The study investigated the influence of white vs 12 background and overlay colours on the reading process in school age children. Previous research reported that colours could affect reading skills as an important factor of the emotional and physiological state of the body. The aim of the study was to assess developmental differences between second and third grade students of elementary school and to evaluate differences in electroencephalography (EEG), ocular, electrodermal activities (EDA) and heart rate variability (HRV). Our findings showed a decreasing trend with age regarding EEG power bands (Alpha, Beta, Delta, Theta) and lower scores of reading duration and eye-tracking measures in younger children compared to older children. As shown in the results, HRV parameters showed higher scores in 12 background and overlay colours among second than third grade students which is linearly correlated to the level of stress and readable from EDA measures as well. The existing study showed the calming effect on second graders in turquoise and blue background colours. Considering other colours separately for each parameter, we assumed that there are no systematic differences in Reading duration, EEG power band, Eye-tracking and EDA measures.

Colours are important features in human and natural environments and are related to several psychological functions. However, a possible relation between colour preferences and personality traits is scarcely investigated. The aim of the present study was to find out whether differences in preferences for colours also reflected differences in Big Five personality traits. The sample consisted of 206 individuals voluntarily recruited from a student sample. The participants chose one of six primary colours (blue, green, red, yellow, black, white) from the Natural Colour System (NCS) as their favorite colour. Personality traits were measured with the Big Five Inventory-44 (BFI-44. Blue and yellow was the most and least preferred chromatic colour, respectively. There were no gender differences in preferences for the chromatic colours, but more women preferred white and men preferred black. Compared to the rest of the sample, the blue group had higher scores on agreeableness and extraversion, and the red group had lower scores on agreeableness. Pairwise comparisons showed that the blue group had higher scores on agreeableness and extraversion than the red group, and higher scores on agreeableness compared to the green group. There were no significant personality differences for the other chromatic and achromatic colour groups.

Litchi orchards of 15 year age in Pantnagar were subjected to different fruit bagging treatments in study entitled “Impact of pre-harvest fruit bagging technology on growth and quality traits in litchi cv. Rose Scented under Indian prospective”. The combination includes white and pink polypropylene bags practiced on three dates i.e. 15, 25 and 30 days after fruit set and a control. Hence, study comprised of 7 treatment combination in total. The data of year 2017 and 2018 as well as pooled data revealed that T1 i.e. white polypropylene bags + bagging 15 days after fruit set was found to be promising in attributes such as fruit cracking (%) and Sun burn (%). T3 White Polypropylene bags + bagging 30 days after fruit set was found best for fruit Weight (g) and Acidity (%), T4 Pink Polypropylene bags + bagging 15 days after fruit set was found promising for TSS (0Brix), T6-Polypropylene Pink + 10th May (30 days after fruit set) was observed to be best for most of the desired attributes viz. Fruit breadth (mm), Yield (Kg/tree), Acidity (%), Anthocyanin (mg/100g), Fruit colour (visual), borer infestation (%) and B:C Ratio. However, fruits without bagging i.e. control were found to have inferior appearance and have maximum fruit cracking (%) and sun burn (%). Thus the bagging of litchi fruits with white polypropylene bags 15 days after fruit set resulted in lesser cracking and sunburn incidence. For other attributes, polypropylene pink bagged 30 days after fruit set was found promising. In Litchi under Indian condition, the novel technique of fruit bagging significantly enhance the fruit appearance and quality.

Colours were ubiquitous in the medieval world, and castles were no exception. While in the eyes of most people their rich colour schemes manifested power and wealth, some could also read the more nuanced messages these colours conveyed. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the use and role of colour in the interiors of castles of medieval Bohemia and Poland. The picture is complemented by the analysis of colour decorations of defensive residences of the Teutonic Order, for which colour schemes of external facades can be addressed as well. The dis-cussion takes into account the varying state of preservation and draws from the available writ-ten accounts. To present the most complete picture possible, we discuss royal residences, for which unfortunately limited data is available, as well as better-preserved castles of dukes and knights. We discuss the identified iconographic programmes and their chivalric, heraldic, and hagiographic motifs. Also within the scope of our discussion are late forms of floral decorations, known as “green chambers”. The numerous examples presented in the paper prove that colour was an important tool of visual social communication in castle architecture: it complemented the symbolism, and sometimes carried an independent message.

White noise is fundamentally linked to many processes, it has a flat power spectral density and a delta-correlated autocorrelation. Operators acting on white noise can result in coloured noise, whether they operate in the time domain, like fractional calculus, or in the frequency domain, like spectral processing. We investigate whether any of the white noise properties remain in the coloured noises produced by the action of an operator. For a coloured noise, which drives a physical system, we provide evidence to pinpoint the mother process from which it came. We demonstrate the existence of two indices, that is, kurtosis and codifference, whose values can categorise coloured noises according to their mother process. Four different mother processes are used in this study: Gaussian, Laplace, Cauchy, and Uniform white noise distributions. The mother process determines the kurtosis value of the coloured noises that are produced. It maintains its value for Gaussian, never converges for Cauchy, and takes values for Laplace and Uniform that are within a range of its white noise value. In addition, the codifference function maintains its value for zero lag-time essentially constant around the value of the corresponding white noise.