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S. Zola, M. Valtonen, G. Bhatta, A. Goyal, B. Debski, A. Baran, J. Krzesinski, M. Siwak, S. Ciprini, A. Gopakumar, H. Jermak, K. Nilsson, D. Reichart, K. Matsumoto, K. Sadakane, K. Gazeas, M. Kidger, V. Piirola, F. Alicavus, K.S. Baliyan, A. Berdyugin, D. Boyd, M. Campas Torrent, F. Campos, J. Carrillo Gomez, D.B. Caton, V. Chavushyan, J. Dalessio, D. Dimitrov, M. Drozdz, A. Erdem, A. Escartin Perez, V. Fallah Ramazani, A.V. Filippenko, F. Garcia, F. Gomez Pinilla, M. Gopinathan, J.B. Haislip, J. Harmanen, G. Hurst, K.M. Ivarsen, M. Jelinek, A. Joshi, M. Kagitani, N. Kaur, N. Karaman, W.C. Keel, A.P. LaCluyze, B.C. Lee, E. Lindfors, J. Lozano De Haro, J.P. Moore, R. Naves Nogues, A.W. Neely, R.H. Nelson, W. Ogloza, S. Okano, J.C. Pandey, M. Perri, P. Pihajoki, G. Poyner, J. Provencal, T. Pursimo, A. Raj, R. Reinthal, S. Sadegi, T. Sakanoi, J.-L. Salto Gonzales, T. Schweyer, F.C. Soldan Alfaro, E. Sonbas, I. Steele, J.T. Stocke, J. Strobl, L.O. Takalo, T. Tomov, L. Tremosa Espasa, J.R. Valdes, J. Valero Perez, F. Verrecchia, J.R. Webb, M. Yoneda, M. Zejmo, W. Zheng, J. Telting, J. Saario, T. Reynolds, A. Kvammen, E. Gafton, R. Karjalainen, P. Blay

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: galaxies: active; BL Lacertae objects: individual (OJ 287); super massive black holes

Online: 18 July 2016 (10:46:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0080.v1

Determination of Genetic Variations of Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 2, 4 and 6 with Next Generation Sequencing in Native Cattle Breeds of Anatolia and Holstein Friesian

Nuket Bilgen, Bengi Cinar Kul, Victoria Offord, Dirk Werling, Okan Ertugrul

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Anatolian Black; East Anatolian Red; South Anatolian Red; Turkish Grey; Holstein Friesian; Innate immunity; Next Generation Sequencing; TLR2; TLR4; TLR6

Online: 23 September 2016 (05:44:43 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0072.v1

Muslim Woman Seeking Work: An English Case Study with a Dutch Comparison, of Discrimination and Achievement

Christopher Bagley, Mahmoud Abubaker

Subject: Social Sciences, Political Science Keywords: racial discrimination; employment; United Kingdom; The Netherlands; black and ethnic minorities; women; Islam; alienation

Online: 14 December 2016 (07:54:52 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0149.v1

Gender and Race in Ministry Leadership: Experiences of Black Clergywomen

Dr. Kimberly Nelms Smarr, PsyD, Dr. Rachelle Disbennett-Lee, PhD, Dr. Amy Cooper Hakim, PhD

Subject: Arts And Humanities, Religious Studies Keywords: Leadership, Women, Women Clergy, Black, Religion and Gender.

Online: 8 October 2018 (13:57:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0096.v1

A Zeroth Law Compatible Model to Kerr Black Hole Thermodynamics

Viktor G. Czinner, Hideo Iguchi

Subject: Physical Sciences, Thermodynamics Keywords: black holes; entropy; nonextensive thermodynamics; stability

Online: 18 December 2016 (10:59:28 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201712.0018.v1

Radical Scavenging and Biological Activities of Representative Anthocyanin Groupings from Pigment-Rich Fruits and Vegetables

Federica Blando, Nadia Calabriso, Helge Berland, Gabriele Maiorano, Carmela Gerardi, Maria Annunziata Carluccio, Øyvind M. Andersen

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Food Chemistry Keywords: non-acylated anthocyanins; anthocyanins with aromatic acylation; SAR; mahaleb cherry; blackcurrant; black carrot; ‘Sun Black’ tomato; VCAM-1; ICAM-1; endothelial adhesion molecules

Online: 4 December 2017 (07:04:17 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0121.v1

Quantum Tunneling Radiation from Loop Quantum Black Holes and the Information Loss Paradox

Carlos Alex Souza Da Silva, Francisco De Assis Brito

Subject: Physical Sciences, Quantum Science And Technology Keywords: loop quantum black hole; tunneling radiation; back-reaction; information recovery

Online: 19 April 2017 (06:18:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0169.v1

Physico-Chemical Characterization and Biological Activities of Black and White Garlic: In Vivo and In Vitro Assays

Mª Ángeles Toledano Medina, Tania Merinas-Amo, Zahira Fernández-Bedmar, Rafael Font, Mercedes del Río-Celestino, Jesús Pérez-Aparicio, Alicia Moreno-Ortega, Ángeles Alonso-Moraga, Rafael Moreno-Rojas

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Horticulture Keywords: black garlic; Drosophila melanogaster; physico-chemical profile; polyphenol content; HL-60 cell line

Online: 14 May 2019 (12:06:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201706.0040.v1

Monthly and Diurnal Variation of the Concentrations of Aerosol Surface Area in Fukuoka, Japan, Measured by Diffusion Charging Method

Miho Kiriya, Tomoaki Okuda, Hana Yamazaki, Kazuki Hatoya, Naoki Kaneyasu, Itsushi Uno, Chiharu Nishita, Keiichiro Hara, Masahiko Hayashi, Koji Funato, Kozo Inoue, Shigekazu Yamamoto, Ayako Yoshino, Akinori Takami

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: Asian monsoon; black carbon; long-range transport; land and sea breeze; sulfate; surface area; surface coating of particles

Online: 8 June 2017 (08:26:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.3390/sci2010010

Data Fusion of Scanned Black and White Aerial Photographs with Multispectral Satellite Images

Dimitris Kaimaris, Petros Patias, Giorgos Mallinis, Charalampos Georgiadis

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: black and white aerial photographs; multispectral satellite images; data fusion; correlation tables; classification

Online: 13 March 2020 (00:00:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0287.v1

A ‘Giant Microfossil’ from the Gunflint Chert and its Implications for Fungal and Eukaryote Origins

Mark A. S. McMenamin, Aurora Curtis-Hill, Sophie Rabinow, Kalyndi Martin, Destiny Treloar

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: Gunflint Chert; stromatolites; black chert; origin of eukaryotes; evolution of fungi; Precambrian microfossils

Online: 26 September 2019 (00:48:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0705.v1

Generalization of the Standard Model. Theory of Everything (T.O.E.)

Hector Gerardo Flores, Maria Isabel Gonçalves de Souza, Harshit Jain

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: RLC electrical model; RC electrical model; cosmology; astronomy; astrophysics; background radiation; Hubble’ s law; Boltzmann´; s constant; dark energy; dark matter; black hole; Big Bang; cosmic inflation; early universe; quantum gravity; CERN; LHC; Fermilab; general relativity; particle physics; condensed matter physics; M theory; super string theory; extra dimensions.

Online: 9 January 2024 (10:21:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201711.0064.v2

Influence of Nanoscaled Surface Modification on the Reaction of Al/Ni Multilayers

Heike Bartsch, José Manuel Mánuel, Rolf Grieseler

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Nanotechnology Keywords: reactive multilayer; sputtering; self-propagating reaction; aluminum/nickel; black silicon; joining technology; nanostructured silicon; reactive nanomaterial

Online: 4 December 2017 (05:12:57 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0413.v3

The Quantum Black Hole as a Gravitational Hydrogen Atom

Christian Corda, Fabiano Feleppa

Subject: Physical Sciences, Mathematical Physics Keywords: gravitational atom; quantum black hole; quantum levels; Schrodinger equation; mass spectrum

Online: 6 December 2019 (04:14:35 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0482.v1

Nested Stochastic Valuation of Large Variable Annuity Portfolios: Monte Carlo Simulation and Synthetic Datasets

Guojun Gan, Emiliano Valdez

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Probability And Statistics Keywords: Monte Carlo; regime-switching multivariate black-scholes; metamodeling; variable annuity; portfolio valuation

Online: 29 June 2018 (11:31:49 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Massive Photons Propagation in Gravitational Field

Arbab Arbab

Subject: Physical Sciences, Thermodynamics Keywords: black holes thermodynamics; entropic force; electromagnetic-gravity analogy; General Relativity; massive electrodynamics

Online: 12 October 2019 (04:16:45 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0523.v1

'Copper and Bronze in Art' and the Search for Rare Corrosion Products

Gerhard Eggert

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Metals, Alloys And Metallurgy Keywords: basic copper(II) formate; ‘Black Spots’; chalconatronite; copper(II) hydroxide; copper sulfide; curly malachite; namuwite; sodium copper(II) formate; verdigris

Online: 22 March 2021 (11:50:06 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0426.v1

Formulation Of A Rational Option Pricing Model using Artificial Neural Networks

Kaustubh yadav, Anubhuti yadav

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Computer Science Keywords: Black Scholes Equation; Heston Model Calibration; Option Pricing; Stochastic Processes; Artificial Neural Networks

Online: 17 December 2020 (16:22:34 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0118.v1

Long-Term Habitual Exercise and Combination of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate Plus Black Ginger Maintain Muscle Health in SAMP8 Mice

Kai Aoki, Masaki Konno, Katsuyuki Tokinoya, Katsunari Honda, Takuya Abe, Takeshi Nagata, Masaaki Takehara, Takehito Sugasawa, Kazuhiro Takekoshi, Hajime Ohmori

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: Sarcopenia; β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate Calcium; Black ginger

Online: 5 August 2020 (09:51:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0354.v1

Biofuel Produced from Solid-State Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Cattle Manure in Coordination with Black Soldier Fly Larvae Decomposition

Choon Yong Wee, Jung-Jeng Su

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Animal Science, Veterinary Science And Zoology Keywords: biogas; black soldier fly; dairy cattle manure; digestate; solid-state anaerobic digestion

Online: 29 December 2018 (05:20:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0119.v1

Mining and Characterizing the SSR Markers for Black Rice Using the Illumina Sequencing Platform

Dhananjay Kumar, Prasanta Kumar Das, Chandra Singha, Bidyut Kumar Sarmah

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: black rice; transcriptome sequencing; genic SSRs; genetic diversity

Online: 7 March 2020 (09:03:34 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0256.v1

What Constitutes Emergent Quantum Reality? A Complex System Exploration from Entropic Gravity and the Universal Constants

Arno Keppens

Subject: Physical Sciences, Quantum Science And Technology Keywords: quantum ontology; sub-quantum dynamics; micro-constituents; emergent space-time; emergent quantum gravity; entropic gravity; black hole thermodynamics

Online: 30 March 2018 (05:57:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0239.v1

Chemical and Biochemical Onslaught of Anthropogenic Airborne Species on the Heritage Monument, the Taj Mahal

Deepankar Banerjee, Sabyasachi Sarkar

Subject: Arts And Humanities, Art Keywords: marble black crust; carbon nano particles; soluble dust; blue-green algae (cyanophyceae); humic substances

Online: 24 June 2019 (09:22:15 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0485.v1

A Status Report on the Phenomenology of Black Holes in Loop Quantum Gravity: Evaporation, Tunneling to White Holes, Dark Matter and Gravitational Waves

Aurélien Barrau, Killian Martineau, Flora Moulin

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: black holes; loop quantum gravity

Online: 29 August 2018 (08:26:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0444.v1

Impact of Snow-Darkening by Deposition of Light-Absorbing Aerosols on Snow Cover in the Himalaya-Tibetan-Plateau and Influence on the Asian Monsoon: A Possible Mechanism for the Blanford Hypothesis

William K. Lau, Kyu-Myong Kim

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: snow-darkening, light-absorbing aerosols, dust and black carbon, elevated-heat- pump effect, snow cover–monsoon relationship, Blanford hypothesis

Online: 22 September 2018 (23:18:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0037.v1

Development of an Improved Carotenoid Extraction Method and Characterisation of the Carotenoid Composition under Oxidative and Cold Stress in the Rock Inhabiting Fungus Knufia Petricola A95

Kerstin Flieger, Nicole Knabe, Jörg Toepel

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Knufia petricola A95, HPLC analysis, carotenoids, black yeasts, didehydrolycopene

Online: 2 October 2018 (22:39:22 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0335.v1

Emission Inventory Processing of Biomass Burning from A Global Dataset for Air Quality Modeling

Ernesto Pino-Cortés, Samuel Carrasco, Luis A. Díaz-Robles, Francisco Cubillos, Fidel Vallejo, Francisco Cereceda-Balic, Joshua Fu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Biomass burning; SMOKE; NCO; GFASv1.3; Black carbon; Organic carbon; Southern Hemisphere

Online: 15 August 2020 (04:19:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0289.v1

Effect of Hybrid Carbon Fillers on the Electrical and Morphological Properties of Polystyrene Nanocomposites in Microinjection Molding

Shengtai Zhou, Andrew N. Hrymak, Musa R. Kamal

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Polymers And Plastics Keywords: Microinjection molding; Hybrid fillers; Multi-walled carbon nanotubes; Carbon black; Conductive polymer composites; Microstructure

Online: 16 August 2018 (14:25:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0118.v1

Effective Removal of Amido Black and Eosin B Dyes in Aqueous Solution by MWCNT/ZrO2/Pb Nanocomposites: Isotherm, Reusability and Kinetic Studies

Marjan Sheibani, Mehrorang Ghaedi, Vahid Zare-Shahabadi, Arash Asfaram

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Biomaterials Keywords: Adsorption; Amido black (AB); Central composite design (CCD); Eosin B (EB); MWCNT/ZrO2/Pb-NCs

Online: 3 February 2021 (14:42:15 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0562.v1

On the Thermodynamic Origin of the Uncertainty Principle

Jay R. Yablon

Subject: Physical Sciences, Acoustics Keywords: entropy; statistical thermodynamics; uncertainty principle; Bekenstein bound; Hawking radiation; blackbody radiation; Wein displacement law; black holes; second law of thermodynamics; general relativity and quantum mechanics unification

Online: 27 October 2020 (20:25:19 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0100.v1

On the Cosmological Origin of the Rest Mass of Elementary Particles: The Ideas of Maximons and Minimons Revisited

Vikraman Vipindas, Trivandrum Easwaraiyer Girish, Chellappan Radhakrishnan Nair

Subject: Physical Sciences, Nuclear And High Energy Physics Keywords: elementary particles; cosmological origin; maximon; Hawking radiation; neutrino mass; primordial black holes

Online: 12 June 2019 (03:45:41 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Shadow of Topologically Charged Rotating Braneworld Black Hole

Hao-Ran Zhang, He-Xu Zhang, Yuan Chen, Peng-Zhang He, Jian-Bo Deng

Subject: Physical Sciences, Acoustics Keywords: rotating braneworld black hole; black hole shadow; the photon region

Online: 30 September 2020 (12:14:17 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0055.v1

Distribution, Habitat Preference, and Management of the Invasive Ambrosia Beetle Xylosandrus germanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in European Forests with Emphasis on the West Carpathians

Juraj Galko, Marek Dzurenko, Christopher M. Ranger, Ján Kulfan, Emanuel Kula, Christo Nikolov, Milan Zúbrik, Peter Zach

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Forestry Keywords: black timber bark beetle; biological invasion; Xyleborini; ambrosia beetle; spread; occurrence; ethanol; forest management

Online: 4 December 2018 (09:57:21 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0261.v1

Entropy of Reissner-Nordström 3D Hole in Roegenian Economics

Constantin Udriste, Massimiliano Ferrara, Ionel Tevy, Dorel Zugravescu, Florin Munteanu

Subject: Physical Sciences, Acoustics Keywords: thermodynamics-economics dictionary; economic Einstein 4D PDEs; economic Schwarzschild type metric; economic 3D black holes; economic entropy

Online: 28 March 2019 (09:43:56 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0118.v1

Brother's Keeper or Only Child? Black Middle Class Responses to Residential Mobility Initiatives in Prince George's County, MD

Carley Shinault

Subject: Social Sciences, Sociology Keywords: Gentrification; Residential Migration; Black Middle Class; Washington, DC; PG County, MD

Online: 5 November 2018 (14:06:31 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0176.v1

Wheat Varietal Differences in Below Ground Biomass Revealed by a Semi-Quantitative Estimation of Wheat Root DNA in Soil Samples

Huw Jones, Steven Bentley, Lydia Smith, Alison Karley, Tracy Valentine, Charlotte White, Rhys Ashton, Lesley Boyd

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Agricultural Science And Agronomy Keywords: root biomass; wheat; field crops; black-grass; high-throughput; variety trials

Online: 18 June 2019 (12:51:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0512.v9

Light-like Geodesics at the Event Horizon

Christopher Laforet

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Black holes; General Relativity; Schwarzschild metric

Online: 5 February 2024 (15:19:21 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0124.v1

Effect of the Quintessential Dark Energy on Weak Deflection Angle by Kerr-Newmann Black Hole

Wajiha Javed, Jameela Abbas, Ali Övgün

Subject: Physical Sciences, Atomic And Molecular Physics Keywords: Deflection of light; rotating black hole; Deflection angle; Gauss-Bonnet theorem; Gravitational lensing, Finsler geometry, Null geodesic}

Online: 13 June 2019 (13:28:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0112.v1

Lukewarm Blackhole in a Nash-Greene Framework

Abraão J. S. Capistrano

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: extra-dimensions; gravity; Cosmological constant; Black-holes

Online: 11 March 2019 (07:49:26 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0074.v3

Effect of Horndeski Theory on Weak Deflection Angle Using the Gauss-Bonnet Theorem

Ali Övgün, Yashmitha Kumaran, Wajiha Javed, Jameela Abbas

Subject: Physical Sciences, Acoustics Keywords: Weak gravitational lensing; Horndeski black hole; Deflection angle; Gauss-Bonnet theorem

Online: 29 July 2021 (12:37:42 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0574.v1

The (A)symmetry between the Exterior and Interior of a Schwarzschild Black Hole

Pawel Gusin, Andy Augousti, Filip Formalik, Andrzej Radosz

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: black hole; event horizon; asymmetry

Online: 30 July 2018 (09:54:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0211.v1

Assessment of Factors Influencing Personal Exposure to Air Pollution on Main Roads in Bogota: A Mixed-Method Study

Jeadran Malagon-Rojas, Eliana L. Parra-Barrera, Yesith G. Toloza-Pérez, Hanna Soto, Luisa F. Lagos, Daniela Méndez, Andrea Rico, Julia E. Almentero, Mónica A Quintana-Cortés, Diana C. Pinzón-Silva, Andrés García, John Benavídez-Piracón, Diana C. Zona-Rubio, Claudia Portilla, Maria A. Wilches-Mogollón, Sol A. Romero, Luis Jorge Hernandez, Ricardo Morales, Olga L. Sarmiento

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Pollution Keywords: air pollution; microenvironment; public health; PM2.5; black carbon; active transport

Online: 15 March 2022 (11:34:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0136.v1

Weak Gravitational Lensing by Einstein-Non-Linear-Maxwell-Yukawa Black Hole

Wajiha Javed, Muhammad Bilal Khadim, Ali Övgün

Subject: Physical Sciences, Atomic And Molecular Physics Keywords: Weak gravitational lensing; Einstein-non-linear Maxwell-Yukawa black holes; Deflection angle; Gauss-Bonnet theorem

Online: 12 January 2020 (17:40:26 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0183.v1

Silver Nanoparticle-Based Paper Packaging to combat Black Anther Disease in Orchid Flowers

Bang-on Nokkrut, Sawitree Pisuttipiched, Somwang Khantayanuwong, Buapan Puangsin

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Surfaces, Coatings And Films Keywords: Black anther disease; Orchid cut flower; Silver nanoparticles

Online: 17 December 2018 (09:45:17 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0210.v1

Photodetector Fast Spectral Response Estimation Using Black Body Radiation

Massimiliano Rossi, Riccardo Liberati, Alessio Del Paggio

Subject: Physical Sciences, Applied Physics Keywords: Infrared; Photodetector; Black Body

Online: 16 May 2019 (10:44:55 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0338.v1

Identifying Influencing Factors of Road Accidents in Emerging Road Accident Black spots

Mehdi Gheisari

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Information Systems Keywords: Road; Accidents; Black spots; spatial analysis; Factor analysis

Online: 22 September 2022 (09:41:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0283.v1

Detection of Periodic Radio Signal from the Blazar J1043+2408

Gopal Bhatta

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: supermassive black holes: non-thermal radiation; active galactic nuclei: BL lacertae objects: individual: J1043+2408; galaxies: jets; method: time series analysis

Online: 17 September 2018 (06:00:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0096.v1

Black Hole Entropy from Non-Commutative Geometry and Spontaneous Localisation

Tejinder P. Singh, Palemkota Maithresh

Subject: Physical Sciences, Quantum Science And Technology Keywords: black hole entropy; quantum gravity; non-commutative geometry; spontaneous localisation; trace dynamics

Online: 8 November 2019 (10:54:34 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0697.v1

Nitrate-Alkaline Pulp From Non-Wood Plants

Kateřina Hájková, Jiří Bouček, Petr Procházka, Petr Kalous, Dominik Budský

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: nitrate-alkaline pulp; Black Mustard; Camelina; tensile index; chemical analysis

Online: 28 May 2021 (11:32:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0004.v2

Spirals and Rings in Barred Galaxies by the ROTASE Model

Hongjun Pan

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: ROTASE model; formation of spiral arms; X-matter; black hole; matter conversion; hydrogen generation; chain-link; single ring; double rings; ring crossing

Online: 2 November 2021 (17:48:35 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0669.v1

Quasinormal Modes of Extended Gravity Black Holes

Abdul Jawad, Shahid Chaudhary, Muhammad Yasir, Ali Övgün, İzzet Sakallı

Subject: Physical Sciences, Acoustics Keywords: relativity and gravitation; Black Holes; Quasinormal modes; Modified Gravity; Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet Gravity

Online: 27 September 2020 (08:10:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0049.v1

Dyonic and Magnetic Black Holes with Rational Nonlinear Electrodynamics

Sergey Kruglov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Mathematical Physics Keywords: nonlinear electrodynamics; black holes; heat capacity; free energy; phase transitions

Online: 5 January 2020 (17:27:07 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0051.v2

Weak Deflection Angle and Shadow by Tidal Charged Black Hole

Wajiha Javed, Ali Hamza, Ali Övgün

Subject: Physical Sciences, Atomic And Molecular Physics Keywords: Relativity; Gravitation; Black hole; Tidal Charge; Gauss-bonnet theorem; plasma medium; Shadow

Online: 19 October 2021 (10:13:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0456.v1

Dark Matter on the Closed Region Connected With Black Hole by Wormhole

Mostafa Bousder

Subject: Physical Sciences, Acoustics Keywords: black hole; entanglement; entropy; entagled particle

Online: 22 February 2021 (11:11:32 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0195.v1

Finite-Distance Gravitational Deflection of Massive Particles by the Kerr-like Black Hole in the Bumblebee Gravity Model

Zonghai Li, Ali Övgün

Subject: Physical Sciences, Atomic And Molecular Physics Keywords: weak gravitational lensing; Kerr-like black hole; deflection angle; Bumblebee gravity; Gauss-Bonnet theorem

Online: 17 November 2019 (01:46:21 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0322.v1

Discovery of Avian Paramyxoviruses APMV-1 and APMV-6 in Shorebirds and Waterfowl in Southern Ukraine

Amy C. Klink, Oleksandr Rula, Mykola Sushko, Maksym Bezymennyi, Oleksandr Mezinov, Oleksandr Gaidash, Xiao Bai, Anton Stegniy, Mykola Sushko, Roman Datsenko, Sergiy Skorohod, Vitalii Nedosekov, Nichola Hill, Levan Ninua, Ganna Kovalenko, Anne Lise Ducluzeau, Andriy Mezhenskiy, Devin M. Drown, Douglas Causey, Borys Stegniy, Anton Gerilovych, Eric Bortz, Denys Muzyka

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Viral Ecology; APMV; wild birds; Surveillance of Avian Paramyxoviruses; phylogenetics; MinION; Azov-Black Sea region in Ukraine

Online: 23 June 2022 (09:33:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0148.v1

Effect of the Dilaton Field on Deflection Angle of Massive Photons by Black Holes in Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton-Axion Theory

Wajiha Javed, Rimsha Babar, Ali Övgün

Subject: Physical Sciences, Atomic And Molecular Physics Keywords: deflection of light; gravitational lensing; massive photon; black hole; Gauss-Bonnet theorem; scalar deformation; dark matter

Online: 13 May 2019 (09:55:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0441.v1

From Black Holes to Neutrino Stars

Roumen Tsekov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Atomic And Molecular Physics Keywords: self-gravitation, black holes, neutrino stars

Online: 21 September 2018 (16:41:04 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0225.v1

Effects of Climatic Change on the Potential Distribution of Lycoriella Species (Diptera: Sciaridae) of Economic Importance

Roberta Marques, Juliano Lessa Pinto Duarte, Adriane da Fonseca Duarte, Rodrigo Ferreira Krüger, Uemerson Silva da Cunha, Luis Osorio-Olvera, Rusby Guadalupe Contreras-Díaz, Daniel Jiménez-García

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: Greenhouse; Environmental suitability; Mushroom pest; Black fungus gnats

Online: 9 July 2021 (13:44:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0156.v1

Effect of Aether Field on Weak Deflection Angle of Black Holes

Ali Övgün, İzzet Sakallı, Joel Saavedra

Subject: Physical Sciences, Atomic And Molecular Physics Keywords: deflection of light; Gauss-Bonnet theorem; gravitational lensing; black hole; null aether theory

Online: 13 August 2019 (10:29:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0313.v2

Controlling Safety of Artificial Intelligence-Based Systems in Healthcare

Mohammad Reza Davahli, Waldemar Karwowski, Krzysztof Fiok, Thomas T.H. Wan, Hamid R Parsaei

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Algebra And Number Theory Keywords: artificial intelligence; human-AI interaction; human factors; safety challenges; black-box challenge

Online: 8 January 2021 (13:50:32 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0604.v1

Impact of the Aerobic Mesophilic Microorganisms on Black Sigatoka of Bananas According to the Cropping Systems in the Region of Kisangani (Case of the Old Secondary Forest)

Gabriel Akwakwa Hopla, Chunyu Sun, Didy Onautshu, Yang Sun

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: aerobic mesophilic; black sigatoka; cropping systems; libanga likale; Yangambi 5Km; Litete; gros michel

Online: 27 August 2020 (08:55:23 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Outcomes of a Cluster Randomized Trial in Young Breast Cancer Survivors and Blood Relatives: Surveillance and Genetic Services

Maria C. Katapodi, Chang Ming, Laurel L. Northouse, Sonia A. Duffy, Debra Duquette, Kari E. Mendelsohn-Victor, Kara J. Milliron, Sofia D. Merajver, Ivo D. Dinov, Nancy K. Janz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Obstetrics And Gynaecology Keywords: HBOC; statewide random sampling; cancer survivorship; targeted intervention; tailored intervention; black participants; family recruitment

Online: 5 September 2019 (16:16:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0099.v1

4D Einstein-Lovelock Black Holes: Hierarchy of Orders in Curvature

Roman A. Konoplya, Alexander Zhidenko

Subject: Physical Sciences, Mathematical Physics Keywords: Gauss-Bonnet; black hole; Lovelock; Einstein; quasinormal; stability

Online: 6 May 2020 (15:17:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0186.v1

Deflection Angle of Photon Through Dark Matter by Black Holes/Wormholes Using the Gauss-Bonnet Theorem

Ali Övgün

Subject: Physical Sciences, Atomic And Molecular Physics Keywords: Gravitational lensing; Maxwell fisheye; Weak lensing; Dark matter; Gauss-Bonnet theorem; Black hole; Wormhole

Online: 19 March 2019 (12:43:41 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0260.v1

Deflection Angle of Photon from Magnetized Black Hole and Effect of Nonlinear Electrodynamics

Wajiha Javed, jameela Abbas, Ali Övgün

Subject: Physical Sciences, Atomic And Molecular Physics Keywords: relativity and gravitation; classical black hole; deflection angle; Gauss-Bonnet; non-linear electrodynamics

Online: 28 March 2019 (09:38:57 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0347.v1

The Uncertainty Principle and the Minimal Space-Time Length Element

David Escors, And Grazyna Kochan

Subject: Physical Sciences, Quantum Science And Technology Keywords: General relativity; uncertainty principle; geodesics; black hole singularity; quantum gravity; Planck star; Lorentz invariance violations.

Online: 18 August 2022 (11:06:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0323.v1

Evaluation of the Impact of Black Carbon on the Worsening of Allergic Respiratory Diseases in the Region of Western Serbia: A Time-Stratified Case-Crossover Study

Vesna Tomić Spirić, Gordana Kovačević, Jelena Marinković, Janko Janković, Anđa Ćirković, Ana Miošević Đerić, Nenad Relić, Slavenka Janković

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: black carbon; emergency department visits; allergic rhinitis; allergic asthma; case-crossover design; Serbia

Online: 28 May 2019 (09:50:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0390.v1

Connection between Sinc Approximation for High-Energy Absorption Cross Section and Shadow of Black Holes

Ali Övgün

Subject: Physical Sciences, Atomic And Molecular Physics Keywords: Gravitation; Black hole; Shadow; High-energy physics; Cross-section; Null geodesics

Online: 18 August 2021 (14:31:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0026.v1

Dark Energy is Dark Matter below Absolute Zero in Black Holes

Roumen Tsekov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: Neutrino, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Black Holes, Negative Temperature

Online: 2 February 2022 (09:35:52 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.2246.v3

Rlc Electrical Modelling of Black Hole and Early Universe. Generalization of Boltzmann’s Constant in Curved Space-Time

Hector Gerardo Flores

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: RLC electrical model; RC electrical model; cosmology; astronomy; astrophysics; background radiation; Hubble’s law; Boltzmann´s constant; dark energy; dark matter; black hole; Big Bang; cosmic inflation; early universe; quantum gravity; CERN; LHC; Fermilab; general relativity; particle physics; condensed matter physics; M theory; super string theory; extra dimensions

Online: 8 August 2023 (13:53:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201912.0045.v1

Weak Gravitational Lensing by Stringy Black Holes

Wajiha Javed, Muhammad Bilal Khadim, Jameela Abbas, Ali Övgün

Subject: Physical Sciences, Atomic And Molecular Physics Keywords: Weak gravitational lensing; Stringy black hole; Deflection angle; Gauss-Bonnet theorem

Online: 4 December 2019 (10:12:06 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Quantum Hair on Colliding Black Holes

Lawrence Crowell, Christian Corda

Subject: Physical Sciences, Quantum Science And Technology Keywords: quantum information; quantum hair; black hole quantum physics; quantum levels; AdS/CF T correspondence; Ryu-Takayanagi formula

Online: 1 August 2019 (04:06:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0210.v2

Weak Deflection Angle by Asymptotically Flat Black Holes in Horndeski Theory Using Gauss-Bonnet Theorem

Wajiha Javed, Jameela Abbas, Yashmitha Kumaran, Ali Övgün

Subject: Physical Sciences, Atomic And Molecular Physics Keywords: weak gravitational lensing; deflection of light; black hole; deflection angle; Horndeski theory; Gauss-Bonnet theorem

Online: 29 July 2020 (04:32:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0363.v1

Quadratic Gravity, Double Layers and Non-Conservative Energy-Momentum Tensor

Victor Berezin, Vyacheslav Dokuchaev, Yury Eroshenko, Alexey Smirnov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Mathematical Physics Keywords: gravitation; General Relativity; quadratic gravity; black holes; cosmology

Online: 16 September 2020 (12:02:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0172.v1

Tunneling of Massive Vector Particles under the Influence of Quantum Gravity

Wajiha Javed, Riasat Ali, Rimsha Babar, Ali Övgün

Subject: Physical Sciences, Quantum Science And Technology Keywords: massive boson particles; wave equation; quantum gravity; Hawking radiation; black hole thermodynamics

Online: 14 July 2019 (17:12:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0256.v1

Unified Theory of Gravity, Electromagnetic Force, Strong and Weak Forces and Their Applications

Sheng Qin

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: unified theory of force; Gravitation; Electromagnetic force; Weak force; Strong force; Inverse square law; Galaxy rotation curve; The origin of magnetic field; Charged particle radiation; Maxwell displacement current; Black hole structure; Radiation effect of moving magnet

Online: 20 June 2022 (03:03:59 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Cosmic Random Walks Underlying an Infinite-Genus Universe

Arturo Tozzi, Alexander Yurkin, James F. Peters

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: arithmetic figures, black hole, deterministic model, geometrization of physics, random walk

Online: 26 March 2019 (10:23:11 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0487.v1

M87 Supermassive Black Hole Review

Mekhala Ganguly

Subject: Physical Sciences, Acoustics Keywords: black hole; supermassive black hole; black hole physics; M87 galaxies; gravitation; Event Horizon; telescope; observational astronomy

Online: 20 May 2021 (11:45:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0302.v1

Magnetized black hole as an accelerator of charged particle

Bobur Turimov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: magnetized black hole; fundamental frequancies; synchrootron radiation.

Online: 10 June 2021 (15:42:07 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0135.v1

Solution of Black Hole Information Paradox in Loop Quantum Gravity

Rakshit Vyas, Mihir Joshi

Subject: Physical Sciences, Nuclear And High Energy Physics Keywords: black Hole; black hole thermodynamics; black hole information paradox; loop quantum gravity; Planck star; remnant scenario

Online: 9 September 2022 (09:49:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0056.v1

A Chemically Safe Way to Produce Insect Biomass for Possible Application in Feed and Food Production

Truzzi Cristina, Anna Annibaldi, Federico Girolametti, Leonardo Giovannini, Paola Riolo, Sara Ruschioni, Ike Olivotto, Silvia Illuminati

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: Hermetia illucens prepupae; Black soldier fly; coffee silverskin; microalgae; toxic metals; bioaccumulation; chemical hazard

Online: 4 March 2020 (09:48:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0386.v1

Multifrequency Gravitational Wave Background From Continuous Sources

C Sivaram, Arun Kenath

Subject: Physical Sciences, Acoustics Keywords: gravitational waves; neutron star mergers; black hole mergers; primordial black holes; continuous gravitational waves; thermal gravitational waves; detection of gravitational waves

Online: 19 January 2021 (15:55:47 CET)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0233.v1

Gravitational Waves Carry Information about the Infalling Matter out of Black Holes: a Resolution of the Black Hole Information Paradox

Xueyi Tian

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: black holes; information paradox; Hawking radiation; information loss; gravitational waves; entropy

Online: 10 September 2020 (10:04:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0101.v1

Effect of the Hair on Deflection Angle by Asymptotically Flat Black Holes in Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton Theory

Wajiha Javed, Jameela Abbas, Ali Övgün

Subject: Physical Sciences, Atomic And Molecular Physics Keywords: elativity and gravitation; classical black hole; deflection angle; Gauss-Bonnet; non-linear electrodynamics

Online: 12 June 2019 (04:10:32 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Two Exact Solutions Illustrating the Schwarzschild Singularity's Resolution

Dingfang Zeng

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: Schwarzschild Singularity; Exact solutions to Einstein Equation; Microstate of Black Holes

Online: 19 July 2020 (18:45:04 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0169.v1

Black-Si as Photoelectrode

Denver Linklater, Fatima Haydous, Cheng Xi, Daniele Pergolesi, Jingwen Hu, Elena Ivanova, Saulius Juodkazis, Thomas Lippert, Jurga Juodkazyte

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Electrochemistry Keywords: black Si; antireﬂection; photo-anode; water splitting9

Online: 10 April 2020 (07:51:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0761.v1

Amazonian BC Contribution to the Vallunaraju Glacier Surface Melt

Wilmer Sánchez, Carl Schmitt, Alexzander Santiago, Gerles Medina

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: black carbon; snow; albedo; glaciers; trajectories, Vallunaraju

Online: 30 September 2020 (17:53:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0196.v3

Linearized Stability of Bardeen de-Sitter Thin-Shell Wormholes

Hassan Alshal

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: Bardeen; black hole; de-Sitter; thin-shell; wormhole

Online: 7 October 2019 (12:35:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0331.v1

Chemical Treatment of Black Tiger nut Tubers (Cyperus esculentus) Variety to Obtain a Bio-based Product

No name Djomdi, Richard Ejoh, Guillaume Pierre, Cédric Delattre, Philippe Michaud, Robert Ndjouenkeu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Plant Sciences Keywords: Cyperus esculentus; soaking; husking; microorganism; tiger nuts; black tubers

Online: 16 August 2021 (11:59:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0414.v1

Circular Orbit of a Particle and Weak Gravitational Lensing

Zonghai Li, Guodong Zhang, Ali Övgün

Subject: Physical Sciences, Atomic And Molecular Physics Keywords: relativity and gravitation; black hole; gravitational lensing; weak deflection angle; Gauss-Bonnet theorem; Weyl gravity; Bumblebee gravity

Online: 29 March 2020 (03:03:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0194.v3

Tunneling of Massive Vector Particles from Types of BTZ-like Black Holes

Wajiha Javed, Riasat Ali, Rimsha Babar, Ali Övgün

Subject: Physical Sciences, Thermodynamics Keywords: Proca equation; Bosons particles; Hawking radiation; Black hole thermodynamics; Higher- dimensional black holes

Online: 2 July 2019 (11:07:04 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0515.v1

The Entropy of Supermassive Black Holes during its Evaporation Time

R. Leticia Corral-Bustamante

Subject: Physical Sciences, Acoustics Keywords: Entropy; Black hole physics; Radiation mechanism: thermal; Relativity; Methods: analytical; Astronomical databases: miscellaneous

Online: 25 January 2021 (15:32:41 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0211.v1

Three-Dimensional Distribution of Biomass Burning Aerosols from Australian Wildfires Observed by TROPOMI Satellite Observations

Farouk Lemmouchi, Juan Cuesta, Maxim Eremenko, Claude Derognat, Guillaume Siour, Gaëlle Dufour, Pasquale Sellitto, Solène Turquety, Dung Tran, Xiong Liu, Peter Zoogman, Ronny Lutz, Diego Loyola

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: fine particulate matter; biomass burning; black carbon; smoke; smoke injection height; 3D distribution of aerosols; Australian fire; TROPOMI

Online: 22 April 2022 (10:53:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0190.v1

Valuation of Wind Energy Turbines Using Volatility of Wind and Price

Doron Greenberg, Michael Byalsky, Asher Yahalom

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: Wind energy; Renewable resources; Black-Scholes model

Online: 11 January 2021 (12:33:54 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0163.v1

The Observation Path Problems and the Formation Conditions of the Elevated Layer of Black Carbon Aerosol

Lianji Jin, Liang Lin, Deping Ding, Delong Zhao, Bin Zhu, Qingfei Zhai, Zheng Liu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: black carbon aerosol; aerosol layer; vertical distribution; numerical simulation; WRF-Chem

Online: 13 February 2020 (10:13:31 CET)

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Studies on the detection of layers with elevated black carbon aerosol (BC) concentrations and the formation conditions of these layers help understand the vertical distribution of BC concentrations, which will provide a basis for the assessment of climate effects and early BC pollution warnings. By using the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) numerical model, we performed a numerical simulation analysis on the authenticity of strong elevated BC concentration layers that were detected by an aircraft in the mixing layer over Harbin, China, which is a high-emission area, on a clear sunny afternoon in the early heating period of 2016. We then discuss possible problems and solutions when non-vertical paths are used to detect the vertical distribution of BC concentrations. Finally, we discuss the favorable conditions for the formation of elevated BC concentration layers by weak vertical flow. The results show that the horizontal variability of BC concentration in the mixing layer in the observation area in Harbin was sufficiently large during the measurement. This produced a false elevated layer, as detected by the aircraft during one round of spiral flight in the mixing layer. The root mean square of the horizontal distribution of BC concentration did not change with height in the mixing layer during the daytime, but it decreased with the thickness of the mixing layer and was higher in the mixing layer than in the free atmosphere. Therefore, the thinner the mixing layer, in which the vertical distribution of the BC concentration is detected in an inclined path, the stronger interference of the horizontal variability on the detected results. When a spiral flight detection path is used, the aircraft should fly at least two rounds in the mixing layer. In the daytime, due to strong turbulence in the mixing layer, weak vertical uplift is not favorable for the occurrence of elevated BC concentration layers in the mixing layer. In the nighttime, if weak vertical uplift is well matched with the BC concentration or its vertical gradient, elevated BC concentration layers can be formed in the atmosphere. Compared with upper layers far from the ground, nighttime elevated layers are easier to form in lower layers near the ground because high BC concentrations or large vertical gradients are more likely to occur in the lower layers. Both cases facilitate the occurrence of large vertical upward transport rates of BC.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.2017.v1

RC Electrical Modelling of Black Hole. New Method to Calculate the Amount of Dark Matter and the Rotation Speed Curves in Galaxies

Hector Gerardo Flores, Maria Isabel Gonçalves de Souza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: RLC electrical model; RC electrical model; cosmology; background radiation; Hubble’s law; Boltzmann´s constant; dark energy; dark matter; black hole; Big Bang and cosmic inflation.

Online: 29 September 2023 (13:28:05 CEST)

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