accurate classification of the slides. We propose two types of feature descriptors that encode important information about staining patterns and the percentage of staining present in ImmunoHistoChemistry (IHC) stained slides. The first descriptor is called a characteristic curve which is a smooth non-increasing curve that represents the variation of percentage of staining with saturation levels. The second new descriptor introduced in this paper is an LBP feature curve which is also a non-increasing smooth curve that represents the local texture of the staining patterns. Both descriptors show excellent interclass variance and intraclass correlation, and are suitable for the design of automatic HER2 classification algorithms. This paper gives the detailed theoretical aspects of the feature descriptors and also provides experimental results and comparative analysis.

It is already known that a simple nonlocal de Sitter gravity model, which we denote as dS gravity, contains an exact vacuum cosmological solution which mimics dark energy and dark matter and is in very good agreement with the standard model of cosmology. This success of dS gravity motivated us to investigate how it works at lower than cosmic scale – galactic and the solar system. This paper contains our investigation of the corresponding Schwarzschild-de Sitter metric of the dS gravity model. To get exact solution, it is necessary to solve the corresponding nonlinear differential equation, what is a very complicated and difficult problem. What we obtained is a solution of linearized equation, which is related to space metric far from the massive body, where gravitational field is weak. The obtained approximate solution is of particular interest for examining the possible role of non-local de Sitter gravity dS in describing the effects in galactic dynamics that are usually attributed to dark matter. The solution has been tested on the Milky Way and the spiral galaxy M33 and is in good agreement with observational measurements.

Despite a global push in the development and implementation of widespread alternative energy use, significant disparities exist across given nation-states. These disparities reflect both technical and economic factors, as well as the social, political, and ecological gaps between how communities see energy development and national/global policy goals. Known as the “local-national gap,” many nations struggle with fostering meaningful conversations about the role of alternative energy technologies within communities. Mitigation of this problem first requires understanding the distribution of existing alternative energy technologies at the local level of policymaking. Using the State of Georgia, U.S.A. as a case study, we present a model for analyzing how existing adoption trends enable/limit conversation at the scale of local governance (i.e., county governments). Leveraging existing work on the Gini Coefficient as a metric for measuring energy inequity, we argue these tools can be applied to analyze where gaps exist in ongoing solar adoption trends. As we demonstrate, communities that adopt solar tend to be concentrated in a few counties, indicating existing conversations are limited to a circumscribed set of social networks. This information and the model we demonstrate can enable focused qualitative analyses of existing solar trends, not only amongst high-adoption areas but within communities where little to no adoption has occurred.

To improve the understanding of soil–pile interaction of laterally loaded piles, the quasi-static test of pile group foundation in silty clay with 5 foundation piles arranged in cross shape is carried out. The direct measurement-based p–y curves at different depths showed nonlinear behavior, in which the initial stiffness and ultimate soil reaction increased as the depth increased. The loading displacement amplitude corresponding to the failure of each foundation pile in the high axial compression reinforced concrete pile group foundation is given as follows: the front-end nappe foundation pile (#3 pile) is 6mm, the middle pile is 16mm, the front-end nappe foundation pile is 20mm, and the loading displacement amplitude of side pile is 24mm. In silty clay, due to the existence of pile group effect, the edge effect has little effect on the horizontal foundation bed coefficient of foundation pile in pile group, while the influence of masking effect on the horizontal foundation bed coefficient of each foundation pile in pile group is not related to the position of pile, but only to the existence of masking effect, and the influence of different columns of masking effect on the horizontal foundation bed coefficient is the same.

We employ hierarchy of models (HoM) with 2, 3 and 4 parameters to reanalyze the nucleation kinetics in the electrodeposition as quantified by n(t) - “the number of nuclei vs. time” data obtained at different overvoltages from precise experiments on electrodeposition of Hg on two different types of Pt-cathodes by Ivan V. Markov and Evgenia Stoycheva [1]. The obtained two scales, nmax and , are used to rescale the original data mapping it on a master curve in coordinates . Our main result is obtained by studying further the dependence of these two scales on the overvoltage (analogue of supersaturation). Surprisingly, for one of the two cathode types - the “hemispherical single-crystal electrode” (as defined by the authors), there is discontinuity in the “ vs. overvoltage” dependence – an almost horizontal jump from 85 to 86 mV accompanied by a change in the slope of the dependence - it is ~ -1 and ~ -0.5 after. For the other cathode - “plane structureless platinum electrode”,  decreases smoothly. Combined, these two behaviors point at the so called “cusp catastrophe”. We compare our findings with published results on protein nucleation.

The fatigue life of welded joints under cyclic loading is a complex process that can be roughly divided into fatigue crack initiation, crack propagation and final fracture. Usually, these phases are evaluated separately. Several methods are available to estimate the extent of the different phases in welded components, such as stress-based fatigue concepts for crack initiation or linear elastic fracture mechanics for crack propagation; however, distinguishing these phases in welded components is a complex procedure and often relies on assumptions such as transition crack sizes. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between fatigue crack initiation and propagation in welded joints using artificially notched specimens with welded joints characteristics of different notch acuity (different radii and opening angle). The experiments show that the investigated relationship basically depends on the notch acuity, the load level and the stress ratio.

Neutropenia is a common adverse event during myelosuppressive oncological chemotherapy, predisposing to febrile neutropenia (FN). Patients with coexisting moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an increased risk of FN, included in the guidelines for the primary prophylaxis of FN. However, this does not include mild kidney function impairment with esti-mated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 60–89 ml/min/1.73m2. This prospective study analyzed the risk of neutropenia in patients on chemotherapy without indication for the primary prophy-laxis of FN. The study enrolled 38 patients starting chemotherapy, including 26 (68.4%) patients aged 65 years or more. The median duration of follow-up was 76 days. The methodology of cre-atinine assessment enabled the use of the newly recommended CKD-EPI formula for identifying patients with a mild reduction of glomerular filtration. Sixteen (42.1%) patients developed at least G2 neutropenia without episodes of FN. Only five (13.1%) patients had eGFR<60ml/min/1.73m2, while 15 (62.5%) eGFR< 90ml/min/1.73m2. The relative risk of neutro-penia in patients with impaired eGFR was over six times higher than in patients with eGFR>90 ml/min/1.73m2 (RR=6.08; 95%CI:1.45–27.29; p< 0.01). Our observation indicates that even a mild reduction in eGFR is a risk factor for the development of neutropenia and a potential risk factor for FN.